Thank you very much. Good evening.
非常謝謝大家!晚上好!
Some of you may have noticed that my last name is Nutt. And if you did, you are forgiven for wondering how a Nutt managed to end up in a war zone. I actually was offered, right out of medical school, and accepted a volunteer contract to work with UNICEF in war-torn Somalia, that was worth one dollar. And, you see, I had to be paid this dollar in the event that the UN needed to issue an evacuation order, so that I would be covered. I was, after all, heading into one of the world's most dangerous places. And by now, some of you may be asking yourselves, and I just want to reassure you, that I did get half the money up front.
有些人也許已經留意到 我的姓氏常被取笑成「瘋子」。 如果你有注意到了的話, 我不見怪你們納悶著: 一個瘋子怎麼可能煞費苦心 淪落到戰爭區裡? 剛從醫學院畢業後真的有人提出、 而且我也接受了一份志工契約- 與「聯合國兒童基金會」 在受戰火摧殘的索馬利亞服務, 合約價是 1 美元! 人家必須付我這 1 美元, 因為如果聯合國需要發佈撤離命令, 我才會因此受到保障; 總之我前往了世界上最危險的地方。 現在你們有些人也許心裡正在問, 而我正要來打消你們的疑慮: 我有預先拿到該金額的一半。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
But you see, this is how, with 50 cents in my pocket, I ended up in Baidoa, Somalia. Journalists called it the "city of death." And they called it the city of death because 300,000 people had lost their lives there -- 300,000 people, mostly as a result of war-related famine and disease.
這就是我的皮包裡如何有著 50 美分, 終究去了索馬利亞的拜多雅, 記者們管它叫「死城」, 他們這樣叫是因為已經有 三十萬人在那邊喪命了; 「三十萬人」── 大多是戰禍牽扯出的 飢荒和疾病所導致!
I was part of a team that was tasked with trying to figure out how best to respond to this humanitarian catastrophe. It was right on the heels of the Rwandan genocide, and aid money to the region was drying up. Many aid organizations, unfortunately, had been forced to close their doors. And so the question that I was asked to specifically help answer, which is one that aid workers ask themselves in war zones the world over, is: What the hell do we do now? You know, the security environment in Somalia at that moment in time -- and nothing has really changed too much -- can best be described as "Mad Max" by way of "A Clockwork Orange."
我加入的團隊被託付任務, 試圖找出妥善之計來應對這個人禍, 它接踵於盧安達大屠殺之後; 對這個地區的援助資金即將用罄, 許多援助機構不幸早已關門收攤。 所以人家特別請我 幫忙解答的問題── 全世界戰爭區的援助工作人員 問自己的一個問題: 「我們現在做的是什麼狗屁事啊?」 索馬利亞的治安環境在那個時刻 ──現在也沒多大的改變── 可以形容成發條橘子式的瘋狂麥斯。
And I remember very distinctly a couple of days after my arrival, I went up to a feeding clinic. There were dozens of women who were standing in line, and they were clutching their infants very close. About 20 minutes into this conversation I was having with this one young woman, I leaned forward and tried to put my finger in the palm of her baby's hand. And when I did this, I discovered that her baby was already in rigor. She was stiff, and her little, lifeless hand was curled into itself. She had died hours before of malnutrition and dehydration. I later learned that as her baby was dying, this young woman had been held for two days by some teenage boys who were armed with Kalashnikov rifles, and they were trying to shake her down for more money, money she very clearly did not have. And this is a scene that I have confronted in war zones the world over; places where kids, some as young as eight -- they are this big -- and those kids, they have never been to school. But they have fought and they have killed with automatic rifles.
我非常鮮明地記得在我抵達的數天後, 我遠赴一處兒童哺育診間, 那裡有著數十位婦女正排著隊, 她們緊密摟著自己的幼嬰。 我和一位年輕婦女有著 大概 20 分鐘的對話, 我向前湊身過去、 試著把手指放在她小寶貝的掌心中, 當我這樣做的時候, 察覺了她的小寶貝早已僵硬, 她是僵直的了、 沒了生命的小手捲縮起來, 她幾個小時前已經死去── 營養不足與脫水。 我後來得知當她的小寶貝 快要死掉的時候, 她已經被人挾持兩天了── 一些十來歲配有突擊步槍的男孩們, 他們企圖壓榨她更多錢── 這錢很明顯她沒有。 這是我在世界各地的戰爭區中 所面臨過一個的場景, 地方上的孩子們有些才八歲 ──他們是這般高大吧── 而那些小孩從未上過學, 但是他們已經用自動步槍 打過仗、殺過人了!
Is this just the way the world is? Some will you tell you that war is unavoidably human. After all, it is as old as existence itself. We say never again, and yet it happens again and again and again. But I will tell you that I have seen the absolute worst of what we as human beings are capable of doing to one another, and yet I still believe a different outcome is possible. Do you want to know why? Because over 20 years of doing this work, going in and out of war zones around the world, I have come to understand that there are aspects of this problem that we, all of us, as people occupying this shared space, that we can change -- not through force or coercion or invasion, but by simply looking at all of the options available to us and choosing the ones that favor peace at the expense of war, instead of war at the expense of peace.
難道萬般皆是命嗎? 有些人會跟你們說戰爭避無可避, 畢竟它就跟世界的存在一樣長久; 我們說絕對不要再來一次, 它卻一次又一次的上演。 我將會告訴你我已經見識過 全然最惡劣的事情, 我們這些人類有本事 對其他人做出來的事; 不過我始終深信 不一樣的結果是有望的, 你們想知道為什麼嗎? 因為做這工作, 進出世界各地戰爭區長達二十年來, 我已經明白 這個難題的有些方面, 我們全體 ──佔有這個共享空間的人們── 能夠改變! 並非透過武力、逼迫或是侵略, 而是透過去看對我們來說 摸得著的所有選項, 擇取有利於以消弭戰爭 為代價的和平, 頂替失去和平做代價的戰爭。
How so? Well, I want you to consider this: there are at least 800 million small arms and light weapons in circulation in the world today. The vast majority of civilians, like that young baby, who are dying in war zones around the world, are dying at the hands of various armed groups who rely on a near-infinite supply of cheap, easy and efficient weapons to rape, threaten, intimidate and brutalize those civilians at every turn. How cheap? Well, in some parts of the world, you can buy an AK-47 for as little as 10 dollars. In many places in which I have worked, it is easier to get access to an automatic rifle than it is to get access to clean drinking water.
該如何做呢? 我要你斟酌一件事: 至少有著八億件的 小型槍械、輕型武器 今天在世界上流通! 龐大主體的老百姓 ──就像那個小嬰兒── 在世界各地的戰爭區持續死去; 死於眾多武裝團體的手上, 這些人憑藉近乎無限量供應之 便宜、容易和高效的武器, 每回以之強暴、威脅、 恐嚇和殘害那些老百姓。 多便宜呢? 在世界上的某些地方 你能夠用與 10 美元一樣的小錢 買到一把 AK-47 步槍; 在很多我曾經工作過的地方, 取得一把自動步槍 還比取得乾淨的飲用水容易!
And so now the important part: Can anything be done about this? To answer that question, let's take a look at this map of the world. And now, let's add in all of the countries that are currently at war, and the number of people who have either died or have been displaced as a result of that violence. It is a staggering number -- more than 40 million people. But you will also notice something else about this map. You will notice that most of those countries are in the Global South. Now, let's look at the countries that are the world's top 20 exporters of small arms in the world. And what do we notice? Well, you see them in green. You will notice that those are mostly countries in the Global North, primarily Western countries. What does this tell us? This tells us that most of the people who are dying in war are living in poor countries, and yet most of the people who are profiting from war are living in rich countries -- people like you and me.
現在重點是── 我們能為這個做什麼事嗎? 為了回答該問題, 讓我們看一眼這張世界地圖吧! 讓我們加總目前在戰禍中的國家, 以及因為暴力 造成的死亡與流離失所之人數, 這是個叫人傻眼的數字: 超過四千萬人! 不過關於這張地圖 你也會發現另外一些東西, 你會發現那些國家大部份 是在南半球。 現在我們來看看 世界前二十大的小型槍械出口國, 我們會發現什麼呢? 你看到了綠色的這些國家, 你會注意到絕大多數 是北半球的國家, 以西方國家為主。 這告知我們什麼事情? 這告訴我們大多數在戰禍中 接連死去的民眾, 住在貧窮的國家; 而大多數不斷發戰爭財的人, 住在富庶的國家 ──就好比你、我般的人。
And then what if we go beyond small arms for a second. What if we look at all weapons in circulation in the world? Who does the biggest business? Well, roughly 80 percent of those weapons come from none other than the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, plus Germany. It's shocking, isn't it?
要是我們去看小型槍械呢? 要是我們著眼世界上 所有流通的武器呢? 誰做最大宗的生意呢? 約 80% 的武器 出自聯合國安理會的 五個常任理事國, 再加上德國, 很震撼沒錯吧!
Now, some of you might be saying at this moment in time, "Oh yeah, but OK, hang on a second there ... Nutt."
你們有的人此刻也許馬上要說: 「是喔!好! 在這邊打住一下,瘋子!」
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Grade school was spectacular for me. It was, really, a wonderful experience.
小學對我來說是動人深刻的, 那真是個精采的歷程。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
But you might be saying to yourselves, You know, all of these weapons in war zones -- they're not a cause, but an effect of the violence that plagues them each and every single day. You know, places like Iraq and Afghanistan, where they need these weapons to be able to maintain law and order, promote peace and security, to combat terror groups -- surely this is a good thing.
不過你也許會跟自己說── 所有在戰爭區的武器, 它們並不是起因, 而是暴力的結果 日復一日折磨每個人。 就像伊拉克、阿富汗等地方, 在那裡它們需要這些武器 以維護法律和秩序、 增進和平與安全、打擊恐怖團體; 毫無疑問這是好事情!
Let's take a look at that assumption for just one moment, because you see there has been a boom in the small-arms trade since the start of the War on Terror. In fact, it is a business that has grown threefold over the past 15 years. And now let's compare that to the number of people who have directly died in armed conflict around the world in that same period. What do you notice? Well, you notice that, in fact, that also goes up roughly three- to fourfold. They basically go up and end at the same point.
讓我們稍微來看看該假設, 因為自從反恐戰爭展開以來, 小型軍火交易激增; 事實上那是個過去 15 年來 已經成長了三倍的生意。 現在讓我們來比對這個數字 與同時期全世界直接喪命於 武裝衝突的人數, 你發現什麼了呢? 你會注意到事實上該人數也上升 約略三到四倍左右, 它們兩者基本上 在相同的時點上升與休止。
Now, we can have a circular argument here about whether this increase in fatalities is a response to the increase of small arms, or the other way around. But here's what we should really take away from this. What we should take away from this is that this is a relationship worth scrutinizing, especially when you consider that small arms that were shipped to Iraq for use by the Iraqi Army, or to Syria for so-called moderate opposition fighters, that those arms, many of them, are now in the hands of ISIS; or when you consider that arms that were shipped to Libya are now actively drifting across the Sahel, and ending up with groups like Boko Haram and al Qaeda and other militant groups.
現在這裡可以有個 剪不斷理還亂的爭論, 關於到底傷亡的增加 是小型槍械變多的責任? 或是因為其他手段? 不過我們真的應該跳脫出這裡, 我們應該跳脫── 這是個值得細究的關聯。 尤其當你考量到小型槍械 被載運到伊拉克為其軍隊所用, 或是送到敘利亞給俗稱的 「溫和反對派戰士」, 那些槍械現今多數落入 「伊斯蘭國恐怖組織」的手中; 或是當你考量槍械被載運到利比亞, 現正熱絡地貫穿薩赫爾地帶, 最後到了像是博科聖地、蓋達組織 以及其他武裝團體的手上。
And therein lies the problem. Because, you see, small arms anywhere are a menace everywhere, because their first stop is rarely their last.
在這裡就存在著問題! 你也知道── 小型槍械在任何地方 都是一種全面危害, 因為它們的第一個停靠站 很少是它們的最終歸處。
Spending on war per person per year now amounts to about 249 dollars -- 249 dollars per person, which is roughly 12 times what we spend on foreign aid, money that is used to educate and vaccinate children and combat malnutrition in the Global South. But we can shift that balance. How do we do this? Well, it is essentially a problem of both supply and demand, so we can tackle it from both sides.
對戰爭的開銷以每人年計來說 金額到了大概 249 美元: 「每人花 249 美元」 大概是我們花在國際援助的 12 倍, 那些錢花在南半球小孩的 教育、疫苗接種 以及制衡營養不良。 但是我們可以左右該差額, 我們該怎麼做呢? 這基本上是個供給與需求面 都包含在內的問題, 因此我們可以 一併從雙方面下手處理!
On the supply side, we can push our governments to adopt international arms transparency mechanisms like the Arms Trade Treaty, which makes it so that rich countries have to be more accountable for where their arms are going and what their arms might be used for. Here in the United States, the largest arms-exporting country in the world by far, President Obama has rightly signed the Arms Trade Treaty, but none of it takes effect, it isn't binding, until it is approved and ratified by the Senate. This is where we need to make our voices heard. You know, the curbing of small arms -- it's not going to solve the problem of war. Increased control mechanisms won't solve that problem. But it's an important step in the right direction. And it's up to all of us who live in those rich countries to make change here.
在供給方面, 我們可以推動我們的政府 接受國際軍火買賣透明機制, 好比「武器貿易條約,」 該機制使得富庶的國家對於 它們的武器銷售到哪裡去、 可能做什麼用途更有責任。 在美國這裡 ──至今世界上最大的武器出口國── 歐巴馬總統已經實實在在地 簽署好「武器貿易條約」, 但是壓根未生效- 直到被國會核可、批准前 是沒有法律約束力的。 我們需要讓我們的聲音 在這裡被聽見! 整治小型槍械 不會解決戰禍的問題、 增補的控管機制不會解決該問題, 但是它是正確方向上重要的一步, 這端賴於住在富庶國家的我們, 在這裡做改變!
What about on the demand side? You know, there are generations around the world who are being lost to war. It is possible to disrupt that cycle of violence with investments in education, in strengthening the rule of law and in economic development, especially for women. I have personally seen just how incredibly powerful those kinds of efforts can be around the world.
需求面又如何呢? 世界上各地數世代的人們 被葬送在戰爭裡, 要打破暴力的循環是可行的, 在教育、法律的落實、 以及經濟發展上有所投資── 特別是挹注給婦女們! 我已經親身在世界各地見識過 那些付出是多麼神奇,力遠弗屆。
But here's the thing: they take time, which means for you as individuals, if you want to give, please, by all means do it. But know that how you give is just as important as how much you give. Regular contributions like monthly contributions are a far more effective way of giving, because they allow humanitarian organizations to properly plan and be invested over the long term, and to be present in the lives of families who have been affected by war, wars that many of us, frankly, all too quickly forget.
不過關鍵在這── 它們得花時間, 這代表假使身為獨立個體的你 想要捐贈的話, 請悉隨尊便; 不過搞清楚該如何捐贈 就跟要捐贈多少東西同等重要, 像是月制捐款的定期捐款 是更為實用的捐贈方式。 因為它們讓人道組織得以完善規劃、 用在長期的資助, 以及已經被戰爭 所影響之家庭的生活所需── 老實說我們許多人 都太快遺忘的諸場戰爭。
When I first got on that plane for Somalia as a young doctor, I had no idea what it meant to live with war. But I can tell you that I know what it means now. And I know what it means to lie in bed in the pitch-black night and listen to that haunting "pop-pop-pop-pop-pop!" of automatic gunfire, and wonder with absolute dread how many minutes I have left until it will be right on top of me. I can tell you that it is a terrifying and agonizing fear, one that millions of people around the world are forced to confront each and every single day, especially children. Over the years of doing this work, unfortunately, war has killed far too many people close to me. And on at least a couple of occasions, war has very nearly killed me as well.
年輕醫師的我首次坐上 開往索馬利亞的班機, 我對與戰禍共存沒什麼概念; 不過我可以告訴你現在我懂了, 我知道這個滋味── 漆黑的夜躺在床上, 聽著自動步槍揮之不卻的 「砰砰砰砰砰」聲, 以及無比恐懼的臆想── 直到子彈打中我的頭頂前 我還剩多少時間。 我能跟你說那是個很恐怖 又折騰人的恐懼, 世界上數百萬人 無日無刻不得不面對的恐懼── 尤其是孩童們! 做這樣的工作長年下來, 很不幸地,戰禍已經奪走我週遭 太多、太多人的性命了, 而且至少有好幾回的機緣, 戰禍也幾乎要了我的命。
But I firmly believe, which is why I get up and do what I do every single day, that we can make different choices here. Because you see, war is ours, as human beings. We buy it, sell it, spread it and wage it. We are therefore not powerless to solve it. On the contrary, we are the only ones who can.
不過我堅信著: 在這裡我們能夠做不同的選擇! 這是我每一天下床工作的道理。 因為大家都知道戰禍是 我們身為人類所共有的, 我們收購、兜售、散播還有引爆它! 因此我們不該束手無策, 相反地我們是唯一能彌平戰禍之人!
Thank you very much, and I want to wish you the greatest success.
非常謝謝大家! 我想祝你們無比成功!
(Applause)
(掌聲)