Thank you very much. Good evening.
非常感谢,晚上好
Some of you may have noticed that my last name is Nutt. And if you did, you are forgiven for wondering how a Nutt managed to end up in a war zone. I actually was offered, right out of medical school, and accepted a volunteer contract to work with UNICEF in war-torn Somalia, that was worth one dollar. And, you see, I had to be paid this dollar in the event that the UN needed to issue an evacuation order, so that I would be covered. I was, after all, heading into one of the world's most dangerous places. And by now, some of you may be asking yourselves, and I just want to reassure you, that I did get half the money up front.
有些人可能发现 我的姓有疯子的意思 所以如果你在想 一个疯子是如何 进入到一个战争区域的 我不会怪你的 我在医学院毕业后 作为一名志愿者加入了 联合国儿童基金会进入了 饱受战争蹂躏的索马里 这个工作的工资是一美元 我必须要这一美元的工资 这样当联合国有必要颁布疏散令时 我将被包含在内 随后我义无反顾地进入了 世界上最危险的地区 此时此刻有些人 可能会在暗自猜测 我向各位保证 我确实提前拿到了一半的钱
(Laughter)
(笑声)
But you see, this is how, with 50 cents in my pocket, I ended up in Baidoa, Somalia. Journalists called it the "city of death." And they called it the city of death because 300,000 people had lost their lives there -- 300,000 people, mostly as a result of war-related famine and disease.
揣着兜里的仅有的50美分 我来到了索马里的拜多阿 媒体记者们口中的“死亡之城” 之所以叫做死亡之城 因为三十万人已经失去了他们的生命 整整三十万人 大多数死于战争引发的饥荒和疾病
I was part of a team that was tasked with trying to figure out how best to respond to this humanitarian catastrophe. It was right on the heels of the Rwandan genocide, and aid money to the region was drying up. Many aid organizations, unfortunately, had been forced to close their doors. And so the question that I was asked to specifically help answer, which is one that aid workers ask themselves in war zones the world over, is: What the hell do we do now? You know, the security environment in Somalia at that moment in time -- and nothing has really changed too much -- can best be described as "Mad Max" by way of "A Clockwork Orange."
我所属的团队致力于解决 如何应对这种人道主义灾难 这场灾难紧随卢旺达大屠杀之后 地区的救助资金已经捉襟见肘 很不幸,很多救援机构 被迫关上了救助的大门 我被派来帮助回答的主要问题 也是全世界在战区的 志愿者们问他们自己的: 我们现在怎么做? 那时候索马里的治安环境 到目前为止也没有任何改观 那简直可以用《疯狂的麦克斯》 与《发条橙》的结合体来形容
And I remember very distinctly a couple of days after my arrival, I went up to a feeding clinic. There were dozens of women who were standing in line, and they were clutching their infants very close. About 20 minutes into this conversation I was having with this one young woman, I leaned forward and tried to put my finger in the palm of her baby's hand. And when I did this, I discovered that her baby was already in rigor. She was stiff, and her little, lifeless hand was curled into itself. She had died hours before of malnutrition and dehydration. I later learned that as her baby was dying, this young woman had been held for two days by some teenage boys who were armed with Kalashnikov rifles, and they were trying to shake her down for more money, money she very clearly did not have. And this is a scene that I have confronted in war zones the world over; places where kids, some as young as eight -- they are this big -- and those kids, they have never been to school. But they have fought and they have killed with automatic rifles.
我清楚地记得在我来了几天之后 我去了一家喂养诊疗所 几十个妇女在排队等待 每一个人都 紧紧地抱着自己的婴儿。 在和其中一位 年轻的女性聊天的 20分钟时间里 我靠上前 试图把我的手指 放在孩子小小的手掌中。 放上去的那一刻 我发现婴儿已经僵硬了 她已经死了 她毫无生气的小手自然地蜷缩在一起 因为营养不良和缺水她已经 死去几个小时了。 我后来了解到 就在这个婴儿奄奄一息的时候 这位年轻的女人已经 被一群拿着卡拉希尼科夫步枪的年轻人 勒索了两天 他们试图从她那儿搜刮一些 她很明显没有的钱财 这种景象在世界各地陷入战争的地区 随处可见 有些孩子只有八岁 这么高 他们从没上过学 但是他们出入战火 全副武装
Is this just the way the world is? Some will you tell you that war is unavoidably human. After all, it is as old as existence itself. We say never again, and yet it happens again and again and again. But I will tell you that I have seen the absolute worst of what we as human beings are capable of doing to one another, and yet I still believe a different outcome is possible. Do you want to know why? Because over 20 years of doing this work, going in and out of war zones around the world, I have come to understand that there are aspects of this problem that we, all of us, as people occupying this shared space, that we can change -- not through force or coercion or invasion, but by simply looking at all of the options available to us and choosing the ones that favor peace at the expense of war, instead of war at the expense of peace.
这是世界应该有的样子么? 有人说战争是人类不可避免的 自古以来就是这样 我们说停止战争 然而战争却一而再再而三的发生 虽然我可以说见过了 人类之间最惨绝人寰的 相互杀害 我仍然相信 有解决这个问题的方法 你们想知道为什么? 因为超过20年的工作 让我穿梭于世界上各大战区, 我逐渐明白 这个问题的某些部分 我们大家 作为一起生活的人民 是可以做出改变的 不是通过威胁或入侵的方式改变 而是通过寻找所有合适的方法 用崇尚和平,放弃战争的方式 取代以牺牲和平为代价的战争
How so? Well, I want you to consider this: there are at least 800 million small arms and light weapons in circulation in the world today. The vast majority of civilians, like that young baby, who are dying in war zones around the world, are dying at the hands of various armed groups who rely on a near-infinite supply of cheap, easy and efficient weapons to rape, threaten, intimidate and brutalize those civilians at every turn. How cheap? Well, in some parts of the world, you can buy an AK-47 for as little as 10 dollars. In many places in which I have worked, it is easier to get access to an automatic rifle than it is to get access to clean drinking water.
我们怎么做呢? 各位请看: 如今至少有8亿的轻武器 在世界各地流通 绝大多数死于战区的平民 比如刚才说的那个婴儿 是死于这些武装力量之手 他们依靠唾手可得的 便宜、简单、有效的武器 动辄去强奸,威胁,恐吓 和残酷对待 那些平民。 有多便宜? 世界上的某些地区 10美元就可以买下一把 AK-47。 在我工作过的很多地方, 得到一把自动步枪 比得到干净的直饮水要容易得多。
And so now the important part: Can anything be done about this? To answer that question, let's take a look at this map of the world. And now, let's add in all of the countries that are currently at war, and the number of people who have either died or have been displaced as a result of that violence. It is a staggering number -- more than 40 million people. But you will also notice something else about this map. You will notice that most of those countries are in the Global South. Now, let's look at the countries that are the world's top 20 exporters of small arms in the world. And what do we notice? Well, you see them in green. You will notice that those are mostly countries in the Global North, primarily Western countries. What does this tell us? This tells us that most of the people who are dying in war are living in poor countries, and yet most of the people who are profiting from war are living in rich countries -- people like you and me.
接下来重要的是: 我们可以改变这个现状么? 为了回答这个问题 我们看一下世界地图。 我们先看一下所有 正在战火中的国家 和在灾难中死亡 或者无家可归的人的数字。 这是一个让人震惊的数字 超过四千万人。 在这张地图上 还可以注意到一个事实 你会发现 绝大多数这些国家 都在全球的南方。 接下来请看 世界上前20轻武器输出国。 我们发现了什么? 他们被涂了绿色。 我们发现绝大多数的国家 都在全球的北方 主要是西方国家。 这说明了什么? 这说明那些饱受战争折磨的人 都是贫困国家的人, 而那些在战争中获利的人 都是发达国家的人 就像你我这样的人。
And then what if we go beyond small arms for a second. What if we look at all weapons in circulation in the world? Who does the biggest business? Well, roughly 80 percent of those weapons come from none other than the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, plus Germany. It's shocking, isn't it?
如果我们先把 轻武器的话题放在一边 我们看一下世界上 所有武器的流通情况。 谁是最大的贸易国? 大约80%的武器市场 不是由别人控制 正是联合国安理会的五个国家 加上德国所控制。 令人震惊,是吧?
Now, some of you might be saying at this moment in time, "Oh yeah, but OK, hang on a second there ... Nutt."
也许有些人这时候会说 “是的,不过等一下...纳特”
(Laughter)
(笑声)
Grade school was spectacular for me. It was, really, a wonderful experience.
小学的那段时光很神奇 真的是一段美妙的经历。
(Laughter)
(笑声)
But you might be saying to yourselves, You know, all of these weapons in war zones -- they're not a cause, but an effect of the violence that plagues them each and every single day. You know, places like Iraq and Afghanistan, where they need these weapons to be able to maintain law and order, promote peace and security, to combat terror groups -- surely this is a good thing.
也许你们会这样说 这些战区的武器泛滥 并不是战争的起因 而是在战争与暴力 夜以继日的折磨下 产生的结果。 像伊拉克和阿富汗这样的地区 他们需要武器去维持法律和秩序 去维护和平和治安 去打击恐怖组织 这当然是好的。
Let's take a look at that assumption for just one moment, because you see there has been a boom in the small-arms trade since the start of the War on Terror. In fact, it is a business that has grown threefold over the past 15 years. And now let's compare that to the number of people who have directly died in armed conflict around the world in that same period. What do you notice? Well, you notice that, in fact, that also goes up roughly three- to fourfold. They basically go up and end at the same point.
我们来仔细思考一下这个说法 因为自从反恐战争开始之后 你可以看到轻武器的交易 呈井喷上升的趋势。 实际上在过去的15年里总交易量 已经翻了三倍。 现在我们比对一下同样时间内 世界各地直接死于武装袭击的 人口数量。 各位发现了什么? 我们可以看到人口数也 翻了三到四番。 两个曲线走势基本相同。
Now, we can have a circular argument here about whether this increase in fatalities is a response to the increase of small arms, or the other way around. But here's what we should really take away from this. What we should take away from this is that this is a relationship worth scrutinizing, especially when you consider that small arms that were shipped to Iraq for use by the Iraqi Army, or to Syria for so-called moderate opposition fighters, that those arms, many of them, are now in the hands of ISIS; or when you consider that arms that were shipped to Libya are now actively drifting across the Sahel, and ending up with groups like Boko Haram and al Qaeda and other militant groups.
据此我们可以对死亡上升 是轻武器造成的结果还是另有原因 进行一个循环论证。 但是有一件事我们要仔细考虑 武器贩卖与地区安全的关系 我们值得仔细考虑。 因为当我们发现 这些本来运输到伊拉克为了 给伊拉克政府军装备的轻武器 和运输到叙利亚 是为了镇压反对派的轻武器 最后都落入了ISIS手中。 因为我们发现 这些本来运输到利比亚的轻武器 最后通过撒哈拉沙漠 辗转到了 博科圣地和基地组织 等其他武装组织的手里。
And therein lies the problem. Because, you see, small arms anywhere are a menace everywhere, because their first stop is rarely their last.
这就是问题所在。 可以看到 轻武器的泛滥 导致了遍地的灾难 武器泛滥 覆水难收。
Spending on war per person per year now amounts to about 249 dollars -- 249 dollars per person, which is roughly 12 times what we spend on foreign aid, money that is used to educate and vaccinate children and combat malnutrition in the Global South. But we can shift that balance. How do we do this? Well, it is essentially a problem of both supply and demand, so we can tackle it from both sides.
现在每年每人在战争上的开支 大概是249美元 每人249美元。 这是每年用在地球南方的儿童教育 疫苗免疫和对抗营养不良 的海外援助的十二倍。 但是我们可以改变这个平衡。 怎么去做呢? 这本质上是一个供求关系问题 所以我们可以从两方面解决。
On the supply side, we can push our governments to adopt international arms transparency mechanisms like the Arms Trade Treaty, which makes it so that rich countries have to be more accountable for where their arms are going and what their arms might be used for. Here in the United States, the largest arms-exporting country in the world by far, President Obama has rightly signed the Arms Trade Treaty, but none of it takes effect, it isn't binding, until it is approved and ratified by the Senate. This is where we need to make our voices heard. You know, the curbing of small arms -- it's not going to solve the problem of war. Increased control mechanisms won't solve that problem. But it's an important step in the right direction. And it's up to all of us who live in those rich countries to make change here.
在供应方面, 我们可以敦促我们政府 去采取国际武器透明机制。 比如接受武器贸易公约。 这样可以让发达国家对于 武器的去向和用途 承担更多的责任。 比如美国 这个世界最大的武器出口国, 奥巴马总统已经签署了 武器贸易公约, 但是它只有得到 美国的参议院批准 才有法律约束力。 这正需要我们的奋力疾呼。 组织轻武器泛滥 不会解决战争问题。 对于武器的管制 也不会解决战争问题。 但是这是朝 正确方向上的重要一步。 而且这正是身处发达国家的我们 需要做出的改变。
What about on the demand side? You know, there are generations around the world who are being lost to war. It is possible to disrupt that cycle of violence with investments in education, in strengthening the rule of law and in economic development, especially for women. I have personally seen just how incredibly powerful those kinds of efforts can be around the world.
那么需求方面呢? 世界上有大量的人 正站在死于战争的边缘。 我们可以通过 对于教育投资、加强法治 促进经济发展和保护妇女权益 来打破这个暴力的循环。 我已经亲眼所见 在这个世界上这些方法 有多么不可思议的力量。
But here's the thing: they take time, which means for you as individuals, if you want to give, please, by all means do it. But know that how you give is just as important as how much you give. Regular contributions like monthly contributions are a far more effective way of giving, because they allow humanitarian organizations to properly plan and be invested over the long term, and to be present in the lives of families who have been affected by war, wars that many of us, frankly, all too quickly forget.
但是有一点: 这需要时间。 这意味着如果作为个人 如果你想要给予 请务必慷慨解囊。 但请注意如何给予和 给予多少一样重要。 固定捐款 比如每月的捐款 是更加有效的捐助方式 因为人权组织可以 从长远角度合理规划这笔资金。 这笔资金会用在饱受战争影响的家庭 虽然可能这些战争已经被我们遗忘。
When I first got on that plane for Somalia as a young doctor, I had no idea what it meant to live with war. But I can tell you that I know what it means now. And I know what it means to lie in bed in the pitch-black night and listen to that haunting "pop-pop-pop-pop-pop!" of automatic gunfire, and wonder with absolute dread how many minutes I have left until it will be right on top of me. I can tell you that it is a terrifying and agonizing fear, one that millions of people around the world are forced to confront each and every single day, especially children. Over the years of doing this work, unfortunately, war has killed far too many people close to me. And on at least a couple of occasions, war has very nearly killed me as well.
当我第一次 作为一位年轻医生 坐上去往索马里的飞机时 我不知道战火中生存意味着什么。 但是我现在可以和各位分享。 在战火中生存就是 在漆黑的夜里躺在床上 听着萦绕耳边的 “蹦蹦蹦蹦蹦”的 机枪声, 不知道死亡 什么时候会降临到我的头上。 这种可怕的而痛苦的恐惧感 是世界上成千上万的人 尤其是儿童 每天都必须面对的。 做这份工作多年以来 很遗憾,战争 结束了我很多朋友的生命。 有很多次 甚至差点结束了我的生命。
But I firmly believe, which is why I get up and do what I do every single day, that we can make different choices here. Because you see, war is ours, as human beings. We buy it, sell it, spread it and wage it. We are therefore not powerless to solve it. On the contrary, we are the only ones who can.
但我仍然坚信, 我们可以做出改变 这也是我 每天坚持在那里的原因。 如你所见, 战争是人类的产物。 我们发动战争,传播战争 我们通过战争购买和售卖。 因此我们责无旁贷去解决它。 并且 也只有我们可以解决它。
Thank you very much, and I want to wish you the greatest success.
非常感谢 祝各位成功。
(Applause)
(掌声)