I'm here to tell you about the real search for alien life. Not little green humanoids arriving in shiny UFOs, although that would be nice. But it's the search for planets orbiting stars far away.
Ovdje sam da vam pričam o pravoj potrazi za izvanzemaljskim životom. Ne o malim zelenim humanoidima koji dolaze u blistavim NLO-ima, iako bi to bilo lijepo. Ovo je potraga za planetima koji orbitiraju oko udaljenih zvijezda.
Every star in our sky is a sun. And if our sun has planets -- Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, etc., surely those other stars should have planets also, and they do. And in the last two decades, astronomers have found thousands of exoplanets.
Svaka zvijezda na našem nebu je sunce. Ako naše sunce ima planete -- Merkur, Venera, Zemlja, Mars itd., sigurno i druge zvijezde moraju imati planete i imaju ih. U posljednja dva desetljeća, astronomi su pronašli tisuće egzoplaneta.
Our night sky is literally teeming with exoplanets. We know, statistically speaking, that every star has at least one planet. And in the search for planets, and in the future, planets that might be like Earth, we're able to help address some of the most amazing and mysterious questions that have faced humankind for centuries. Why are we here? Why does our universe exist? How did Earth form and evolve? How and why did life originate and populate our planet? The second question that we often think about is: Are we alone? Is there life out there? Who is out there? You know, this question has been around for thousands of years, since at least the time of the Greek philosophers. But I'm here to tell you just how close we're getting to finding out the answer to this question. It's the first time in human history that this really is within reach for us.
Naše noćno nebo doslovno vrvi egzoplanetima. Znamo da, statistički gledano, svaka zvijezda ima najmanje jedan planet. A u potrazi za planetima, te u budućnosti, planetima koji su poput Zemlje, možemo pokušati odgovoriti na neka od najčudesnijih i najtajanstvenijih pitanja s kojima se čovječanstvo susreće stoljećima. Zašto smo ovdje? Zašto naš svemir postoji? Kako se Zemlja formirala i evoluirala? Kako i zašto se razvio život i nastanio naš planet? Drugo pitanje o kojemu često razmišljamo je: Jesmo li sami? Postoji li život tamo negdje? Tko je tamo? Ovo pitanje se postavlja već tisućama godina, najkasnije od vremena grčkih filozofa. Ovdje sam da vam kažem koliko smo zapravo blizu pronalaženju odgovora na ovo pitanje. Ovo je prvi puta u ljudskoj povijesti da smo doista tako blizu.
Now when I think about the possibilities for life out there, I think of the fact that our sun is but one of many stars. This is a photograph of a real galaxy, we think our Milky Way looks like this galaxy. It's a collection of bound stars. But our [sun] is one of hundreds of billions of stars and our galaxy is one of upwards of hundreds of billions of galaxies. Knowing that small planets are very common, you can just do the math. And there are just so many stars and so many planets out there, that surely, there must be life somewhere out there. Well, the biologists get furious with me for saying that, because we have absolutely no evidence for life beyond Earth yet.
Kada pomislim o vjerojatnosti postojanja života tamo negdje, pomislim kako je naše sunce samo jedna od mnogih zvijezda. Ovo je fotografija stvarne galaksije, mislimo da Mliječna staza izgleda poput nje. To je skup povezanih zvijezda. Ali naše [sunce] je jedno od stotina milijardi zvijezda, a naša galaksija jedna od stotina milijardi galaksija. S obzirom da znamo da su mali planeti vrlo česti, i sami možete izračunati. Postoji toliko zvijezda i toliko planeta, da zasigurno, mora negdje postojati i život. Dobro, biolozi pobijesne kada kažem ovo jer još nemamo baš nikakvih dokaza o životu izvan Zemlje.
Well, if we were able to look at our galaxy from the outside and zoom in to where our sun is, we see a real map of the stars. And the highlighted stars are those with known exoplanets. This is really just the tip of the iceberg. Here, this animation is zooming in onto our solar system. And you'll see here the planets as well as some spacecraft that are also orbiting our sun. Now if we can imagine going to the West Coast of North America, and looking out at the night sky, here's what we'd see on a spring night. And you can see the constellations overlaid and again, so many stars with planets. There's a special patch of the sky where we have thousands of planets.
Kada bismo mogli vidjeti našu galaksiju od izvana i zumirati na naše sunce, vidjeli bi pravu mapu zvijezda. Istaknute zvijezde su one koje imaju poznate egzoplanete. Ovo je doista samo kap u moru. Ovdje, animacija zumira na naš sunčev sustav. Ovdje ćete vidjeti planete kao i nekakve letjelice koje orbitiraju oko našeg sunca. Sada, ako zamislimo da smo na zapadnoj obali Sjeverne Amerike i gledamo u noćno nebo, ovo bismo vidjeli u proljetnoj noći. I vidite konstelacije i opet, toliko zvijezda s planetima. Postoji poseban djelić neba gdje imamo tisuće planeta.
This is where the Kepler Space Telescope focused for many years. Let's zoom in and look at one of the favorite exoplanets. This star is called Kepler-186f. It's a system of about five planets. And by the way, most of these exoplanets, we don't know too much about. We know their size, and their orbit and things like that. But there's a very special planet here called Kepler-186f. This planet is in a zone that is not too far from the star, so that the temperature may be just right for life. Here, the artist's conception is just zooming in and showing you what that planet might be like.
Na ovo mjesto je svemirski teleskop Kepler bio fokusiran mnogo godina. Hajdemo zumirati i pogledati jedan od najdražih egzoplaneta. Ova zvijezda zove se Kepler-186f. Ovo je sustav od pet planeta. I usput, o većini ovih egzoplaneta ne znamo baš puno. Znamo njihovu veličinu, njihovu orbitu i takve stvari. No, ovdje je jedan vrlo poseban planet koji se zove Kepler-186f. Ovaj planet nalazi se zoni koja nije predaleko od zvijezde, tako da bi temperatura mogla biti pogodna za život. Ovdje je zumiran umjetnički koncept koji pokazuje kako bi planet mogao izgledati.
So, many people have this romantic notion of astronomers going to the telescope on a lonely mountaintop and looking at the spectacular night sky through a big telescope. But actually, we just work on our computers like everyone else, and we get our data by email or downloading from a database. So instead of coming here to tell you about the somewhat tedious nature of the data and data analysis and the complex computer models we make, I have a different way to try to explain to you some of the things that we're thinking about exoplanets.
Mnogo ljudi ima romantičnu viziju astronoma koji odlaze do teleskopa na usamljenom brdašcu i gledaju spektakularno noćno nebo kroz veliki teleskop. Međutim, mi radimo na svojim računalima kao i svi drugi i dobivamo podatke preko e-maila ili skidanjem s banke podataka. Umjesto da vam ovdje pričam o ponešto zamornoj prirodi podataka i analize podataka i o kompliciranim računalnim modelima, na drugačiji način ću vam pokušati objasniti neke stvari o egzoplanetima.
Here's a travel poster: "Kepler-186f: Where the grass is always redder on the other side." That's because Kepler-186f orbits a red star, and we're just speculating that perhaps the plants there, if there is vegetation that does photosynthesis, it has different pigments and looks red. "Enjoy the gravity on HD 40307g, a Super-Earth." This planet is more massive than Earth and has a higher surface gravity. "Relax on Kepler-16b, where your shadow always has company." (Laughter) We know of a dozen planets that orbit two stars, and there's likely many more out there. If we could visit one of those planets, you literally would see two sunsets and have two shadows. So actually, science fiction got some things right. Tatooine from Star Wars. And I have a couple of other favorite exoplanets to tell you about. This one is Kepler-10b, it's a hot, hot planet. It orbits over 50 times closer to its star than our Earth does to our sun. And actually, it's so hot, we can't visit any of these planets, but if we could, we would melt long before we got there. We think the surface is hot enough to melt rock and has liquid lava lakes.
Evo reklamni plakat: "Kepler-186f: Gdje je trava uvijek crvenija na drugoj strani ograde." To je zato jer Kepler-186f orbitira oko crvene zvijezde te pretpostavljamo da biljke ondje, ukoliko ima vegetacije koja provodi fotosintezu, imaju drugačije pigmente pa su crvene. "Uživajte u gravitaciji na HD 40307g, Super-Zemlji." Ovaj planet je masivniji od Zemlje i ima veću površinsku gravitaciju. "Opustite se na Kepleru-16b, gdje Vaša sjena uvijek ima društvo." (Smijeh) Znamo desetke planeta koji orbitiraju oko dvije zvijezde, a vjerojatno ih je i mnogo više. Kada bismo posjetili jedan takav planet, vidjeli bismo dva zalaska sunca i imali dvije sjene. Znanstvena fantastika je pogodila neke stvari. Tatooine iz Zvjezdanih ratova. Imam još par najdražih egzoplaneta o kojima ću vam pričati. Ovo je Kepler-10b, vrući, vrući planet. Orbitira preko 50 puta bliže svom suncu nego naša Zemlja našem suncu. Zapravo je toliko vruće da ne možemo posjetiti ove planete, ali kada bismo mogli, otopili bi se puno prije slijetanja. Površina je dovoljno vruća da otopi kamenje i ima tekuća jezera lave.
Gliese 1214b. This planet, we know the mass and the size and it has a fairly low density. It's somewhat warm. We actually don't know really anything about this planet, but one possibility is that it's a water world, like a scaled-up version of one of Jupiter's icy moons that might be 50 percent water by mass. And in this case, it would have a thick steam atmosphere overlaying an ocean, not of liquid water, but of an exotic form of water, a superfluid -- not quite a gas, not quite a liquid. And under that wouldn't be rock, but a form of high-pressure ice, like ice IX.
Gliese 1214b. Znamo masu i veličinu ovog planeta te ima poprilično nisku gustoću. Pomalo je topao. Zapravo ne znamo gotovo ništa o ovom planetu, ali moguće je da je ovo vodeni svijet, poput uvećane verzije jednog od Jupiterovih ledenih mjeseca, koji po masi može sadržavati i preko 50 posto vode. U ovom slučaju, imao bi gustu atmosferu od vodene pare koja bi prekrivala ocean, ali ne od tekuće vode, nego od egzotičnog oblika vode, supertekućine -- koja nije ni plin, niti tekućina. Ispod toga ne bi se nalazio kamen nego tip leda pod visokim tlakom, poput leda IX.
So out of all these planets out there, and the variety is just simply astonishing, we mostly want to find the planets that are Goldilocks planets, we call them. Not too big, not too small, not too hot, not too cold -- but just right for life. But to do that, we'd have to be able to look at the planet's atmosphere, because the atmosphere acts like a blanket trapping heat -- the greenhouse effect. We have to be able to assess the greenhouse gases on other planets. Well, science fiction got some things wrong. The Star Trek Enterprise had to travel vast distances at incredible speeds to orbit other planets so that First Officer Spock could analyze the atmosphere to see if the planet was habitable or if there were lifeforms there.
Od svih ovih planeta, a njihova raznolikost je doista nevjerojatna, najviše želimo pronaći tzv. Goldilocks planete. Ne prevelike, ne premalene, ne prevruće, ne prehladne -- nego baš taman za život. Kako bismo to napravili, moramo pregledati atmosferu planeta jer atmosfera djeluje poput deke koja zarobljava toplinu - pruža efekt staklenika. Moramo biti u stanju procijeniti stakleničke plinove na drugim planetima. Znanstvena fantastika je nešto i pogriješila. Zvjezdane staze Enterprise morale su proputovati velike udaljenosti pri nevjerojatnim brzinama kako bi orbitirale oko planeta te da bi prvi časnik Spock mogao analizirati atmosferu i vidio je li planet nastanjiv i ima li kakvih oblika života.
Well, we don't need to travel at warp speeds to see other planet atmospheres, although I don't want to dissuade any budding engineers from figuring out how to do that. We actually can and do study planet atmospheres from here, from Earth orbit. This is a picture, a photograph of the Hubble Space Telescope taken by the shuttle Atlantis as it was departing after the last human space flight to Hubble. They installed a new camera, actually, that we use for exoplanet atmospheres. And so far, we've been able to study dozens of exoplanet atmospheres, about six of them in great detail. But those are not small planets like Earth. They're big, hot planets that are easy to see. We're not ready, we don't have the right technology yet to study small exoplanets. But nevertheless, I wanted to try to explain to you how we study exoplanet atmospheres.
Ne trebamo putovati warp brzinama kako bismo vidjeli atmosfere drugih planeta, iako ne želim obeshrabriti ambiciozne inženjere koji žele odgonetnuti kako to učiniti. Mi zapravo možemo istraživati atmosfere planeta odavdje, iz Zemljine orbite. Ovo je fotografija svemirskog teleskopa Hubble koju je snimio šatl Atlantis na svojem odlasku, nakon zadnje posjete Hubbleu s ljudskom posadom. Instalirali su novu kameru koju koristimo za atmosfere egzoplaneta. Do sada smo istražili desetke atmosfera egzoplaneta, a šest od njih vrlo detaljno. Međutim, to nisu mali planeti poput Zemlje. To su veliki, vrući planeti koji su lako vidljivi. Nismo spremni, još nemamo pravu tehnologiju za proučavanje malih egzoplaneta. Bez obzira na to, htjela sam vam pokušati objasniti kako proučavamo atmosfere egzoplaneta.
I want you to imagine, for a moment, a rainbow. And if we could look at this rainbow closely, we would see that some dark lines are missing. And here's our sun, the white light of our sun split up, not by raindrops, but by a spectrograph. And you can see all these dark, vertical lines. Some are very narrow, some are wide, some are shaded at the edges. And this is actually how astronomers have studied objects in the heavens, literally, for over a century. So here, each different atom and molecule has a special set of lines, a fingerprint, if you will. And that's how we study exoplanet atmospheres. And I'll just never forget when I started working on exoplanet atmospheres 20 years ago, how many people told me, "This will never happen. We'll never be able to study them. Why are you bothering?" And that's why I'm pleased to tell you about all the atmospheres studied now, and this is really a field of its own. So when it comes to other planets, other Earths, in the future when we can observe them, what kind of gases would we be looking for? Well, you know, our own Earth has oxygen in the atmosphere to 20 percent by volume. That's a lot of oxygen. But without plants and photosynthetic life, there would be no oxygen, virtually no oxygen in our atmosphere. So oxygen is here because of life. And our goal then is to look for gases in other planet atmospheres, gases that don't belong, that we might be able to attribute to life. But which molecules should we search for? I actually told you how diverse exoplanets are. We expect that to continue in the future when we find other Earths.
Htjela bih da na trenutak zamislite dugu. Kada bismo mogli vidjeti ovu dugu izbliza, vidjeli bismo da nedostaju nekakve tamne linije. Evo naše sunce, bijelo svjetlo našeg sunca razdijeljeno spektrogramom, a ne kapima kiše. Možete vidjeti tamne, vertikalne linije. Neke su vrlo uske, neke su široke, neke imaju osjenčane rubove. Na ovaj način astronomi proučavaju objekte na nebesima već duže od stoljeća. Svaki atom i svaka molekula ima poseban niz linija, može se reći otisak prsta. Ovako proučavamo atmosfere egzoplaneta. Nikada neću zaboraviti, kada sam počela raditi s atmosferama planeta, prije 20 godina, koliko mi je ljudi reklo "Ovo nikada neće uspjeti. Nikada ih nećemo moći istraživati. Zašto se trudiš?" I zato sa zadovoljstvom pričam o svim atmosferama koje smo dosad istražili, a ovo je zaista i polje za sebe. Kada se govori o drugim planetima, drugim Zemljama, kada ih u budućnosti budemo promatrali, kakve plinove bismo tražili? Znate da naša Zemlja ima kisik u atmosferi, po volumenu do 20 posto. To je puno kisika. Ali bez biljki i fotosintetskog života, ne bi bilo kisika, gotovo ništa u našoj atmosferi. Dakle, kisik je ovdje zbog života. Stoga je naš cilj tražiti plinove u atmosferama drugih planeta, plinove koji ondje ne pripadaju, a koje bismo mogli pripisati životu. Ali kakve bismo molekule trebali tražiti? Već sam spomenula koliko su egzoplaneti raznoliki. Očekujemo da će se to nastaviti i ubuduće, kada nađemo druge Zemlje.
And that's one of the main things I'm working on now, I have a theory about this. It reminds me that nearly every day, I receive an email or emails from someone with a crazy theory about physics of gravity or cosmology or some such. So, please don't email me one of your crazy theories. (Laughter) Well, I had my own crazy theory. But, who does the MIT professor go to? Well, I emailed a Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine and he said, "Sure, come and talk to me." So I brought my two biochemistry friends and we went to talk to him about our crazy theory. And that theory was that life produces all small molecules, so many molecules. Like, everything I could think of, but not being a chemist. Think about it: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, molecular hydrogen, molecular nitrogen, methane, methyl chloride -- so many gases. They also exist for other reasons, but just life even produces ozone. So we go to talk to him about this, and immediately, he shot down the theory. He found an example that didn't exist. So, we went back to the drawing board and we think we have found something very interesting in another field.
To je jedna od glavnih stvari na kojima sada radim, imam teoriju o ovome. To me podsjetilo da gotovo svaki dan dobijem e-mail ili e-mailove od nekoga tko ima ludu teoriju o fizici gravitacije ili kozmologiji ili nešto slično. Zato, molim vas, nemojte mi slati jednu od vaših ludih teorija. (Smijeh) I ja sam imala jednu svoju ludu teoriju. Ali, kome se obraća profesorica s MIT-a? Poslala sam e-mail jednom dobitniku Nobela za fiziologiju ili medicinu i rekao je: "Naravno, dođi da popričamo." Povela sam dva prijatelja s biokemije i otišli smo pričati s njim o našoj ludoj teoriji. Teorija je tvrdila da sav život stvara sve male molekule, mnoštvo molekula. Sve što mogu zamisliti, iako, nisam kemičarka. Razmislite: ugljik-dioksid, ugljik-monoksid, molekularni vodik, molekularni dušik, metan, metil-klorid -- mnoštvo plinova. Oni postoje i iz drugih razloga, ali i sam život stvara ozon. Tako smo otišli pričati s njim i odmah nam je opovrgnuo teoriju. Našao je primjer koji nije postojao. Vratili smo se na početak i mislimo da smo našli nešto vrlo zanimljivo u drugom polju.
But back to exoplanets, the point is that life produces so many different types of gases, literally thousands of gases. And so what we're doing now is just trying to figure out on which types of exoplanets, which gases could be attributed to life. And so when it comes time when we find gases in exoplanet atmospheres that we won't know if they're being produced by intelligent aliens or by trees, or a swamp, or even just by simple, single-celled microbial life.
No, vratimo se egzoplanetima, poanta je u tome da život stvara mnoštvo različitih tipova plinova, doslovno na tisuće plinova. Sada pokušavamo odgonetnuti na kojim tipovima egzoplaneta koji bi se plinovi mogli pripisati životu. I kada dođe do toga da nađemo plinove u atmosferama egzoplaneta, nećemo znati proizvode li ih inteligentni izvanzemaljci ili drveće ili močvara ili samo jednostavni, jednostanični mikrobiološki život.
So working on the models and thinking about biochemistry, it's all well and good. But a really big challenge ahead of us is: how? How are we going to find these planets? There are actually many ways to find planets, several different ways. But the one that I'm most focused on is how can we open a gateway so that in the future, we can find hundreds of Earths. We have a real shot at finding signs of life. And actually, I just finished leading a two-year project in this very special phase of a concept we call the starshade. And the starshade is a very specially shaped screen and the goal is to fly that starshade so it blocks out the light of a star so that the telescope can see the planets directly. Here, you can see myself and two team members holding up one small part of the starshade. It's shaped like a giant flower, and this is one of the prototype petals. The concept is that a starshade and telescope could launch together, with the petals unfurling from the stowed position. The central truss would expand, with the petals snapping into place. Now, this has to be made very precisely, literally, the petals to microns and they have to deploy to millimeters. And this whole structure would have to fly tens of thousands of kilometers away from the telescope. It's about tens of meters in diameter. And the goal is to block out the starlight to incredible precision so that we'd be able to see the planets directly. And it has to be a very special shape, because of the physics of defraction. Now this is a real project that we worked on, literally, you would not believe how hard. Just so you believe it's not just in movie format, here's a real photograph of a second-generation starshade deployment test bed in the lab. And in this case, I just wanted you to know that that central truss has heritage left over from large radio deployables in space.
Rad na modelima i razmišljanja o biokemiji, sve je to u redu. Međutim, veliki izazov koji je pred nama je: kako? Kako pronaći ove planete? Postoji puno načina kojima nalazimo planete, nekoliko različitih načina. Ja sam najviše usredotočena na to kako otvoriti vrata da bismo u budućnosti mogli pronaći stotine Zemalja. Imamo realnu priliku pronaći znakove života. Zapravo, upravo sam završila s dvogodišnjim projektom u vrlo posebnoj fazi koncepta koji nazivamo Starshade. Starshade je posebno oblikovani zaslon, a cilj je usmjeriti Starshade tako da zablokira svjetlo zvijezde kako bi teleskop mogao direktno vidjeti planete. Ovdje me možete vidjeti s dvoje članova tima gdje držimo mali dio Starshadea. Oblikovan je u ogroman cvijet, a ovo je jedna od latica prototipa. Koncept je takav da se Starshade i teleskop zajedno lansiraju, latice se otvaraju iz zatvorene pozicije. Središnji rešetkasti nosač se širi, a latice se potpuno zatežu. Ovo je potrebno vrlo precizno izraditi, doslovno, latice do u mikron, a moraju se postaviti točno u milimetar. Cijela struktura treba odletjeti na desetke tisuća kilometara daleko od teleskopa. Velik je na desetke metara u promjeru. Cilj je blokiranje zvjezdanog svjetla do nevjerojatne preciznosti kako bismo direktno mogli vidjeti planete. Mora biti ovakvog posebnog oblika zbog fizike difrakcije. Ovo je stvarni projekt na kojem smo radili, doista, ne biste vjerovali koliko je težak bio. Da ne mislite da je samo u animacijskom formatu, evo i stvarne fotografije ležaja za testiranje odašiljanja Starshadea druge generacije. A u ovom slučaju, htjela bih da znate, da je središnji rešetkasti nosač izrađen od ostataka velikih razmjestivih radio antena.
So after all of that hard work where we try to think of all the crazy gases that might be out there, and we build the very complicated space telescopes that might be out there, what are we going to find? Well, in the best case, we will find an image of another exo-Earth. Here is Earth as a pale blue dot. And this is actually a real photograph of Earth taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft, four billion miles away. And that red light is just scattered light in the camera optics.
I nakon svega ovoga teškog posla dok pokušavamo smisliti sve lude plinove koji bi mogli biti ondje i izgrađujemo vrlo komplicirane svemirske teleskope koji bi mogli biti ondje, što ćemo pronaći? Pa, u najboljem slučaju, pronaći ćemo sliku druge egzo-Zemlje. Ovo je Zemlja kao blijeda plava točka. Ovo je stvarna fotografija Zemlje koju je snimila letjelica Voyager 1, s udaljenosti od šest i pol milijardi kilometara Ovo crveno svjetlo je samo raspršeno svjetlo u optici kamere.
But what's so awesome to consider is that if there are intelligent aliens orbiting on a planet around a star near to us and they build complicated space telescopes of the kind that we're trying to build, all they'll see is this pale blue dot, a pinprick of light. And so sometimes, when I pause to think about my professional struggle and huge ambition, it's hard to think about that in contrast to the vastness of the universe. But nonetheless, I am devoting the rest of my life to finding another Earth.
Čudesno je pomisliti da ako postoje inteligentni izvanzemaljci, koji orbitiraju oko planete obližnje zvijezde i koji su izgradili komplicirane teleskope poput onih koje mi pokušavamo izgraditi, sve što će vidjeti je ova blijeda plava točka, sićušna točkica svjetla. Zato ponekad, kada stanem i razmislim o svojoj profesionalnoj borbi i ogromnoj ambiciji, teško je o tome razmišljati u usporedbi s beskrajnošću svemira. Bez obzira, ja sam posvetila ostatak svojeg života pronalaženju druge Zemlje.
And I can guarantee
Mogu vam garantirati
that in the next generation of space telescopes, in the second generation, we will have the capability to find and identity other Earths. And the capability to split up the starlight so that we can look for gases and assess the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, estimate the surface temperature, and look for signs of life.
da će sljedeća generacija svemirskih teleskopa, u drugoj generaciji, imati sposobnost pronalaska i identifikacije drugih Zemalja. I imat ćemo sposobnost razdjeljivanja zvjezdanog svjetla kako bismo mogli tražiti plinove te procjenjivati stakleničke plinove u atmosferi, pretpostaviti temperaturu i tražiti znakove života.
But there's more. In this case of searching for other planets like Earth, we are making a new kind of map of the nearby stars and of the planets orbiting them, including [planets] that actually might be inhabitable by humans.
I još nešto. U ovom slučaju potrage za drugim planetima poput Zemlje, radimo novu vrstu mape obližnjih zvijezda i planeta koji orbitiraju oko njih, uključujući one koje bi mogli nastaniti ljudi.
And so I envision that our descendants, hundreds of years from now, will embark on an interstellar journey to other worlds. And they will look back at all of us as the generation who first found the Earth-like worlds.
Zamišljam naše potomke, stotine godina iza nas, kako započinju međuzvjezdano putovanje na druge svjetove. I gledat će na sve nas kao na generaciju koja je prva pronašla svjetove poput Zemlje.
Thank you.
Hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
June Cohen: And I give you, for a question, Rosetta Mission Manager Fred Jansen.
June Cohen: Za pitanje, predstavljam vam voditelja misije Rosetta, Freda Jansena.
Fred Jansen: You mentioned halfway through that the technology to actually look at the spectrum of an exoplanet like Earth is not there yet. When do you expect this will be there, and what's needed?
Fred Jansen: Negdje ste u govoru spomenuli da tehnologija kojom se zapravo gleda spektar egzoplaneta poput Zemlje ne postoji. Kada će se razviti i što je za nju potrebno?
Actually, what we expect is what we call our next-generation Hubble telescope. And this is called the James Webb Space Telescope, and that will launch in 2018, and that's what we're going to do, we're going to look at a special kind of planet called transient exoplanets, and that will be our first shot at studying small planets for gases that might indicate the planet is habitable.
Očekujemo novu generaciju Hubble teleskopa. Zove se svemirski teleskop James Webb i bit će lansiran 2018., a radit ćemo sljedeće, tražit ćemo posebne planete koje zovemo prijelaznim egzoplanetima i to će biti naša prva prilika za proučavanje malih planeta i plinova koji bi ukazali na to da je planet nastanjiv.
JC: I'm going to ask you one follow-up question, too, Sara, as the generalist. So I am really struck by the notion in your career of the opposition you faced, that when you began thinking about exoplanets, there was extreme skepticism in the scientific community that they existed, and you proved them wrong. What did it take to take that on?
JC: I ja ću te nešto pitati, Sara, kao laik. Zbilja me se dojmila ideja opozicije koju ste imali u karijeri, kada ste počeli razmišljati o egzoplanetima javio se skepticizam znanstvene zajednice o njihovom postojanju i dokazali ste da su u krivu. Kako ste se borili s time?
SS: Well, the thing is that as scientists, we're supposed to be skeptical, because our job to make sure that what the other person is saying actually makes sense or not. But being a scientist, I think you've seen it from this session, it's like being an explorer. You have this immense curiosity, this stubbornness, this sort of resolute will that you will go forward no matter what other people say.
SS: Pa, stvar je u tome što znanstvenici i trebaju biti skeptici jer naš je zadatak pokazati da ono što druga osoba govori zapravo ima smisla. Biti znanstvenik, kao što ste vidjeli iz ove sesije, je kao da ste istraživač. Imate ogromnu znatiželju, tvrdoglavost, nepokolebljivost da idete naprijed bez obzira što drugi kažu.
JC: I love that. Thank you, Sara.
JC: Odlično. Hvala, Sara.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)