When I was a child, I always wanted to be a superhero. I wanted to save the world and make everyone happy. But I knew that I'd need superpowers to make my dreams come true. So I used to embark on these imaginary journeys to find intergalactic objects from planet Krypton, which was a lot of fun, but didn't yield much result. When I grew up and realized that science fiction was not a good source for superpowers, I decided instead to embark on a journey of real science, to find a more useful truth.
Ko sem bil otrok, sem vedno želel postati superheroj. Hotel sem rešiti svet in osrečiti vse ljudi. Vedel pa sem, da potrebujem supermoči, da uresničim svoje sanje. Zato sem se podal na imaginarna potovanja, da najdem intergalaktične predmete s planeta Krypton, kar je bilo zelo zabavno, vendar ni prineslo veliko rezultatov. S časom sem ugotovil, da znanstvena fantastika ni dober vir supermoči. Odločil sem se, da se podam na potovanje prave znanosti, da najdem bolj uporabno resnico.
I started my journey in California, with a UC Berkeley 30-year longitudinal study that examined the photos of students in an old yearbook, and tried to measure their success and well-being throughout their life. By measuring the students' smiles, researchers were able to predict how fulfilling and long-lasting a subject's marriage would be,
Svoje potovanje sem pričel v Kaliforniji s 30 let trajajočo študijo univerze v Berkleyu, v kateri so preučevali fotografije študentov iz starega šolskega albuma in poskušali izmeriti njihov uspeh in počutje skozi življenje. Z merjenjem nasmehov svojih študentov so raziskovalci lahko napovedali, kako poln in dolgotrajen
(Laughter)
bo njihov zakon,
how well she would score on standardized tests of well-being, and how inspiring she would be to others. In another yearbook, I stumbled upon Barry Obama's picture. When I first saw his picture, I thought that his superpowers came from his super collar.
kako dobro bi premostili standardizirane teste počutja in kako bodo navdihovali druge ljudi. V nekem drugem šolskem albumu sem naletel na sliko Baracka Obame. Ko sem jo prvič videl, sem mislil, da te supermoči prihajajo iz njegovega super ovratnika,
(Laughter)
vendar sedaj vem, da je bilo vse zaradi njegovega nasmeha.
But now I know it was all in his smile.
Another aha! moment came from a 2010 Wayne State University research project that looked into pre-1950s baseball cards of Major League players. The researchers found that the span of a player's smile could actually predict the span of his life. Players who didn't smile in their pictures lived an average of only 72.9 years, where players with beaming smiles lived an average of almost 80 years.
Še en aha! moment je prišel z raziskovalnega projekta na univerzi Wayne State leta 2010, pri katerem so preučevali bejzbolske karte Major League igralcev izpred 50-ih let. Njihovi raziskovalci so odkrili, da lahko razpon igralčevega nasmeha dejansko napove razpon njegovega življenja. Igralci brez nasmeha na obrazu so v povprečju doživeli le 72.9 let, medtem ko so tisti s sijočim nasmehom v povprečju doživeli skoraj 80 let.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
The good news is that we're actually born smiling. Using 3D ultrasound technology, we can now see that developing babies appear to smile, even in the womb. When they're born, babies continue to smile -- initially, mostly in their sleep. And even blind babies smile to the sound of the human voice. Smiling is one of the most basic, biologically uniform expressions of all humans.
Dobra novica pa je, da se dejansko vsi rodimo nasmejani. S pomočjo 3D ultrazvočne tehnologije lahko sedaj vidimo, da so otroci nasmejani celo že v maternici. In ko se rodijo. ostanejo nasmjani -- najprej predvsem med spanjem. Tudi slepo dete se nasmehne ob zvoku človeškega glasu. Nasmeh je en najbolj osnovnih, biološko enotnih izrazov vseh ljudi.
In studies conducted in Papua New Guinea, Paul Ekman, the world's most renowned researcher on facial expressions, found that even members of the Fore tribe, who were completely disconnected from Western culture, and also known for their unusual cannibalism rituals,
V študijah, ki jih je v Papua Novi Gvineji izvajal Paul Ekman, najbolj priznan strokovnjak za obrazne mimike in izraze na svetu, je odkrili, da se celo v plemenu Fori, ki je bilo popolnoma odklopljeno od zahodne kulture in je znano tudi po nenavadnih kanibalskih ritualih,
(Laughter)
na določene situacije odzovejo z nasmehom,
attributed smiles to descriptions of situations the same way you and I would. So from Papua New Guinea to Hollywood all the way to modern art in Beijing, we smile often, and use smiles to express joy and satisfaction.
prav tako kot bi se vi in jaz. Torej iz Papua Nove Gvineje v Hollywood. Iz tega vse do moderne umetnosti Pekinga, se kar naprej smejemo. Smejemo pa se zato, da izrazimo veselje in zadovoljstvo.
How many people here in this room smile more than 20 times per day? Raise your hand if you do. Oh, wow. Outside of this room, more than a third of us smile more than 20 times per day, whereas less than 14 percent of us smile less than five. In fact, those with the most amazing superpowers are actually children, who smile as many as 400 times per day.
Koliko ljudi v tej dvorani se nasmehne več kot 20 krat dnevno? Dvignite roko, če se. Oh, wow. Zunaj te dvorane se nas dobra tretjina smeji ali nasmehne več kot 20 krat v enem dnevu, medtem, ko nas je slabih 14 procentov. ki se smejemo manj kot 5 krat na dan. V resnici so tisti z največjimi supermočmi pravzaprav otroci, ki se smejijo vsaj 400 krat dnevno.
Have you ever wondered why being around children, who smile so frequently, makes you smile very often? A recent study at Uppsala University in Sweden found that it's very difficult to frown when looking at someone who smiles. You ask why? Because smiling is evolutionarily contagious, and it suppresses the control we usually have on our facial muscles. Mimicking a smile and experiencing it physically helps us understand whether our smile is fake or real, so we can understand the emotional state of the smiler.
Ste se kdaj spraševali, zakaj smo med otroci, ki so nasmejani tako frekventno, pogosto nasmejani še mi? V nedavni raziskavi na univerzi Uppsala na Švedskem so odkrili, da se je zelo težko mrščiti medtem, ko gledamo nekoga, ki se smeje. Vprašate, zakaj? Zato, ker je smeh evolucijsko nalezljiv in zatre kontrolo, ki jo ponavadi imamo nad obraznimi mišicami. Posnemanje nasmeha in s tem doživljanje le tega fizično nam je pomagalo razumeti, ali je naš nasmeh pristen ali ne, s tem pa pomagalo določiti čustveno stanje smejoče osebe.
In a recent mimicking study at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France, subjects were asked to determine whether a smile was real or fake while holding a pencil in their mouth to repress smiling muscles. Without the pencil, subjects were excellent judges, but with the pencil in their mouth -- when they could not mimic the smile they saw -- their judgment was impaired.
V nedavni raziskavi univerze Clermont-Ferrand v Franciji so sodelujoče prosili naj določijo, ali je nasmeh pristen ali narejen, medtem pa naj v ustih držijo svinčnik in s tem okrnejo premikanje smejalnih mišic. Brez svinčnika so se v določanju odrezali očitno. S svinčniki v ustih, zaradi katerih posnemanje nasmeha ni bilo mogoče, pa se jim je presoja občutno poslabšala.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
In addition to theorizing on evolution in "The Origin of Species," Charles Darwin also wrote the facial feedback response theory. His theory states that the act of smiling itself actually makes us feel better, rather than smiling being merely a result of feeling good. In his study, Darwin actually cited a French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne, who sent electric jolts to facial muscles to induce and stimulate smiles. Please, don't try this at home.
Poleg teorij o evoluciji v delu "O izvoru vrst" je Charles Darwin napisal tudi teorijo o odzivnosti obraznih mišic. Teorija pravi, da nas že samo smejanje spravi v dobro voljo, ne pa da je smeh le posledica dobre volje. V svoji študiji je Darwin citiral francoskega nevrologa, Guillauma Duchenna, ki je v svojih raziskavah uporabljal električne šoke, s katerimi je stimuliral nasmehe. Prosim, tega ne počnite doma.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
In a related German study, researchers used fMRI imaging to measure brain activity before and after injecting Botox to suppress smiling muscles. The finding supported Darwin's theory, by showing that facial feedback modifies the neural processing of emotional content in the brain, in a way that helps us feel better when we smile. Smiling stimulates our brain reward mechanism in a way that even chocolate -- a well-regarded pleasure inducer -- cannot match.
V povezani nemški raziskavi so raziskovalci uporabili fMRI (funkcionalno slikanje z magnetno resonanco), da bi izmerili aktivnost možganov pred in po vbrizganju botoxa, saj ta oslabi premikanje obraznih mišic. Pridobljeni podatki so podprli Darwinovo teorijo, ko so pokazali, da odziv na izraz preuredi živčne procese čustvene narave v možganih, in nam pomaga pri boljšem počutju, ko se smejemo. Smejanje stimulira nagrajevalni sistem naših možganov na način, kakršnega niti čokolada -- dobro poznan afrodizijak -- ne dosega.
British researchers found that one smile can generate the same level of brain stimulation as up to 2,000 bars of chocolate.
Britanski znanstveniki so odkrili, da lahko že en nasmeh sproži enak učinek stimuliranja možganov kot 2,000 tablic čokolade.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Wait -- The same study found that smiling is as stimulating as receiving up to 16,000 pounds sterling in cash.
Počakajte. V isti raziskavi so dognali, da je nasmeh primerljivo stimulativen kot dobitek nagrade 16,000 funtov v gotovini.
(Laughter)
18,000 eurov za en nasmeh.
That's like 25 grand a smile. It's not bad. And think about it this way: 25,000 times 400 -- quite a few kids out there feel like Mark Zuckerberg every day.
Ni slabo. Glejte na to tako: 18,000 krat 400 -- kar nekaj otrok tamle zunaj
(Laughter)
se počuti kot Mark Zuckerberg vsak dan.
And unlike lots of chocolate, lots of smiling can actually make you healthier. Smiling can help reduce the level of stress-enhancing hormones like cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine, increase the level of mood-enhancing hormones like endorphins, and reduce overall blood pressure.
In za razliko od velikih količin čokolade, vas lahko smejanje dejansko naredi bolj zdravega. Smejanje lahko zniža raven stres spodbujajočih hormonov kot so kortizol, adrenalin in dopamin, medtem ko zvišuje raven dobrih hormonov, kot je endorfin in niža krvni tlak.
And if that's not enough, smiling can actually make you look good in the eyes of others. A recent study at Penn State University found that when you smile, you don't only appear to be more likable and courteous, but you actually appear to be more competent.
In če vam to še ni dovolj, nasmeh dejansko izgleda dobro v očeh drugih. Študija na univerzi Penn State je pokazala, da med smejanjem ne izgledate samo bolj všečni in vljudni, temveč tudi bolj sposobni.
So whenever you want to look great and competent, reduce your stress or improve your marriage, or feel as if you just had a whole stack of high-quality chocolate without incurring the caloric cost, or as if you found 25 grand in a pocket of an old jacket you hadn't worn for ages, or whenever you want to tap into a superpower that will help you and everyone around you live a longer, healthier, happier life, smile.
Torej vedno, ko hočete izgledati odlično in kompetentno, zmanjšati stres, izboljšajti zakon, ali pa se počutiti kot, da bi pojedli cel zavoj kakovostne čokolade -- brez odvečnih kalorij -- ali kot da bi našli 18 tisočakov v žepu stare jakne, ki je niste oblekli že leta, ali kadar si hočete sposoditi te supermoči, ki bodo pomagale vam in vsem okoli vas živeti daljše, bolj zdravo in srečnejše življenje, se samo nasmehnite.
(Applause)
(Aplavz)