I'm here to tell you about the real search for alien life. Not little green humanoids arriving in shiny UFOs, although that would be nice. But it's the search for planets orbiting stars far away.
Ovde sam da vam ispričam o pravoj potrazi za vanzemaljskim životom. Ne o malim zelenim humanoidima koji stižu u svetlucavim NLO-ima, iako bi to bilo lepo, već o potrazi za planetama koje kruže oko zvezda, a koje su daleko.
Every star in our sky is a sun. And if our sun has planets -- Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, etc., surely those other stars should have planets also, and they do. And in the last two decades, astronomers have found thousands of exoplanets.
Svaka zvezda na našem nebu je Sunce, a ako naše Sunce ima planete – Merkur, Venera, Zemlja, Mars, i tako dalje, sigurno je da i druge zvezde treba da imaju svoje planete. I imaju. Tokom protekle dve decenije, astronomi su otkrili na hiljade egzoplaneta.
Our night sky is literally teeming with exoplanets. We know, statistically speaking, that every star has at least one planet. And in the search for planets, and in the future, planets that might be like Earth, we're able to help address some of the most amazing and mysterious questions that have faced humankind for centuries. Why are we here? Why does our universe exist? How did Earth form and evolve? How and why did life originate and populate our planet? The second question that we often think about is: Are we alone? Is there life out there? Who is out there? You know, this question has been around for thousands of years, since at least the time of the Greek philosophers. But I'm here to tell you just how close we're getting to finding out the answer to this question. It's the first time in human history that this really is within reach for us.
Naše noćno nebo je bukvalno prepuno egzoplaneta. Znamo da, statistički govoreći, svaka zvezda ima bar jednu planetu. U potrazi za planetama i u budućnosti, za planetama koje mogu biti slične Zemlji, možemo da se pozabavimo nekim najneverovatnijim i najmisterioznijim pitanjima sa kojima se ljudska vrsta susretala vekovima. Zašto smo ovde? Zašto svemir postoji? Kako je Zemlja nastala i kako se razvila? Kako i zašto je nastao život i nastanio našu planetu? Drugo pitanje o kome često mislimo je: da li smo sami? Ima li života tamo negde? Koga ima tamo? Znate, ovo pitanje je bilo aktuelno hiljadama godina, bar od vremena grčkih filozofa. Ovde sam da bih vam rekla koliko smo blizu otkrivanja odgovora na ovo pitanje. Po prvi put u ljudskoj istoriji ovo nam je zaista nadomak ruke.
Now when I think about the possibilities for life out there, I think of the fact that our sun is but one of many stars. This is a photograph of a real galaxy, we think our Milky Way looks like this galaxy. It's a collection of bound stars. But our [sun] is one of hundreds of billions of stars and our galaxy is one of upwards of hundreds of billions of galaxies. Knowing that small planets are very common, you can just do the math. And there are just so many stars and so many planets out there, that surely, there must be life somewhere out there. Well, the biologists get furious with me for saying that, because we have absolutely no evidence for life beyond Earth yet.
Kada razmišljam o mogućnostima da postoji život tamo negde, mislim na činjenicu da je naše Sunce samo jedna od mnogo zvezda. Ovo je slika prave galaksije, a mislimo da naš Mlečni put izgleda kao ova galaksija. To je skup povezanih zvezda. Naše Sunce je jedna od stotine milijardi zvezda, a naša galaksija je jedna među stotinama milijardi galaksija. Znajući da se male planete veoma često javljaju, možete da izračunate, a jednostavno ima toliko puno zvezda i toliko puno planeta tamo da sigurno mora postojati i život tamo negde. Pa, biolozi se veoma naljute na mene kada to kažem jer još uvek ne postaje baš nikakvi dokazi o postojanju života van Zemlje.
Well, if we were able to look at our galaxy from the outside and zoom in to where our sun is, we see a real map of the stars. And the highlighted stars are those with known exoplanets. This is really just the tip of the iceberg. Here, this animation is zooming in onto our solar system. And you'll see here the planets as well as some spacecraft that are also orbiting our sun. Now if we can imagine going to the West Coast of North America, and looking out at the night sky, here's what we'd see on a spring night. And you can see the constellations overlaid and again, so many stars with planets. There's a special patch of the sky where we have thousands of planets.
Ako bismo mogli da posmatramo našu galaksiju izvana i da zumiramo mesto gde se Sunce nalazi, vidimo pravu mapu zvezda. Naglašene zvezde su one sa poznatim egzoplanetama. Ovo je zapravo samo vrh ledenog brega. Ovde animacija zumira naš solarni sistem. Ovde ćete videti planete, kao i neke letelice koje kruže oko našeg Sunca. Ako zamislimo da smo otišli na zapadnu obalu Severne Amerike i da posmatramo noćno nebo, evo šta bismo videli tokom prolećne večeri. Možete videti sazvežđa koja se preklapaju i ponovo, toliko mnogo zvezda sa planetama. Postoji poseban deo neba gde imamo na hiljade planeta.
This is where the Kepler Space Telescope focused for many years. Let's zoom in and look at one of the favorite exoplanets. This star is called Kepler-186f. It's a system of about five planets. And by the way, most of these exoplanets, we don't know too much about. We know their size, and their orbit and things like that. But there's a very special planet here called Kepler-186f. This planet is in a zone that is not too far from the star, so that the temperature may be just right for life. Here, the artist's conception is just zooming in and showing you what that planet might be like.
To je mesto na koje je mnogo godina fokusirao Keplerov svemirski teleskop. Hajde da uveličamo sliku i pogledamo jednu od omiljenih egzoplaneta. Ova zvezda se naziva Kepler-186f. To je sistem od oko pet planeta. Uzgred budi rečeno, o većini egzoplaneta ne znamo mnogo. Znamo njihovu veličinu, orbitu i slične stvari. Međutim, ovde postoji posebna planeta koja se naziva Kepler-186f. Ova planeta je u pojasu koji nije predaleko od zvezde, te tako temperatura može biti odgovarajuća za život. Evo, umetnička koncepcija upravo uvećava sliku i pokazuje vam kakva bi ta planeta mogla biti.
So, many people have this romantic notion of astronomers going to the telescope on a lonely mountaintop and looking at the spectacular night sky through a big telescope. But actually, we just work on our computers like everyone else, and we get our data by email or downloading from a database. So instead of coming here to tell you about the somewhat tedious nature of the data and data analysis and the complex computer models we make, I have a different way to try to explain to you some of the things that we're thinking about exoplanets.
Mnogi ljudi imaju romantičnu predstavu o astronomima koji odlaze do teleskopa na usamljenom vrhu planine i gledaju u spektakularno noćno nebo kroz veliki teleskop. U stvari, mi samo radimo na našim kompjuterima kao i svi drugi, a podatke dobijamo i-mejlom ili kroz preuzimanje iz baze podataka. Umesto da dođem ovde i da vam pričam o pomalo dosadnim podacima, analizi podataka i komplikovanim kompjuterskim modelima koje pravimo, imam drugačiji način da pokušam da vam objasnim neke od stvari koje mislimo o egzoplanetama.
Here's a travel poster: "Kepler-186f: Where the grass is always redder on the other side." That's because Kepler-186f orbits a red star, and we're just speculating that perhaps the plants there, if there is vegetation that does photosynthesis, it has different pigments and looks red. "Enjoy the gravity on HD 40307g, a Super-Earth." This planet is more massive than Earth and has a higher surface gravity. "Relax on Kepler-16b, where your shadow always has company." (Laughter) We know of a dozen planets that orbit two stars, and there's likely many more out there. If we could visit one of those planets, you literally would see two sunsets and have two shadows. So actually, science fiction got some things right. Tatooine from Star Wars. And I have a couple of other favorite exoplanets to tell you about. This one is Kepler-10b, it's a hot, hot planet. It orbits over 50 times closer to its star than our Earth does to our sun. And actually, it's so hot, we can't visit any of these planets, but if we could, we would melt long before we got there. We think the surface is hot enough to melt rock and has liquid lava lakes.
Evo postera za putovanje: "Kepler-186f: Mesto gde je trava uvek crvenija na drugoj strani." To je zbog toga što Kepler-186f kruži oko crvene zvezde, a mi samo nagađamo da su možda biljke tamo crvene, ako postoji vegetacija koja obavlja fotosintezu; ima drugačije pigmente i izgleda crveno. "Uživajte u gravitaciji na HD 40307g, na super-Zemlji." Ova planeta je masivnija nego Zemlja i ima jaču površinsku gravitaciju. "Opustite se na Kepleru-16b, gde vaša senka uvek ima društvo." (Smeh) Znamo za desetak planeta koje kruže oko dve zvezde, a verovatno ih ima još mnogo tamo. Ako bismo mogli da posetimo neku od ovih planeta, bukvalno biste videli dva zalaska Sunca i imali biste dve senke. U stvari, naučna fantastika je oko nekih stvari u pravu. Tatuin iz "Zvezdanih staza". Imam još par omiljenih egzoplaneta o kojima ću vam pričati. Ova je Kepler-10b. To je vrela, vrela planeta. Kruži oko svoje zvezde preko 50 puta bliže nego naša Zemlja oko našeg Sunca. U stvari je toliko vrela da ne možemo posetiti nijednu od ovih planeta, a da možemo, istopili bismo se pre nego što bismo stigli tamo. Mislimo da je površina dovoljno vrela da otopi stene i da ima tečna jezera lave.
Gliese 1214b. This planet, we know the mass and the size and it has a fairly low density. It's somewhat warm. We actually don't know really anything about this planet, but one possibility is that it's a water world, like a scaled-up version of one of Jupiter's icy moons that might be 50 percent water by mass. And in this case, it would have a thick steam atmosphere overlaying an ocean, not of liquid water, but of an exotic form of water, a superfluid -- not quite a gas, not quite a liquid. And under that wouldn't be rock, but a form of high-pressure ice, like ice IX.
Glis 1214b. O ovoj planeti znamo njenu masu i veličinu, a ima prilično nisku gustinu. Donekle je topla. U stvari ne znamo ništa o ovoj planeti, ali jedna od mogućnosti je da je to vodeni svet, uvećana verzija jednog od Jupiterovih ledenih Meseca koji možda ima do 50 posto vodene mase. U ovom slučaju, imao bi gustu atmosferu punu pare koja bi pokrivala okean, ne tečne vode, več egzotičnog oblika vode, super-tečnosti – ne baš gas, ali ni tečnost. Ispod toga ne bi bio kamen, već led pod visokim pritiskom, poput leda IX.
So out of all these planets out there, and the variety is just simply astonishing, we mostly want to find the planets that are Goldilocks planets, we call them. Not too big, not too small, not too hot, not too cold -- but just right for life. But to do that, we'd have to be able to look at the planet's atmosphere, because the atmosphere acts like a blanket trapping heat -- the greenhouse effect. We have to be able to assess the greenhouse gases on other planets. Well, science fiction got some things wrong. The Star Trek Enterprise had to travel vast distances at incredible speeds to orbit other planets so that First Officer Spock could analyze the atmosphere to see if the planet was habitable or if there were lifeforms there.
Od svih ovih planeta tamo, a raznovrsnost je jednostavno zapanjujuća, uglavnom želimo da nađemo planete koje nazivamo planete Zlatokose – ni prevelike, ni premale, ni previše vruće, ni previše hladne, već odgovarajuće za život. Da bismo to uradili, morali bismo da pregledamo atmosferu planete, jer se atmosfera ponaša kao ćebe koje zarobljava toplotu – efekat staklene bašte. Moramo biti u mogućnosti da procenimo gasove staklene bašte na drugim planetama. Pa, naučna fantastika nije bila u pravu za neke stvari. "Enterprajz" iz "Zvezdanih staza" morao je da pređe ogromne daljine po neverovatnim brzinama da bi napravio krug oko drugih planeta, a kako bi prvi oficir Spok mogao da analizira atmosferu da bi video da li se planeta može naseliti i da li tamo ima nekih oblika života.
Well, we don't need to travel at warp speeds to see other planet atmospheres, although I don't want to dissuade any budding engineers from figuring out how to do that. We actually can and do study planet atmospheres from here, from Earth orbit. This is a picture, a photograph of the Hubble Space Telescope taken by the shuttle Atlantis as it was departing after the last human space flight to Hubble. They installed a new camera, actually, that we use for exoplanet atmospheres. And so far, we've been able to study dozens of exoplanet atmospheres, about six of them in great detail. But those are not small planets like Earth. They're big, hot planets that are easy to see. We're not ready, we don't have the right technology yet to study small exoplanets. But nevertheless, I wanted to try to explain to you how we study exoplanet atmospheres.
Pa, ne treba da putujemo nadsvetlosnim brzinama da bismo videli atmosfere drugih planeta, iako ne želim da odvratim inženjere u razvoju da shvate kako to možemo. U stvari, možemo da proučavamo atmosfere planeta odavde, iz Zemljine orbite. Ovo je slika, fotografija svemirskog teleskopa Habl koju je napravio šatl Atlantis dok je odlazio posle poslednje ljudske posete Hablu. Ugradili su, u stvari, novu kameru koju koristimo za atmosfere egzoplaneta. Do sada smo mogli da istražimo desetak atmosfera egzoplaneta, a šest od njih veoma detaljno. Međutim, ovo nisu male planete poput Zemlje; to su velike, vrele planete koje se lako vide. Nismo spremni i još uvek nemamo odgovarajuću tehnologiju da proučavamo male egzoplanete. Bez obzira na to, želela sam da pokušam da vam objasnim kako proučavamo atmosfere egzoplaneta.
I want you to imagine, for a moment, a rainbow. And if we could look at this rainbow closely, we would see that some dark lines are missing. And here's our sun, the white light of our sun split up, not by raindrops, but by a spectrograph. And you can see all these dark, vertical lines. Some are very narrow, some are wide, some are shaded at the edges. And this is actually how astronomers have studied objects in the heavens, literally, for over a century. So here, each different atom and molecule has a special set of lines, a fingerprint, if you will. And that's how we study exoplanet atmospheres. And I'll just never forget when I started working on exoplanet atmospheres 20 years ago, how many people told me, "This will never happen. We'll never be able to study them. Why are you bothering?" And that's why I'm pleased to tell you about all the atmospheres studied now, and this is really a field of its own. So when it comes to other planets, other Earths, in the future when we can observe them, what kind of gases would we be looking for? Well, you know, our own Earth has oxygen in the atmosphere to 20 percent by volume. That's a lot of oxygen. But without plants and photosynthetic life, there would be no oxygen, virtually no oxygen in our atmosphere. So oxygen is here because of life. And our goal then is to look for gases in other planet atmospheres, gases that don't belong, that we might be able to attribute to life. But which molecules should we search for? I actually told you how diverse exoplanets are. We expect that to continue in the future when we find other Earths.
Želim da na trenutak zamislite dugu. Ako se zagledamo u ovu dugu, videli bismo da neke tamne linije nedostaju. Evo našeg Sunca. Belo svetlo našeg Sunca je razdvojeno ne kapima kiše, već spektrografom. Možete videti i sve ove tamne, vertikalne linije. Neke su uske, neke široke, a neke imaju zatamnjene ivice. Ovako su u stvari astronomi proučavali objekte na nebu, bukvalno više od jednog veka. Ovde, dakle, svaki atom i molekul ima poseban niz linija, otisak prsta, ako hoćete. Tako proučavamo atmosfere egzoplaneta. Nikada neću zaboraviti kada sam počela raditi na atmosferama egzoplaneta pre 20 godina, koliko mi je ljudi reklo: "Ovo se nikada neće desiti. Nikada nećemo moći da ih proučavamo. Zašto se trudiš?" Zato sam srećna što mogu da vam pričam o svim do sada istraženim atmosferama, a ovo je stvarno zasebno polje. Kada pričamo o drugim planetama, drugim Zemljama, kada ih u budućnosti budemo posmatrali, za kakvim ćemo gasovima tragati? Znate, naša Zemlja ima kiseonik u atmosferi do 20 posto zapremine. To je puno kiseonika. Međutim, bez biljaka i fotosintetičkog života, ne bi bilo kiseonika, bukvalno nimalo kiseonika u našoj atmosferi. Dakle, kiseonik je ovde zbog života, a naš cilj je da tražimo gasove u atmosferama drugih planeta, gasove koji ne pripadaju, a koje bismo mogli da pripišemo životu. Ali, koje molekule treba da tražimo? Rekla sam vam zapravo koliko su egzoplanete raznovrsne. Očekujemo da se to nastavi u budućnosti kada nađemo druge Zemlje.
And that's one of the main things I'm working on now, I have a theory about this. It reminds me that nearly every day, I receive an email or emails from someone with a crazy theory about physics of gravity or cosmology or some such. So, please don't email me one of your crazy theories. (Laughter) Well, I had my own crazy theory. But, who does the MIT professor go to? Well, I emailed a Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine and he said, "Sure, come and talk to me." So I brought my two biochemistry friends and we went to talk to him about our crazy theory. And that theory was that life produces all small molecules, so many molecules. Like, everything I could think of, but not being a chemist. Think about it: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, molecular hydrogen, molecular nitrogen, methane, methyl chloride -- so many gases. They also exist for other reasons, but just life even produces ozone. So we go to talk to him about this, and immediately, he shot down the theory. He found an example that didn't exist. So, we went back to the drawing board and we think we have found something very interesting in another field.
To je jedna od glavnih stvari na kojima trenutno radim. Imam teoriju o ovome. To me je podsetilo da skoro svakog dana dobijem mejl ili mejlove od nekoga sa ludom teorijom o fizici, gravitaciji, kosmologiji ili nečem sličnom. Molim vas da mi ne šaljete mejlove sa jednom od vaših ludih teorija. (Smeh) Imala sam sopstvenu ludu teoriju. Ali, kome se obraća predavač sa MIT-a? Poslala sam mejl jednom dobitniku Nobelove nagrade za fiziologiju ili medicinu, a on je rekao: "Naravno, svrati da popričamo". Povela sam dva prijatelja sa biohemije i popričali smo sa njim o našoj ludoj teoriji. Teorija je da život proizvodi male molekule, toliko mnogo malih molekula, sve čega mogu da se setim, a nisam hemičarka. Razmislite o tome: ugljen-dioksid, ugljen-monoksid, molekularni vodonik, molekularni azot, metan, metil hlorid – toliko gasova. Oni postoje i iz drugih razloga, ali i život proizvodi ozon. Tako smo otišli da popričamo sa njim o ovome i momentalno nam je oborio teoriju. Našao je primer koji ne postoji. Vratili smo se nacrtima i mislimo da smo našli nešto veoma interesantno na drugom polju.
But back to exoplanets, the point is that life produces so many different types of gases, literally thousands of gases. And so what we're doing now is just trying to figure out on which types of exoplanets, which gases could be attributed to life. And so when it comes time when we find gases in exoplanet atmospheres that we won't know if they're being produced by intelligent aliens or by trees, or a swamp, or even just by simple, single-celled microbial life.
Vratimo se egzoplanetama. Poenta je da život proizvodi toliko različitih gasova, bukvalno hiljade gasova. Sada pokušavamo da shvatimo na kojim tipovima egzoplaneta koji gasovi mogu da se pripišu postojanju života. Kada dođe do toga da pronađemo gasove u atmosferama egzoplaneta, nećemo znati da li ih stvaraju inteligentni vanzemaljci, drveće, ili močvara, ili čak veoma jednostavan, jednoćelijski mikrobski život.
So working on the models and thinking about biochemistry, it's all well and good. But a really big challenge ahead of us is: how? How are we going to find these planets? There are actually many ways to find planets, several different ways. But the one that I'm most focused on is how can we open a gateway so that in the future, we can find hundreds of Earths. We have a real shot at finding signs of life. And actually, I just finished leading a two-year project in this very special phase of a concept we call the starshade. And the starshade is a very specially shaped screen and the goal is to fly that starshade so it blocks out the light of a star so that the telescope can see the planets directly. Here, you can see myself and two team members holding up one small part of the starshade. It's shaped like a giant flower, and this is one of the prototype petals. The concept is that a starshade and telescope could launch together, with the petals unfurling from the stowed position. The central truss would expand, with the petals snapping into place. Now, this has to be made very precisely, literally, the petals to microns and they have to deploy to millimeters. And this whole structure would have to fly tens of thousands of kilometers away from the telescope. It's about tens of meters in diameter. And the goal is to block out the starlight to incredible precision so that we'd be able to see the planets directly. And it has to be a very special shape, because of the physics of defraction. Now this is a real project that we worked on, literally, you would not believe how hard. Just so you believe it's not just in movie format, here's a real photograph of a second-generation starshade deployment test bed in the lab. And in this case, I just wanted you to know that that central truss has heritage left over from large radio deployables in space.
Dakle, rad na modelima i razmišljanje o biohemiji je potpuno u redu, ali je ogroman izazov ispred nas: kako? Kako ćemo naći ove planete? Zapravo postoji mnogo načina da se planete nađu; nekoliko različitih načina. Onaj na koji sam najviše usredsređena je kako otvoriti vrata da bismo u budućnosti mogli da pronađemo stotine Zemalja. Imamo pravu priliku da pronašemo znakove života. U stvari, upravo sam završila vođenje dvogodišnjeg projekta u posebnoj fazi koncepta koji zovemo "Staršejd". "Staršejd" je specijalno oblikovan paravan, a cilj je postaviti "Staršejd" da blokira svetlo zvezda da bi teleskop mogao da direktno uoči planete. Ovde možete videti mene i dva člana tima kako držimo jedan mali deo "Staršejda". U obliku je ogromnog cveta, a ovo je jedna od latica prototipa. Koncept je da se "Staršejd" i teleskop zajedno lansiraju sa laticama koje će se otvarati iz zatvorene pozicije. Centralni nosač će se raširiti, sa laticama koje će naglo zauzeti svoje mesto. Ovo se mora precizno odraditi, bukvalno, latice do mikrona i moraju se postaviti tačno u milimetar. Cela ova struktura bi morala da odleti desetine hiljada kilometara dalje od teleskopa. To je desetine metara u prečniku. Cilj je da se blokira svetlost zvezda sa neverovatnom preciznošću kako bismo mogli da direktno vidimo planete. Mora biti posebnog oblika zbog fizike defrakcije. To je realni projekat na kome smo radili, bukvalno, ne biste verovali koliko. Da ne biste mislili da je samo u filmskom formatu, evo stvarne fotografije postolja za testiranje odašiljača "Staršejda" druge generacije u laboratoriji. U ovom slučaju, samo sam želela da znate da je središnji nosač izrađen od ostataka velikih premeštajućih radio antena u svemiru.
So after all of that hard work where we try to think of all the crazy gases that might be out there, and we build the very complicated space telescopes that might be out there, what are we going to find? Well, in the best case, we will find an image of another exo-Earth. Here is Earth as a pale blue dot. And this is actually a real photograph of Earth taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft, four billion miles away. And that red light is just scattered light in the camera optics.
Posle ovog velikog posla, dok pokušavamo da smislimo sve lude gasove koji bi mogli biti tamo i dok gradimo komplikovane svemirske teleskope koji bi mogli biti tamo, šta ćemo pronaći? U najboljem slučaju, naći ćemo sliku još jedne egzo-Zemlje. Evo Zemlje kao blede, plave tačke. Ovo je, u stvari, prava fotografija Zemlje koju je usnimila letilica "Vojadžer1" sa udaljenosti od oko 6,500 milijardi kilometara. Crveno svetlo je samo raspršeno svetlo u optici kamere.
But what's so awesome to consider is that if there are intelligent aliens orbiting on a planet around a star near to us and they build complicated space telescopes of the kind that we're trying to build, all they'll see is this pale blue dot, a pinprick of light. And so sometimes, when I pause to think about my professional struggle and huge ambition, it's hard to think about that in contrast to the vastness of the universe. But nonetheless, I am devoting the rest of my life to finding another Earth.
Izuzetno je pomisliti da, ako postoje inteligenti vanzemaljci na nekoj planeti, koji kruže oko neke zvezde koja je blizu nas i koji grade komplikovane svemirske teleskope slične onima koje mi pokušavamo da izgradimo, sve što će videti je ova bleda plava tačka, sićušna tačka svetla. Ponekad, kada zastanem da razmislim o svojoj profesionalnoj borbi i ogromnoj ambiciji, teško je misliti o tome ako se uporedi sa ogromnom veličinom svemira. Bez obzira, ja posvećujem ostatak svog života pronalaženju nove Zemlje,
And I can guarantee
a mogu da garantujem
that in the next generation of space telescopes, in the second generation, we will have the capability to find and identity other Earths. And the capability to split up the starlight so that we can look for gases and assess the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, estimate the surface temperature, and look for signs of life.
da će sledeća generacija svemirskih teleskopa, u drugoj generaciji, imati sposobnost da pronađe i identifikuje druge Zemlje, kao i sposobnost da razdvoji svetlost zvezda kako bismo mogli da tražimo gasove i procenimo gasove staklene bašte u atmosferi, procenimo temperaturu površine i tražimo znakove života.
But there's more. In this case of searching for other planets like Earth, we are making a new kind of map of the nearby stars and of the planets orbiting them, including [planets] that actually might be inhabitable by humans.
Ima još. U slučaju potrage za drugim planetama kao što je Zemlja pravimo novu mapu obližnjih zvezda i planeta koje kruže oko njih, uključujući i planete koje bi ljudi mogli nastaniti.
And so I envision that our descendants, hundreds of years from now, will embark on an interstellar journey to other worlds. And they will look back at all of us as the generation who first found the Earth-like worlds.
Zamišljam naše potomke za nekoliko stotina godina kako započinju međuzvezdano putovanje do drugih svetova. Osvrnuće se na nas kao na generaciju koja je prva pronašla svetove nalik Zemlji.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
June Cohen: And I give you, for a question, Rosetta Mission Manager Fred Jansen.
Džun Koen: Predstavljam vam, za pitanje, menadžera misije Rozeta, Freda Džensena.
Fred Jansen: You mentioned halfway through that the technology to actually look at the spectrum of an exoplanet like Earth is not there yet. When do you expect this will be there, and what's needed?
Fred Džensen: Negde na polovini pomenuli ste da tehnologija kojom se zapravo gleda u spektar egzoplaneta poput Zemlje još uvek ne postoji. Kada očekujete da će se pojaviti i šta je potrebno?
Actually, what we expect is what we call our next-generation Hubble telescope. And this is called the James Webb Space Telescope, and that will launch in 2018, and that's what we're going to do, we're going to look at a special kind of planet called transient exoplanets, and that will be our first shot at studying small planets for gases that might indicate the planet is habitable.
Sara Siger: Očekujemo ono što nazivamo sledeća generacija Habl teleskopa. Zove se svemirski teleskop Džejms Veb, a lansiraće se 2018. godine i to je ono što ćemo uraditi – tražićemo posebnu vrstu planeta koje zovemo prelaznim egzoplanetama i to če biti naš prvi korak u proučavanju malih planeta i gasova koji mogu ukazati da je planeta naseljiva.
JC: I'm going to ask you one follow-up question, too, Sara, as the generalist. So I am really struck by the notion in your career of the opposition you faced, that when you began thinking about exoplanets, there was extreme skepticism in the scientific community that they existed, and you proved them wrong. What did it take to take that on?
DžK: Postaviću ti još jedno pitanje, Sara, uopšteno. Na mene je ogroman utisak ostavila ideja opozicije sa kojom si se susrela u karijeri, da je, kada si počela da razmišljaš o egzoplanetama, postojao ogroman skepticizam u naučnoj zajednici oko njihovog postojanja, a ti si im dokazala da greše. Šta je bilo potrebno za borbu s tim?
SS: Well, the thing is that as scientists, we're supposed to be skeptical, because our job to make sure that what the other person is saying actually makes sense or not. But being a scientist, I think you've seen it from this session, it's like being an explorer. You have this immense curiosity, this stubbornness, this sort of resolute will that you will go forward no matter what other people say.
SS: Stvar je u tome da naučnici treba da su skeptični jer je naš posao da pokažemo da li ima smisla ono što druga osoba govori. Biti naučnik je, a mislim da ste to videli u ovoj sesiji, kao da ste istraživač. Posedujete ogromnu znatiželju, tvrdoglavost, odlučnost da nastavite bez obzira na to šta drugi govore.
JC: I love that. Thank you, Sara.
DžK: Jako mi se svidelo ovo. Hvala, Sara.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)