In half a century of trying to help prevent wars, there's one question that never leaves me: How do we deal with extreme violence without using force in return? When you're faced with brutality, whether it's a child facing a bully on a playground or domestic violence -- or, on the streets of Syria today, facing tanks and shrapnel, what's the most effective thing to do? Fight back? Give in? Use more force?
Kroz pola stoljeća pokušaja da pomognem u sprječavanju ratova, jedno me pitanje nikako ne napušta: Kako se nositi s ekstremnim nasiljem bez uporabe sile? Kada ste suočeni s brutalnošću, bio to sukob djeteta s nasilnikom na igralištu ili nasilje u obitelji -- ili, kao danas na ulicama Sirije, suočavanje s tenkovima i granatama, što je najučinkovitija stvar koju možemo napraviti? Uzvratiti? Predati se? Koristiti još sile?
This question: "How do I deal with a bully without becoming a thug in return?" has been with me ever since I was a child. I remember I was about 13, glued to a grainy black and white television in my parents' living room as Soviet tanks rolled into Budapest, and kids not much older than me were throwing themselves at the tanks and getting mown down. And I rushed upstairs and started packing my suitcase.
Ovo pitanje: "Kako da se nosim s nasilnikom a da i ja zauzvrat ne postanem takva?" mučilo me otkako sam bila dijete. Sjećam se da sam imala oko 13 godina i bila prikovana za crno-bijeli televizor u dnevnoj sobi mojih roditelja kada su sovjetski tenkovi nahrupili u Budimpeštu, a djeca, ne toliko starija od mene, bacala su se na tenkove koji su ih pokosili. Pojurila sam uz stepenice i počela se pakirati.
And my mother came up and said, "What on Earth are you doing?"
Moja je majka došla gore i rekla: "Što to, zaboga, radiš?"
And I said, "I'm going to Budapest."
Ja sam joj odgovorila: "Idem u Budimpeštu."
And she said, "What on Earth for?"
A ona je rekla: "Zašto, zaboga?"
And I said, "Kids are getting killed there. There's something terrible happening."
Uzvratila sam: "Djeca tamo pogibaju. Nešto se užasno događa"
And she said, "Don't be so silly." And I started to cry. And she got it, she said, "Okay, I see it's serious. You're much too young to help. You need training. I'll help you. But just unpack your suitcase."
Ona je rekla: "Ne budi smiješna." A ja sam počela plakati. Shvatila je i rekla: "U redu, vidim da je ozbiljno. Premlada si da pomogneš. Treba ti obuka. Ja ću ti pomoći. Samo raspremi taj kovčeg."
And so I got some training and went and worked in Africa during most of my 20s. But I realized that what I really needed to know I couldn't get from training courses. I wanted to understand how violence, how oppression, works. And what I've discovered since is this: Bullies use violence in three ways. They use political violence to intimidate, physical violence to terrorize and mental or emotional violence to undermine. And only very rarely in very few cases does it work to use more violence.
Prošla sam nešto obuke i otišla u Afriku gdje sam radila kroz većinu svojih 20ih godina. No shvatila sam da ono što zbilja trebam znati ne mogu dobiti obukom. Željela sam razumjeti kako nasilje, kako ugnjetavanje funkcionira. Ono što sam otkrila je sljedeće: Nasilnici koriste nasilje na tri načina. Koriste političko nasilje kako bi zastrašili, fizičko nasilje kako bi terorizirali i psihičko ili emocionalno nasilje kako bi nekoga oslabili. Vrlo rijetko i u vrlo malo slučajeva pomaže koristiti još sile.
Nelson Mandela went to jail believing in violence, and 27 years later he and his colleagues had slowly and carefully honed the skills, the incredible skills, that they needed to turn one of the most vicious governments the world has known into a democracy. And they did it in a total devotion to non-violence. They realized that using force against force doesn't work.
Nelson Mandela završio je u zatvoru vjerujući u nasilje i, 27 godina kasnije, on i njegove kolege polako su i pažljivo brusili vještine, nevjerojatne vještine koje su trebali kako bi jednu od najpokvarenijih vlada svijeta pretvorili u demokraciju. Učinili su to u potpunoj predanosti nenasilju. Shvatili su da ne vrijedi koristiti silu protiv sile.
So what does work? Over time I've collected about a half-dozen methods that do work -- of course there are many more -- that do work and that are effective. And the first is that the change that has to take place has to take place here, inside me. It's my response, my attitude, to oppression that I've got control over, and that I can do something about.
Što onda funkcionira? Tijekom vremena, skupila sam pola tuceta metoda koje rade -- naravno, postoji ih puno više -- koje rade i koje su učinkovite. Prva je ta da se promjena koja se mora dogoditi, mora se dogoditi ovdje, u meni. Upravo je moj odgovor, moj stav prema ugnjetavanju ono nad čime imam kontrolu i u vezi čega nešto mogu učiniti.
And what I need to develop is self-knowledge to do that. That means I need to know how I tick, when I collapse, where my formidable points are, where my weaker points are. When do I give in? What will I stand up for? And meditation or self-inspection is one of the ways -- again it's not the only one -- it's one of the ways of gaining this kind of inner power.
A ono što trebam razviti jest samospoznaja kako bih to učinila. To znači da moram znati što me pokreće, kada gubim snagu, koje su moje loše strane, gdje su mi slabe točke. Kada se predajem? Za što ću se zauzeti? A meditacija ili samospoznaja je jedan od načina -- opet, ne i jedini -- jedan je od načina da skupimo ovu vrstu unutarnje snage.
And my heroine here -- like Satish's -- is Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma. She was leading a group of students on a protest in the streets of Rangoon. They came around a corner faced with a row of machine guns. And she realized straight away that the soldiers with their fingers shaking on the triggers were more scared than the student protesters behind her. But she told the students to sit down. And she walked forward with such calm and such clarity and such total lack of fear that she could walk right up to the first gun, put her hand on it and lower it. And no one got killed.
Moja junakinja u ovom slučaju -- poput Satisheve -- je Aung San Suu Kyi iz Burme. Vodila je grupu studenata na protestu na ulicama Rangoona. Zašli su za jedan ugao i suočili se s redom strojnica. Ona je odmah shvatila da su vojnici, kojima su se prsti tresli na okidaču, bili uplašeni više od pobunjenih studenata iza nje. No rekla je studentima da sjednu. Istupila je s takvom smirenošću i jasnoćom, s takvim nedostatkom straha, da je mogla prići prvoj strojnici, staviti dlan na nju i spustiti ju. I nitko nije ubijen.
So that's what the mastery of fear can do -- not only faced with machine guns, but if you meet a knife fight in the street. But we have to practice. So what about our fear? I have a little mantra. My fear grows fat on the energy I feed it. And if it grows very big it probably happens.
To je ono što kontrola straha može učiniti -- ne samo pred strojnicama, već i ako svjedočite obračunu noževima na ulici. No moramo vježbati. Što s našim strahom? Ja imam jednu mantru. Moj se strah deblja od energije kojom ga hranim. Ako se jako udeblja, vjerojatno će se i ostvariti.
So we all know the three o'clock in the morning syndrome, when something you've been worrying about wakes you up -- I see a lot of people -- and for an hour you toss and turn, it gets worse and worse, and by four o'clock you're pinned to the pillow by a monster this big. The only thing to do is to get up, make a cup of tea and sit down with the fear like a child beside you. You're the adult. The fear is the child. And you talk to the fear and you ask it what it wants, what it needs. How can this be made better? How can the child feel stronger? And you make a plan. And you say, "Okay, now we're going back to sleep. Half-past seven, we're getting up and that's what we're going to do."
Svi znamo za taj sindrom u tri ujutro kada vas nešto oko čega ste se brinuli probudi -- vidim da vas puno -- i sat se vremena prevrćete, sve vam je gore, i do 4 vas je sata za jastuk prikovalo ovoliko čudovište. Jedino što možete napraviti je ustati se, napraviti šalicu čaja i posjesti strah pored sebe poput djeteta. Vi ste odrasla osoba. Strah je dijete. Razgovarajte sa strahom i pitajte ga što želi, što treba. Kako se ovo može popraviti? Kako se dijete može osjećati snažnijim? I tako napravite plan. Kažete: "U redu, sada se vraćamo na spavanje. U pola osam se ustajemo i to je ono što ćemo napraviti."
I had one of these 3 a.m. episodes on Sunday -- paralyzed with fear at coming to talk to you. (Laughter) So I did the thing. I got up, made the cup of tea, sat down with it, did it all and I'm here -- still partly paralyzed, but I'm here.
Imala sam jednu od ovih situacija u nedjelju -- paralizirana strahom od nastupa pred vama. (Smijeh) Stoga sam to učinila. Ustala sam se, napravila čaj, razgovarala sa strahom, sve to, i ovdje sam -- još uvijek paralizirana, ali ovdje sam.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
So that's fear. What about anger? Wherever there is injustice there's anger. But anger is like gasoline, and if you spray it around and somebody lights a match, you've got an inferno. But anger as an engine -- in an engine -- is powerful. If we can put our anger inside an engine, it can drive us forward, it can get us through the dreadful moments and it can give us real inner power.
To je, dakle, strah. Što s bijesom? Gdje god ima nepravde, ima i bijesa. No bijes je poput benzina, ako ga raspršite i netko zapali šibicu, dobit ćete pakao. No bijes kao pokretač -- unutar motora -- je moćan. Ako svoj bijes smjestimo unutar motora, on nas može tjerati naprijed, može nam pomoći u teškim trenucima i dati nam pravu unutarnju snagu.
And I learned this in my work with nuclear weapon policy-makers. Because at the beginning I was so outraged at the dangers they were exposing us to that I just wanted to argue and blame and make them wrong. Totally ineffective. In order to develop a dialogue for change we have to deal with our anger. It's okay to be angry with the thing -- the nuclear weapons in this case -- but it is hopeless to be angry with the people. They are human beings just like us. And they're doing what they think is best. And that's the basis on which we have to talk with them.
To sam naučila radeći s ljudima koji rade na politici nuklearnog oružja. Jer na početku sam bila toliko uvrijeđena opasnostima kojima su nas izlagali da sam se samo htjela svađati, optuživati i okriviti ih. Potpuno bezuspješno. Kako bismo razvili dijalog za promjenu, moramo se nositi s našim bijesom. U redu je da se ljutite na stvar -- u ovom slučaju nuklearno oružje -- no beznadno je ljutiti se na čovjeka. Oni su ljudska bića baš poput nas. I rade ono što misle da je najbolje. Upravo je to osnova na kojoj trebamo temeljiti razgovor s njima.
So that's the third one, anger. And it brings me to the crux of what's going on, or what I perceive as going on, in the world today, which is that last century was top-down power. It was still governments telling people what to do. This century there's a shift. It's bottom-up or grassroots power. It's like mushrooms coming through concrete. It's people joining up with people, as Bundy just said, miles away to bring about change.
To je, dakle, treće - bijes. I dovodi me do ozbiljnosti onoga što se zbiva, ili onoga što se meni čini da se zbiva danas u svijetu, a to je da je posljednjim stoljećem vladala analitička moć. Još uvijek su vlade govorile ljudima što da rade. U ovom se stoljeću dogodila promjena. Moć postaje sintetička. Nešto poput gljiva koje probijaju beton. Ljudi se združuju s ljudima, kako je Bundy upravo rekao, kilometrima daleko kako bi potaknuli promjenu.
And Peace Direct spotted quite early on that local people in areas of very hot conflict know what to do. They know best what to do. So Peace Direct gets behind them to do that. And the kind of thing they're doing is demobilizing militias, rebuilding economies, resettling refugees, even liberating child soldiers. And they have to risk their lives almost every day to do this. And what they've realized is that using violence in the situations they operate in is not only less humane, but it's less effective than using methods that connect people with people, that rebuild.
U Peace Directu su vrlo rano uočili da lokalni ljudi u područjima velikog konflikta znaju što učiniti. Najbolje znaju što učiniti. Tako ih Peace Direct u tome podržava. A ono što rade jest demobiliziranje milicija, ponovna izgradnja ekonomija, ponovno naseljavanje izbjeglica, pa čak i oslobađanje dječjih vojnika. Moraju riskirati svoje živote gotovo svaki dan kako bi to činili. Ono što su shvatili jest da uporaba nasilja u situacijama u kojima djeluju je ne samo manje humana, već i manje učinkovita od korištenja metoda koje ljude spajaju s ljudima, koje izgrađuju.
And I think that the U.S. military is finally beginning to get this. Up to now their counter-terrorism policy has been to kill insurgents at almost any cost, and if civilians get in the way, that's written as "collateral damage." And this is so infuriating and humiliating for the population of Afghanistan, that it makes the recruitment for al-Qaeda very easy, when people are so disgusted by, for example, the burning of the Koran.
Mislim da vojska SAD-a napokon počinje to shvaćati. Sve do sada, njihova je protuteroristička politika bila da gotovo pod bilo koju cijenu ubiju pobunjenike, a ako se civili nađu na putu, to se vodi kao "kolateralna šteta". To je tako grozno i ponižavajuće za populaciju Afganistana da čini regrutaciju za al-Qaidu vrlo lakom, budući da su ljudi toliko zgroženi, na primjer, paljenjem Kurana.
So the training of the troops has to change. And I think there are signs that it is beginning to change. The British military have always been much better at this. But there is one magnificent example for them to take their cue from, and that's a brilliant U.S. lieutenant colonel called Chris Hughes. And he was leading his men down the streets of Najaf -- in Iraq actually -- and suddenly people were pouring out of the houses on either side of the road, screaming, yelling, furiously angry, and surrounded these very young troops who were completely terrified, didn't know what was going on, couldn't speak Arabic. And Chris Hughes strode into the middle of the throng with his weapon above his head, pointing at the ground, and he said, "Kneel." And these huge soldiers with their backpacks and their body armor, wobbled to the ground. And complete silence fell. And after about two minutes, everybody moved aside and went home.
Dakle, obuka trupa mora se promijeniti. I mislim da postoje naznake da se počinje mijenjati. Britanska vojska uvijek je u ovome bila puno bolja. No postoji jedan divan primjer koji bi mogli slijediti, a to je briljantni američki potpukovnik imena Chris Hughes. Vodio je svoje vojnike niz ulice Najafa -- u Iraku -- i odjednom su se ljudi počeli slijevati iz kuća s obje strane ulice, urlajući, vičući, nevjerojatno bijesni, i opkolili su te vrlo mlade vojnike koji su bili potpuno prestravljeni, nisu znali što se događa, nisu razumjeli arapski. Chris Hughes ušetao je usred gomile sa svojim oružjem iznad glave, držeći ga uperenim prema tlu i rekao: "Kleknite". I ti ogromni vojnici, sa svojim ruksacima i u zaštitnoj opremi, spustili su se na zemlju. Nastupila je potpuna tišina. Nakon otprilike dvije minute, svi su se razmaknuli i otišli kućama.
Now that to me is wisdom in action. In the moment, that's what he did. And it's happening everywhere now. You don't believe me? Have you asked yourselves why and how so many dictatorships have collapsed over the last 30 years? Dictatorships in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Mali, Madagascar, Poland, the Philippines, Serbia, Slovenia, I could go on, and now Tunisia and Egypt. And this hasn't just happened. A lot of it is due to a book written by an 80-year-old man in Boston, Gene Sharp. He wrote a book called "From Dictatorship to Democracy" with 81 methodologies for non-violent resistance. And it's been translated into 26 languages. It's flown around the world. And it's being used by young people and older people everywhere, because it works and it's effective.
Za mene je to mudrost na djelu. U tom trenutku, to je ono što je učinio. I to se sada svugdje događa. Ne vjerujete mi? Jeste li se zapitali kako i zašto su se tolike diktature raspale u zadnjih 30 godina? Diktature u Čehoslovačkoj, Istočnoj Njemačkoj, Estoniji, Latviji, Litvi, Maliju, Madagaskaru, Poljskoj, Filipinima, Srbiji, Sloveniji, mogla bih nastaviti, i sada Tunisu i Egiptu. I to se nije dogodilo samo od sebe. Puno je toga zahvaljujući knjizi koju je napisao osamdesetogodišnjak iz Bostona, Gene Sharp. On je napisao knjigu naziva "Od diktature do demokracije" u kojoj predstavlja 81 metodologiju za nenasilan otpor. Prevedena je na 26 jezika. Proširila se svijetom. Koriste ju mladi i stariji ljudi posvuda, jer funkcionira i učinkovita je.
So this is what gives me hope -- not just hope, this is what makes me feel very positive right now. Because finally human beings are getting it. We're getting practical, doable methodologies to answer my question: How do we deal with a bully without becoming a thug? We're using the kind of skills that I've outlined: inner power -- the development of inner power -- through self-knowledge, recognizing and working with our fear, using anger as a fuel, cooperating with others, banding together with others, courage, and most importantly, commitment to active non-violence.
To je ono što mi daje nadu -- ne samo nadu, to je ono zbog čega se trenutno osjećam vrlo optimistično. Jer ljudska bića napokon počinju shvaćati. Dobivamo praktične, izvedive metodologije kao odgovor na moje pitanje: Kako da se nosimo s nasilnikom bez da i mi postanemo takvi? Koristimo onakve vještine kakve sam skicirala: unutarnju snagu -- razvoj unutarnje snage -- kroz samospoznaju, prepoznavanje i suradnju s našim strahom, korištenje bijesa kao goriva, suradnju s drugima, povezivanje s drugima, hrabrost, i najvažnije, predanost aktivnome nenasilju.
Now I don't just believe in non-violence. I don't have to believe in it. I see evidence everywhere of how it works. And I see that we, ordinary people, can do what Aung San Suu Kyi and Ghandi and Mandela did. We can bring to an end the bloodiest century that humanity has ever known. And we can organize to overcome oppression by opening our hearts as well as strengthening this incredible resolve.
Nije da samo vjerujem u nenasilje. Ne moram vjerovati u njega. Posvuda vidim dokaze njegove učinkovitosti. I vidim da mi, obični ljudi, možemo raditi ono što su Aung San Suu Kyi, Gandhi i Mandela napravili. Možemo stati na kraj najkrvavijem stoljeću kojemu je čovječanstvo ikada svjedočilo. Možemo se organizirati da prevladamo ugnjetavanje otvarajući svoja srca, kao i ojačavajući ovu nevjerojatnu odlučnost.
And this open-heartedness is exactly what I've experienced in the entire organization of this gathering since I got here yesterday. Thank you.
Ta otvorenost srca upravo je ono što sam iskusila u cijeloj organizaciji ovog skupa otkako sam jučer došla ovdje. Hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)