When I was a child, I always wanted to be a superhero. I wanted to save the world and make everyone happy. But I knew that I'd need superpowers to make my dreams come true. So I used to embark on these imaginary journeys to find intergalactic objects from planet Krypton, which was a lot of fun, but didn't yield much result. When I grew up and realized that science fiction was not a good source for superpowers, I decided instead to embark on a journey of real science, to find a more useful truth.
Kada sam bio dete, uvek sam želeo da budem superheroj. Želeo sam da spasim svet i da sve ljude učinim srećnim. Ali sam znao i da su mi potrebne super moći kako bih ostvario te svoje snove. Tako sam često polazio na zamišljena putovanja da nađem intergalaktički objekat sa planete Kripton, što je bilo jako zabavno, ali nisam dobijao neke rezultate. Kada sam odrastao, shvatio sam da naučna fantastika i nije baš dobar izvor super moći, te sam se odlučio na put do realne nauke, kako bih pronašao korisniju istinu.
I started my journey in California, with a UC Berkeley 30-year longitudinal study that examined the photos of students in an old yearbook, and tried to measure their success and well-being throughout their life. By measuring the students' smiles, researchers were able to predict how fulfilling and long-lasting a subject's marriage would be,
Započeo sam svoj put u Kaliforniji, sa 30 godina dugom longitudinalnom studijom na Berkliju, Univerzitetu u Kaliforniji, koja je istraživala fotografije studenata iz starog godišnjaka i pokušala da izmeri njihov uspeh i zadovoljstvo kroz život. Mereći njihove osmehe tokom studija, istraživači su bili u stanju da predvide koliko će ispunjen i dugačak
(Laughter)
brak subjekti imati,
how well she would score on standardized tests of well-being, and how inspiring she would be to others. In another yearbook, I stumbled upon Barry Obama's picture. When I first saw his picture, I thought that his superpowers came from his super collar.
koliki će skor postići na standardnim testovima za ispitivanje opšteg zadovoljstva i koliko će biti inspirativni za druge. U jednom drugom godišnjaku, naleteo sam na fotografiju Baraka Obame. Kada sam prvi put ugledao sliku, mislio sam da te super moći dolaze od njegovog super okovratnika.
(Laughter)
Ali sada znam da je sve zapravo u njegovom osmehu.
But now I know it was all in his smile.
Another aha! moment came from a 2010 Wayne State University research project that looked into pre-1950s baseball cards of Major League players. The researchers found that the span of a player's smile could actually predict the span of his life. Players who didn't smile in their pictures lived an average of only 72.9 years, where players with beaming smiles lived an average of almost 80 years.
Još jedan "aha!" momenat je došao 2010. iz projekta sa univerziteta Vejn Stejt koji je pretražio bejzbol kartice od pre 1950. godine glavnih igrača prve lige. Istraživači su pronašli da raspon igračevog osmeha može da predvidi dužinu njegovog života. Igrači koji se nisu smejali na svojim slikama živeli su u proseku svega 72.9 godina, dok su igrači sa sjajnim osmesima živeli u proseku skoro 80 godina.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
The good news is that we're actually born smiling. Using 3D ultrasound technology, we can now see that developing babies appear to smile, even in the womb. When they're born, babies continue to smile -- initially, mostly in their sleep. And even blind babies smile to the sound of the human voice. Smiling is one of the most basic, biologically uniform expressions of all humans.
Dobra vest je da smo mi zapravo rođeni nasmejani. Koristeći 3D ultrazvučnu tehnologiju, možemo videti da se već i bebe u razvoju smeju, čak i u materici. Kada se rode, bebe nastavljaju da se smeju -- spontano, najčešće dok spavaju. Čak se i slepe bebe smeju na zvuk ljudskog glasa. Smejanje je jedna od najosnovnijih, biološki najuniformnijih ekspresija svih ljudskih bića.
In studies conducted in Papua New Guinea, Paul Ekman, the world's most renowned researcher on facial expressions, found that even members of the Fore tribe, who were completely disconnected from Western culture, and also known for their unusual cannibalism rituals,
U studiji sprovedenoj u Papua Novoj Gvineji, Pol Ekman, najpriznatiji svetski istraživač na polju facijalne ekspresije, pronašao je da čak i pripadnici Fore plemena, koji su u potpunosti odsečeni od zapadne kulture, takođe i poznati po svojim neobičnim kanibalističkim ritualima,
(Laughter)
pripisuju osmehe situacijama
attributed smiles to descriptions of situations the same way you and I would. So from Papua New Guinea to Hollywood all the way to modern art in Beijing, we smile often, and use smiles to express joy and satisfaction.
na isti način na koji bi to uradili vi ili ja. I tako od Papua Nove Gvineje do Holivuda pa do moderne umetnosti u Pekingu, smejemo se često, i smejemo se da izrazimo radost i zadovoljstvo.
How many people here in this room smile more than 20 times per day? Raise your hand if you do. Oh, wow. Outside of this room, more than a third of us smile more than 20 times per day, whereas less than 14 percent of us smile less than five. In fact, those with the most amazing superpowers are actually children, who smile as many as 400 times per day.
Koliko se ljudi u ovoj prostoriji smeje više od 20 puta na dan? Podignite ruku vi koji se smejete. Oho. Izvan ove prostorije, više od trećine nas se smeje više od 20 puta na dan, dok manje od 14 procenata nas se smeje manje od pet puta. Zapravo, oni sa najizvanrednijim supermoćima su zapravo deca koja se smeju oko 400 puta na dan.
Have you ever wondered why being around children, who smile so frequently, makes you smile very often? A recent study at Uppsala University in Sweden found that it's very difficult to frown when looking at someone who smiles. You ask why? Because smiling is evolutionarily contagious, and it suppresses the control we usually have on our facial muscles. Mimicking a smile and experiencing it physically helps us understand whether our smile is fake or real, so we can understand the emotional state of the smiler.
Da li ste se ikada zapitali zašto, kada se nađete među decom koja se smeju toliko često, i vi sami se češće smejete? Skorašnja studija na Upsala Univerzitetu u Švedskoj je pokazala da je veoma teško namrštiti se kada posmatrate nekoga ko se smeje. Pitate se zašto? Jer je smejanje evoluciono zarazno ponašanje, i potiskuje kontrolu koju obično imamo nad našim facijalnim mišićima. Osmeh, praćen fizičkom ekspresijom, pomaže da razumemo da li je osmeh lažan ili pravi, kako bismo razumeli emocionalno stanje osobe koja se smeje.
In a recent mimicking study at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France, subjects were asked to determine whether a smile was real or fake while holding a pencil in their mouth to repress smiling muscles. Without the pencil, subjects were excellent judges, but with the pencil in their mouth -- when they could not mimic the smile they saw -- their judgment was impaired.
U skorašnjoj studiji mimikrije na Univerzitetu Klermon-Feran u Francuskoj, od subjekata je traženo da zaključe da li je osmeh lažan ili pravi dok su držali olovku u ustima kako bi potisnuli mišiće zadužene za smejanje. Bez olovke, subjekti su bili izvrsni procenjivači. Ali sa olovkom u ustima, kada nisu mogli da oponašaju osmeh koji su videli, njihove procene su bile slabije.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
In addition to theorizing on evolution in "The Origin of Species," Charles Darwin also wrote the facial feedback response theory. His theory states that the act of smiling itself actually makes us feel better, rather than smiling being merely a result of feeling good. In his study, Darwin actually cited a French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne, who sent electric jolts to facial muscles to induce and stimulate smiles. Please, don't try this at home.
U dodatku o teoriji evolucije u "Poreklu vrsta", Čarls Darvin je pisao o facijalnoj teoriji fidbek odgovora. Postavke njegove teorije su da čin smejanja sam po sebi zapravo čini da se osećamo bolje -- pre nego da je smejanje samo rezultat osećanja zadovoljstva. U svojoj studiji, Darvin citira francuskog neurologa, Giljem Dušena, koji je koristio električne udare na facijalnu muskulaturu kako bi izazvao i stimulisao osmehe. Molim vas, ne pokušavajte ovo kod kuće.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
In a related German study, researchers used fMRI imaging to measure brain activity before and after injecting Botox to suppress smiling muscles. The finding supported Darwin's theory, by showing that facial feedback modifies the neural processing of emotional content in the brain, in a way that helps us feel better when we smile. Smiling stimulates our brain reward mechanism in a way that even chocolate -- a well-regarded pleasure inducer -- cannot match.
U povezanoj nemačkoj studiji, istraživači su koristili funkcionalnu magnentnu rezonancu kako bi merili moždanu aktivnost pre i posle inekcije botoksa zbog potiskivanja mišića koji su aktivni prilikom smejanja. Nalazi su podržali Darvinovu teoriju tako što su pokazali da facijalna povratna reakcija menja neuronske procese emocionalnih sadržaja u mozgu na način koji pomaže da se osećamo bolje kada se smejemo. Smejanje stimuliše naš mozak mehanizmom nagrade na način na koji čak ni čokolada -- poznati nagradni potkrepljivač -- ne može da se poredi.
British researchers found that one smile can generate the same level of brain stimulation as up to 2,000 bars of chocolate.
Britanski istraživači su otkrili da jedan osmeh može proizvesti jednak nivo moždanih stimulacija kao skoro 2000 štangli čokolade.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Wait -- The same study found that smiling is as stimulating as receiving up to 16,000 pounds sterling in cash.
Stanite. Ista studija je pokazala da je smejanje jednako stimulativno kao da primite 16000 funti u kešu.
(Laughter)
To vam je kao 25 hiljada dolara za osmeh.
That's like 25 grand a smile. It's not bad. And think about it this way: 25,000 times 400 -- quite a few kids out there feel like Mark Zuckerberg every day.
Nije to loše. Razmislite o tome na ovaj način: 25000 puta 400 -- malo koje dete se tamo napolju
(Laughter)
oseća kao Mark Cukerberg svaki dan.
And unlike lots of chocolate, lots of smiling can actually make you healthier. Smiling can help reduce the level of stress-enhancing hormones like cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine, increase the level of mood-enhancing hormones like endorphins, and reduce overall blood pressure.
I za razliku od mnogo čokolade, mnogo osmeha vas može čak učiniti zdravijim. Smejanje može smanjiti nivo hormona koji izazivaju stres kao što su kortizol, adrenalin i dopamin, povećati nivo hormona koji povećavaju zadovoljstvo kao što je endorfin i u globalu smanjiti krvni pritisak.
And if that's not enough, smiling can actually make you look good in the eyes of others. A recent study at Penn State University found that when you smile, you don't only appear to be more likable and courteous, but you actually appear to be more competent.
I ako to nije dovoljno, smejanje može izgledati dobro u očima drugih. Nedavna studija na Pen Stejt Univerzitetu otkrila je da kada se smejete ne samo da se činite dopadljivijim i prijatnijim, već se doimate i kao kompetentniji.
So whenever you want to look great and competent, reduce your stress or improve your marriage, or feel as if you just had a whole stack of high-quality chocolate without incurring the caloric cost, or as if you found 25 grand in a pocket of an old jacket you hadn't worn for ages, or whenever you want to tap into a superpower that will help you and everyone around you live a longer, healthier, happier life, smile.
Tako da kada god želite da izgledate i dobro i kompetentno, da smanjite stres ili popravite brak, ili da se osećate kao da ste upravo pojeli gomilu vrhunske čokolade -- bez dodatnih kalorija pri tom -- ili kao da ste pronašli 25000 dolara u džepu neke stare jakne koju niste nosili godinama, ili kada želite da upotrebite supermoći koje će pomoći vama i svima oko vas da živite duži, zdraviji, srećniji život, smejte se.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)