In half a century of trying to help prevent wars, there's one question that never leaves me: How do we deal with extreme violence without using force in return? When you're faced with brutality, whether it's a child facing a bully on a playground or domestic violence -- or, on the streets of Syria today, facing tanks and shrapnel, what's the most effective thing to do? Fight back? Give in? Use more force?
U pola veka pokušavanja da se spreče ratovi, jedno je pitanje koje mi ne da mira: kako da se nosimo sa ekstremnim nasiljem, a da ne odgovorimo silom? Kada ste suočeni sa brutalnošću, bilo da je to dete koje se suočava sa nasilnikom na igralištu ili nasilje u porodici - ili na ulicama Sirije danas, sa tenkovima i šrapnelima, šta je najbolja stvar koju možete uraditi? Uzvratiti? Predati se? Upotrebiti više sile?
This question: "How do I deal with a bully without becoming a thug in return?" has been with me ever since I was a child. I remember I was about 13, glued to a grainy black and white television in my parents' living room as Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest, and kids not much older than me were throwing themselves at the tanks and getting mown down. And I rushed upstairs and started packing my suitcase.
Ovo pitanje: "Kako da se izborim sa siledžijom, a da ne postanem nasilnik?" je bilo uz mene otkako sam bila dete. Sećam se imala sam oko 13 godina, zalepljena za crno-beli televizor u dnevnoj sobi mojih roditelja kada su sovjetski tenkovi ušli u Budimpeštu. I deca ne mnogo starija od mene su se bacala na tenkove i bivala pokošena. Otrčala sam na sprat i počela da pakujem svoj kofer.
And my mother came up and said, "What on Earth are you doing?"
Moja majka je došla gore i rekla: "Šta to radiš, pobogu?"
And I said, "I'm going to Budapest."
Ja sam rekla: "Idem u Budimpeštu."
And she said, "What on Earth for?"
A ona je pitala: "Pobogu, zašto?"
And I said, "Kids are getting killed there. There's something terrible happening."
Odgovorila sam: "Tamo ubijaju decu. Tamo se nešto užasno dešava."
And she said, "Don't be so silly." And I started to cry. And she got it, she said, "Okay, I see it's serious. You're much too young to help. You need training. I'll help you. But just unpack your suitcase."
Rekla mi je: "Ne budi smešna." Tada sam počela da plačem. Shvatila je i rekla: "U redu, vidim da je ozbiljno. Previše si mlada da bi mogla da pomogneš. Treba ti priprema. Pomoći ću ti. Ali samo raspakuj svoj kofer."
And so I got some training and went and worked in Africa during most of my 20s. But I realized that what I really needed to know I couldn't get from training courses. I wanted to understand how violence, how oppression, works. And what I've discovered since is this: Bullies use violence in three ways. They use political violence to intimidate, physical violence to terrorize and mental or emotional violence to undermine. And only very rarely in very few cases does it work to use more violence.
Tako sam dobila neku obuku i otišla i radila u Africi veći deo svojih 20-ih godina. Ali sam shvatila da ono što stvarno treba da znam nisam mogla dobiti na kursevima i obukama. Želela sam da razumem kako nasilje, kako ugnjetavanje funkcioniše. Ono što sam otkrila od tada je sledeće: nasilnici koriste nasilje na tri načina. Koriste političko nasilje da zastraše, fizičko nasilje da terorišu i psihičko ili emocionalno nasilje da potkopaju. I samo u veoma malom broju slučajeva funkcioniše korišćenje više nasilja.
Nelson Mandela went to jail believing in violence, and 27 years later he and his colleagues had slowly and carefully honed the skills, the incredible skills, that they needed to turn one of the most vicious governments the world has known into a democracy. And they did it in a total devotion to non-violence. They realized that using force against force doesn't work.
Nelson Mendela je otišao u zatvor verujući u nasilje, a 27 godina kasnije on i njegove kolege su polako i pažljivo stekli veštine, neverovatne veštine koje su im bile potrebne da preokrenu jednu od najsurovijih vlada koje je svet poznavao u demokratiju. To su učinili potpuno se posvećujući nenasilju. Uočili su da upotreba sile protiv druge sile ne funkcioniše.
So what does work? Over time I've collected about a half-dozen methods that do work -- of course there are many more -- that do work and that are effective. And the first is that the change that has to take place has to take place here, inside me. It's my response, my attitude, to oppression that I've got control over, and that I can do something about.
Pa šta funkcioniše? Vremenom sam sakupila oko pola tuceta metoda koje funkcionišu - naravno postoje još mnoge druge - koje stvarno funkcionišu i koje su uspešne. Prva je da promena koja mora da se desi mora da se desi ovde, u meni. To je moj odgovor, moj stav, protiv ugnjetavanja koji imam pod kontrolom i protiv kog mogu da učinim nešto.
And what I need to develop is self-knowledge to do that. That means I need to know how I tick, when I collapse, where my formidable points are, where my weaker points are. When do I give in? What will I stand up for? And meditation or self-inspection is one of the ways -- again it's not the only one -- it's one of the ways of gaining this kind of inner power.
Ono što treba da razvijem je samospoznaja da bih mogla to da učinim. To znači da moram da znam kako funkcionišem, kada se slamam, gde su moje značajne tačke, gde su moje slabe tačke. Kada se predajem? Za šta se zalažem? I meditacija i introspekcija su načini - ponavljam nisu jedini - su jedni od načina sticanja ove unutrašnje snage.
And my heroine here -- like Satish's -- is Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma. She was leading a group of students on a protest in the streets of Rangoon. They came around a corner faced with a row of machine guns. And she realized straight away that the soldiers with their fingers shaking on the triggers were more scared than the student protesters behind her. But she told the students to sit down. And she walked forward with such calm and such clarity and such total lack of fear that she could walk right up to the first gun, put her hand on it and lower it. And no one got killed.
I moja heroina ovde - kao i Satišova - je Ang San Su Ći u Burmi. Ona je predvodila grupu studenata u protestu na ulicama Ranguna. Izašli su iza ćoška suočavajući se sa redom mitraljeza. Ona je odmah shvatila da su vojnici sa prstima koji su se tresli na okidačima bili više uplašeni od studenata protestanata iza nje. Ali je rekla studentima da sednu. I hodala je napred sa takvom smirenošću i takvom jasnoćom i takvim potpunim nedostatkom straha da je otišla pravo do prvog mitraljeza, stavila ruku na njega i spustila ga. Niko nije bio ubijen.
So that's what the mastery of fear can do -- not only faced with machine guns, but if you meet a knife fight in the street. But we have to practice. So what about our fear? I have a little mantra. My fear grows fat on the energy I feed it. And if it grows very big it probably happens.
Eto to ovladavanje strahom može da uradi - ne samo suočeno sa mitraljezima, već i ako se suočite sa uličnom tučom noževima. Ali moramo da vežbamo. A šta je sa našim strahom? Imam malu mantru. Moj strah raste od energije kojom ga hranim. I ako poraste veoma velik verovatno se desi.
So we all know the three o'clock in the morning syndrome, when something you've been worrying about wakes you up -- I see a lot of people -- and for an hour you toss and turn, it gets worse and worse, and by four o'clock you're pinned to the pillow by a monster this big. The only thing to do is to get up, make a cup of tea and sit down with the fear like a child beside you. You're the adult. The fear is the child. And you talk to the fear and you ask it what it wants, what it needs. How can this be made better? How can the child feel stronger? And you make a plan. And you say, "Okay, now we're going back to sleep. Half-past seven, we're getting up and that's what we're going to do."
Svi znamo za sindrom tri sata izjutra, kada vas nešto oko čega brinete probudi - vidim mnogo ljudi - i čitav sat se prevrćete, bude sve gore i gore, dok vas oko četiri sata ne prikuje za jastuk ovoliko čudoviste. Jedina stvar koju možete da uradite je da ustanete, napravite šolju čaja i sednete sa strahom kao detetom pored vas. Vi ste odrasli. Strah je dete. I vi govorite strahu i pitate ga šta želi, šta mu treba. Kako ovo može biti bolje? Kako se dete može osećati jačim? I napravite plan. I kažete: "U redu, sada se vraćamo na spavanje. U pola 8 ustajemo i to je ono što ćemo da uradimo."
I had one of these 3 a.m. episodes on Sunday -- paralyzed with fear at coming to talk to you. (Laughter) So I did the thing. I got up, made the cup of tea, sat down with it, did it all and I'm here -- still partly paralyzed, but I'm here.
Imala sam jednu od ovih epizoda u 3 sata izjutra u nedelju - paralisana strahom od govora ovde pred vama. (Smeh) Tako da sam ispoštovala plan. Ustala sam, napravila šolju čaja, sela sa njim, uradila sve i evo me ovde - i dalje delimično paralizovana, ali sam ovde.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
So that's fear. What about anger? Wherever there is injustice there's anger. But anger is like gasoline, and if you spray it around and somebody lights a match, you've got an inferno. But anger as an engine -- in an engine -- is powerful. If we can put our anger inside an engine, it can drive us forward, it can get us through the dreadful moments and it can give us real inner power.
Znači to je strah. Šta je sa besom? Gde god ima nepravde ima i besa. A bes je kao benzin, ako ga poprskate svuda okolo, a neko zapali šibicu, imate pakao. Ali bes kao motor - u motoru - je moćan. Ako možemo da stavimo naš bes unutar motora, može nas odvesti napred, može da nas provede kroz strašne trenutke i može nam dati stvarnu unutrašnju snagu.
And I learned this in my work with nuclear weapon policy-makers. Because at the beginning I was so outraged at the dangers they were exposing us to that I just wanted to argue and blame and make them wrong. Totally ineffective. In order to develop a dialogue for change we have to deal with our anger. It's okay to be angry with the thing -- the nuclear weapons in this case -- but it is hopeless to be angry with the people. They are human beings just like us. And they're doing what they think is best. And that's the basis on which we have to talk with them.
Ovo sam naučila na poslu sa tvorcima politike nuklearnog oružja. Jer sam na početku bila toliko besna zbog opasnosti kojima nas izlažu da sam samo htela da se raspravljam i okrivljujem i pokažem da nisu u pravu. Potpuno neefikasno. U cilju razvijanja dijaloga zarad promene moramo da se izborimo sa našim besom. U redu je biti besan na tako nešto - u ovom slučaju na nuklearno oružje - ali je potpuno beznadežno biti ljut na ljude. Oni su ljudska bića kao i mi. I oni rade ono što misle da je najbolje. I to je osnova na kojoj moramo da stvaramo dijalog sa njima.
So that's the third one, anger. And it brings me to the crux of what's going on, or what I perceive as going on, in the world today, which is that last century was top-down power. It was still governments telling people what to do. This century there's a shift. It's bottom-up or grassroots power. It's like mushrooms coming through concrete. It's people joining up with people, as Bundy just said, miles away to bring about change.
Tako da je to treće, bes. To me dovodi do srži onoga što se dešava ili šta ja mislim da se dešava u svetu danas, a to je da je poslednji vek moć od vrha do dna. I dalje su vlade govorile ljudima šta da rade. U ovom veku dolazi do promene. To je od dna do vrha ili korenita snaga. To je kao pečurke koje rastu kroz beton. To je kada se ljudi pridružuju drugim ljudima, kao što je Bandi upravo rekao, kilometrima daleko
And Peace Direct spotted quite early on that local people in areas of very hot conflict know what to do. They know best what to do. So Peace Direct gets behind them to do that. And the kind of thing they're doing is demobilizing militias, rebuilding economies, resettling refugees, even liberating child soldiers. And they have to risk their lives almost every day to do this. And what they've realized is that using violence in the situations they operate in is not only less humane, but it's less effective than using methods that connect people with people, that rebuild.
da dovedu do promene. I organizacija Peace Direct je vrlo brzo uočila da lokalni ljudi u uslovima veoma izraženih konflikata znaju šta da rade. Oni najbolje znaju šta da rade. Tako da ih je Peace Direct podržao u tome. A neke od stvari koje oni rade su demobilizacija milicije, ponovna izgradnja ekonomije, naseljavanje izbeglica, pa čak i oslobađanje dece vojnika. I oni moraju da rizikuju svoje živote skoro svakodnevno da bi to učinili. Ono što su shvatili je da korišćenje nasilja u ovim situacijama u kojim oni rade ne samo da je manje humano, već je i manje delotvorno od korišćenja metoda koje povezuju ljude, koje ponovo grade.
And I think that the U.S. military is finally beginning to get this. Up to now their counter-terrorism policy has been to kill insurgents at almost any cost, and if civilians get in the way, that's written as "collateral damage." And this is so infuriating and humiliating for the population of Afghanistan, that it makes the recruitment for al-Qaeda very easy, when people are so disgusted by, for example, the burning of the Koran.
Mislim da je vojska Sjedinjenih Država konačno počela ovo da shvata. Do sada je njihova protivteroristička politika bila da ubiju pobunjenike po svaku cenu, a ako se civili nađu na putu, to se označava kao "kolateralna šteta". Ovo je toliko užasavajuće i ponižavajuće za narod Avganistana, da čini regrutaciju za Al Kaidu veoma jednostavnom, kada su ljudi toliko zgroženi, na primer, paljenjem Kurana.
So the training of the troops has to change. And I think there are signs that it is beginning to change. The British military have always been much better at this. But there is one magnificent example for them to take their cue from, and that's a brilliant U.S. lieutenant colonel called Chris Hughes. And he was leading his men down the streets of Najaf -- in Iraq actually -- and suddenly people were pouring out of the houses on either side of the road, screaming, yelling, furiously angry, and surrounded these very young troops who were completely terrified, didn't know what was going on, couldn't speak Arabic. And Chris Hughes strode into the middle of the throng with his weapon above his head, pointing at the ground, and he said, "Kneel." And these huge soldiers with their backpacks and their body armor, wobbled to the ground. And complete silence fell. And after about two minutes, everybody moved aside and went home.
Zato se mora promeniti način obuke trupa. I mislim da postoje naznake da je to počelo da se menja. Britanska vojska je oduvek bila bolja u ovome. Ali postoji jedan odličan primer na koji mogu da se ugledaju, a to je fantastični potpukovnik Sjedinjenih Država po imenu Kris Hjuz. Dok je vodio svoje ljude niz ulice Nadžafa - zapravo u Iraku - iznenada su ljudi počeli da izlaze iz kuća sa obe strane puta vrišteći, vičući, izuzetno besni opkoljavajući ove mlade trupe koje su bile potpuno prestravljene, nisu znale šta se dešava, nisu govorile arapski. Kris Hjuz je stao u sred gomile sa oružjem iznad glave, pokazujući na zemlju i rekao: "Kleknite". I ovi krupni vojnici sa svojim rančevima i oklopom, kleknuli su na zemlju. Nastala je potpuna tišina. Nakon dva minuta otprilike, svi su se sklonili i otišli kući.
Now that to me is wisdom in action. In the moment, that's what he did. And it's happening everywhere now. You don't believe me? Have you asked yourselves why and how so many dictatorships have collapsed over the last 30 years? Dictatorships in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Mali, Madagascar, Poland, the Philippines, Serbia, Slovenia, I could go on, and now Tunisia and Egypt. And this hasn't just happened. A lot of it is due to a book written by an 80-year-old man in Boston, Gene Sharp. He wrote a book called "From Dictatorship to Democracy" with 81 methodologies for non-violent resistance. And it's been translated into 26 languages. It's flown around the world. And it's being used by young people and older people everywhere, because it works and it's effective.
To je za mene mudrost na delu. U trenutku, eto šta je on uradio. I to se dešava svuda sada. Ne verujete mi? Da li ste se zapitali kako i zašto su se tolike diktature srušile u poslednjih 30 godina? Diktature u Čehoslovačkoj, Istočnoj Nemačkoj, Estoniji, Letoniji, Litvaniji, Maliju, Madagaskaru, Poljskoj, Filipinima, Srbiji, Sloveniji, mogla bih još da nabrajam, a poslednje u Tunisu i Egiptu. A to se nije desilo tek tako. Većina je zbog knjige koju je napisao 80-godišnjak iz Bostona, Džin Šarp. Napisao je knjigu "Od tiranije do demokratije" sa 81. metodologijom za nenasilni otpor. Prevedena je na 26 jezika. Knjiga je raširena svuda po svetu. Koristili su je mladi ljudi i stariji ljudi svuda, zato što funkcioniše i ima efekta.
So this is what gives me hope -- not just hope, this is what makes me feel very positive right now. Because finally human beings are getting it. We're getting practical, doable methodologies to answer my question: How do we deal with a bully without becoming a thug? We're using the kind of skills that I've outlined: inner power -- the development of inner power -- through self-knowledge, recognizing and working with our fear, using anger as a fuel, cooperating with others, banding together with others, courage, and most importantly, commitment to active non-violence.
To je ono što mi daje nadu - ne samo nadu, već me čini veoma optimističnom sada. Zato što konačno ljudska bića shvataju. Nalazimo praktične, izvodljive metodologije da odgovorimo na moje pitanje: kako da se izborimo sa siledžijom, a da ne postanemo nasilnici? Koristimo one veštine koje sam podvukla: unutrašnju snagu - razvoj unutrašnje snage - kroz samospoznaju, prepoznavanje i rad sa našim strahovima, korišćenje besa kao goriva, saradnju sa drugima, povezivanje sa drugima, hrabrost i najvažnije posvećenost aktivnom nenasilju.
Now I don't just believe in non-violence. I don't have to believe in it. I see evidence everywhere of how it works. And I see that we, ordinary people, can do what Aung San Suu Kyi and Ghandi and Mandela did. We can bring to an end the bloodiest century that humanity has ever known. And we can organize to overcome oppression by opening our hearts as well as strengthening this incredible resolve.
Ja ne samo da verujem u nenasilje. Ja ne moram da verujem u njega. Vidim dokaze svuda kako funkcioniše. I vidim da mi, obični ljudi, možemo da radimo što su i Ang San Su Ći, Gandi i Mendela radili. Možemo da privedemo kraju najkrvaviji vek koji je čovečanstvo ikada videlo. I možemo da se organizujemo da prevaziđemo ugnjetavanje otvaranjem naših srca kao i jačanjem ove neverovatne odlučnosti.
And this open-heartedness is exactly what I've experienced in the entire organization of this gathering since I got here yesterday. Thank you.
Ova otvorenost srca je upravo ono što sam doživela u celoj organizaciji ovog skupa otkako sam stigla ovde juče. Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)