There's a big question at the center of life in our democracies today: How do we fight terror without destroying democracies, without trampling human rights?
在当今的民主社会, 我们正面临着一个严峻的问题, 那就是怎样才能在不损害民主、 不践踏人权的前提下反恐?
I've spent much of my career working with journalists, with bloggers, with activists, with human rights researchers all around the world, and I've come to the conclusion that if our democratic societies do not double down on protecting and defending human rights, freedom of the press and a free and open internet, radical extremist ideologies are much more likely to persist.
我职业生涯中的很长时间 都在跟记者、 博客作者、 活动家、 和世界各地的人权研究者共事。 我得出了一个结论: 如果我们的民主社会 不更加积极地推动 保护和捍卫人权, 维护新闻自由, 保护自由开放的互联网, 那么激进的极端主义 很可能会继续肆虐全球。
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OK, all done. Thank you very much. No, just joking.
好吧,我讲完了。 非常感谢。 没有,我开个玩笑。
(Laughter)
(笑声)
I actually want to drill down on this a little bit.
我其实想更深入地 探讨一下这个问题。
So, one of the countries that has been on the frontlines of this issue is Tunisia, which was the only country to come out of the Arab Spring with a successful democratic revolution. Five years later, they're struggling with serious terror attacks and rampant ISIS recruitment. And many Tunisians are calling on their government to do whatever it takes to keep them safe.
问题最突出的国家之一便是 突尼斯。 它也是唯一一个 在“阿拉伯之春”运动中, 成功发展了民主革命的国家。 然而,五年后, 他们却整天挣扎于 严重的恐怖袭击, 和猖獗的“伊斯兰国”增员当中。 很多的突尼斯人呼吁政府, 去采取一切手段来保护民众安全。
Tunisian cartoonist Nadia Khiari has summed up the situation with this character who says, "I don't give a damn about human rights. I don't give a damn about the revolution. I don't give a damn about democracy and liberty. I just want to be safe."
突尼斯漫画家 Nadia Khiari , 借一个动画人物, 描绘了国内的现状, 它说:“我不关心人权。 我不关心革命。 我不关心民主自由。 我只想要安全。”
"Satisfied?" asked his jailer. "You're safe now."
“这下满意了吗?” 狱卒问关在监狱中的它。 “你现在安全了。”
If the Tunisian people can figure out how to deal with their terrorism problem without ending up in this place, they will be a model not only for their region, but for all of us.
如果突尼斯民众能够弄明白, 如何能既成功应对恐怖主义问题, 又不用在监狱里终其一生, 他们将成为标杆,不仅 是那片地区的, 更是我们所有人的标杆。
The reality is that civil society, journalists and activists are coming under attack from extremist groups on the one hand, and, in many countries, also from their own governments. We're seeing bloggers and journalists being jailed, charged and intimidated by their own governments, many of which are allies with the West in the war on terror.
事实是,在很多国家, 民间团体、记者、活动家, 他们不但会受到 极端组织的袭击, 还要受到他们政府的打击。 我们看到很多博客主、记者 被他们的政府关押起来, 被起诉,被恐吓。 其中很多政府在反恐战争中 还与西方社会是同盟军。
Just three examples. A friend and former colleague of mine, Hisham Almiraat, has been charged with threatening state security, along with six other activists in Morocco. The Saudi blogger Raif Badawi has been jailed and flogged for insulting Islam and criticizing the Saudi regime on his blog. More recently, the Turkish representative for Reporters Without Borders, Erol Önderoglu, has been detained and charged with spreading terrorist propaganda, because he and some other activists have been supporting Kurdish media.
我举三个例子: 我的朋友兼前同事, Hisham Almiraat, 被起诉,理由是威胁国家安全, 同时遭到起诉的,还有摩洛哥的 其他六位活动家。 沙特的博客作者 Raif Badawi, 被关押,遭受鞭打, 原因是他在自己的博客上 侮辱伊斯兰教,批判沙特政权。 最近,土耳其 “无国界记者组织”的代表, Erol Önderoglu, 被拘留控诉, 理由是宣扬恐怖主义, 只因为他和其他一些活动家, 一直在支持库尔德媒体。
Anti-terror measures quickly turn into state repression without strong protection for minority communities and for peaceful debate; this needs to be supported by a robust, independent local media.
反恐措施快速转变为政府镇压, 而没有有效的保护其少数群体利益, 以及和平辩论; 这时就需要一个稳健、 独立的地方媒介给予支持。
But while that's not really happening, Washington is teaming up with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood to pour millions -- hundreds of millions of dollars -- into what's called "counter-messaging," a fancy word for propaganda. To counter the terrorist propaganda spreading all over the internet, in Europe, Internet Referral Units are being set up, so that people can report on extremist content that they find and get it censored. The problem is, that all of this propaganda, monitoring and censorship completely fails to make up for the fact that the people who are the most credible voices, who can present credible ideas and alternative solutions to real economic, social and political problems in their community that are causing people to turn to extremism in the first place, are being silenced by their own governments.
但是实际上, 并没有这样的媒介支持, 美国政府却与硅谷和好莱坞合作, 投入百万甚至数以亿计美元, 进行所谓的 “反击信息”计划, 其实就是宣传的花哨说法。 为了对抗 恐怖主义在网络上的大肆宣扬, 欧洲成立了互联网参照部, 这样民众就可以报告 他们发现的极端主义内容, 使这些内容经受审查。 问题是, 所有的宣传、监控及审查, 完全忽视了问题的关键, 那就是, 那些发出最可靠声音的人, 那些能够针对他们所在地区的 经济、社会及政治问题, 能针对人们变成 极端主义者的原因, 提出可信的观点和替代方案的人, 却被他们自己的政府禁言了。
This is all adding up to a decrease in freedom across the world. Freedom House, the human rights organization, reports that 2015 marks the 10th straight year in a row of decline in freedom worldwide. And this is not just because of the actions of authoritarian governments. It's also because democratic governments are increasingly cracking down on dissenters, whistle-blowers and investigative journalists. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has warned that "preventing extremism and promoting human rights go hand-in-hand." It's not to say that governments shouldn't keep us safe -- of course they should -- but we need public oversight, transparency and accountability to the rule of law. Meanwhile, extremists are literally killing off civil society in some countries. Since 2013 in Bangladesh, over a dozen secular bloggers and community activists have been literally slaughtered by extremists while the government has done very little. From the city of Raqqa in Syria, people like Ruqia Hassan and Naji Jerf have been assassinated for their reporting out of ISIS-controlled territory.
这进一步降低了 世界范围内人们的自由度。 “自由之家”, 一个人权组织, 曾报告称:2015年, 是世界范围内自由度 直线下滑的第十个年头。 究其原因, 绝非仅仅是独裁政府的行为。 还因为民主政府 一直在加强镇压持异议者, 检举人, 和调查记者。 联合国秘书长潘基文曾提醒, “避免极端主义 和推行人权密切相关。” 这并不是说政府 不应该保护我们的安全— 他们当然应该保护— 但我们需要 公众监督,透明度, 以及问责制加诸于 法律条文之上。 同时, 极端主义者正在某些国家 逐渐消灭民间团体。 孟加拉国自2013年来, 已有超过12个非宗教博主 和社区积极分子, 被激进分子所杀害, 而政府却几乎什么都没做。 在叙利亚的拉卡市, 像 Ruqia Hassan 和 Naji Jerf 这样的人士被暗杀, 因为他们曾在“伊斯兰国”(ISIS) 控制区域的外围进行报导。
The citizen media group called Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently relies on strong encryption to send out their reports and shield themselves from interception and surveillance. Yet authorities in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom and many other democracies are seeking to use the law to either weaken or outright ban strong encryption, because the bad guys are using it, too. We have got to fight for the right of citizens to use strong encryption. Otherwise, dissent and investigative journalism are going to become even more difficult in even more places. And the bad guys -- the criminals and terrorists -- are still going to find ways to communicate. Kudos to the companies that are standing up for their users' right to use encryption.
名为“拉卡正被无声屠杀”的 民间媒体, 通过强加密手段来发出报导, 并保护自己不被拦截和监视。 然而很多诸如美国、英国 及其他民主主义国家的当局者们, 正在探索如何使用法律, 来削弱或完全禁止强加密, 因为坏人也在使用它。 我们必须争取 公众使用强加密的权利。 否则,意见相左的新闻和调查性报导 将会在更多地方, 变得更加困难。 而坏人们——罪犯和恐怖分子, 仍然会寻找其它方法来交流。 (我们要)向那些为了用户的权利 而坚持使用加密的公司致敬。
But when it comes to censorship, the picture is much more troubling. Yes, there's a real problem of extremist content spreading all over the internet. And Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are among the many companies who report having taken down hundreds of thousands of pieces of content and deactivating accounts that are connected to the extremist's speech. The problem is their enforcement mechanisms are a complete black box, and there is collateral damage.
但说到审查, 事情就更麻烦了。 是的,极端主义内容 在网络上广为传播, 确实是个大问题。 Facebook, YouTube 和 Twitter 等等,很多这样的公司, 都删除了涉及极端主义言论的 数十万条内容, 并关闭了很多账号。 但问题是他们的执行机制 完全属于暗箱操作, 还附带额外损害。
Take, for example, Iyad el-Baghdadi, an activist who makes fun of ISIS on Twitter. He had his account deactivated, because he shares a surname with a prominent ISIS leader. Last December, a number of women named Isis, which also happens to be the name of an Egyptian goddess, had their accounts deactivated. And this woman, who lives in the United States and is a computer programmer, reported on Twitter about her deactivation on Facebook, managed to get enough media attention to have her account reinstated. But that's the thing -- she had to get media attention. And journalists aren't immune. David Thomson, an expert on terrorism and reporter for Radio France International, had reports deleted from his Facebook account and had his account deactivated for several days, because they contained pictures of ISIS flags, even though he was just reporting on ISIS, not promoting it.
例如,Lyad el-Baghdadi, 一个曾在Twitter上 取笑ISIS的活动家。 他的账号就遭到了关闭, 因为他跟一个有名的 ISIS头目姓氏一样。 去年12月, 一群叫做Isis的女性, 她们只是碰巧用了 埃及女神Isis的名字, 而使得账号遭到关闭。 还有这个女人, 她生活在美国, 是一个电脑程序员, 在Twitter上称她的 Facebook账号被关闭, 直到吸引足够多的媒体关注, 最终得以恢复账号。 而关键就在于—— 她需要获得足够的媒体关注。 记者们也不能幸免。 David Thomson, 一名反恐专家, 法国国际广播电台记者, 也曾报告他的 Facebook 账号遭到注销, 他的账号被关闭了好几天, 因为账户里包含ISIS旗帜图片, 虽然他当时只是报导ISIS, 而并非在宣传它。
And then we have stories from people like this Egyptian man, Ahmed Abdellahy, who reported recently in an event in Washington DC that some of his arguments with extremists -- he now spends his time on social media arguing with ISIS followers, trying to get them to turn away -- some of his arguments with these extremists get deleted, which he believes has the effect of shielding them from alternative points of view.
也有诸如这个埃及人的故事, 他叫 Ahmed Abdellahy, 据报道,他最近 在华盛顿的一次活动中, 与极端分子有过一些争执—— 他现在在社交媒体上 与ISIS的追随者们争论, 试图劝说他们远离ISIS—— 他与这些极端分子的 某些争论就遭到了删除, 他相信,这么做只会有 一个结果:保护了极端分子 免于不同观点的打扰。
It's unclear whether Facebook even knows the extent of the collateral damage, or the other companies as well. But we do know that journalism, activism and public debate are being silenced in the effort to stamp out extremist speech.
我不清楚, Facebook是否知晓 这些附带损害的程度, 以及其它公司是否知道。 但我们知道, 为了消除极端主义言论, 新闻业、积极分子 以及公众舆论正在被禁声。
So with these companies having so much power over the public discourse, they need to be held accountable. They need to carry out impact assessment to identify and fix the problems that we're clearly seeing. They need to be more transparent about their enforcement mechanisms, and they need to have clear appeal and grievance mechanisms, so people can get their content reinstated.
正因为这些公司对公众言论 有如此大的控制力, 他们需要对此负责。 他们需要开展影响力评估, 来识别和解决对我们 已经显而易见的问题。 他们需要在执行机制方面, 变得更加透明。 他们需要更清晰的 呼吁和申诉机制。 这样公众就能恢复 他们的账户内容了。
Now, I've been talking for the last 10 minutes about how governments and companies are making it more difficult for people like these. This is a picture of members of the citizen media network, Global Voices, that I helped to cofound over 10 years ago with my friend, Ethan Zuckerman. Interestingly, about 5 years ago, right after the Arab Spring, the data scientist Gilad Lotan created a network map of the people in Global Voices who were heavy users of Twitter during the Arab Spring. And he found that many of these people served as key information nodes between activists and journalists throughout the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution. We've got to make sure that these people not only survive, but are able to continue to thrive. Many of them are still active, other than the ones who have gone to jail or have been driven into hiding or exile.
我在刚才的十分钟里, 讨论了政府和公司 是如何使这些积极人士 变得步履维艰。 这是一张民间媒体网络“世界之声”的 成员合影, 这个网站是我和 我的朋友Ethan Zuckerman, 在十多年前共同建立的。 有趣的是,大概五年前, “阿拉伯之春”刚结束的那段时间, 数据学家Gilad Lotan 创建了一个 “世界之声”成员的分布图, 这些成员中的很多在“阿拉伯之春”中 都是Twitter的高频用户。 他发现这些人中的很多都扮演着 积极分子和记者间的 重要信息节点。 这些人贯穿着突尼斯 和埃及的改革当中。 我们不仅要确认这些人仍然活着, 也要帮助他们壮大他们的事业。 有些人还继续活跃, 有些被投进了监狱, 或者被迫躲藏和放逐。
All around the world, people who are sick and tired of fear and oppression are linking up in their communities and across borders. We've got to do everything we can to push our governments and companies to do a better job of protecting their rights. We've also got to be more mindful about how our own personal, political, consumer and business choices affect people like these around the world. Also, if you follow the news, it's pretty clear that that alone isn't going to be enough. We've got to take personal responsibility by joining -- or at very least, actively supporting -- the growing ecosystem of individuals and groups who are fighting for social justice, environmental sustainability, government accountability, human rights, freedom of the press and a free and open internet, all around the world.
在世界各地, 那些厌倦了恐惧和镇压的人们, 正在他们的社会内外团结起来。 我们必须尽我们所能 去督促政府和公司 更好地保护这些人的权利。 我们也必须更加留意 去关注我们个人:我们的 政治选择,个人消费和商业选择, 将为世界各地这样的 人群带来怎样的影响。 而且,如果你留意新闻, 会知道一个人的力量显然是不够的。 我们必须承担个人责任, 加入,或者至少是积极的支持, 这样一些,在世界各地 为社会正义, 为环境可持续性, 为政府问责, 为人权,媒体自由,为自由而公开的 网络而拼搏的,日益强大的 个人和团体组织。
I believe that, ultimately, we can overcome the digitally empowered networks of extremism, demagoguery and hate. But ... we've got to do this by really beefing up the global networks of citizens around the world, powered by people who are working hard every day, and taking personal risk for a future world that is more peaceful, just, open and free.
我相信,我们最终可以战胜 那些寄生在网络上的 极端主义、煽动和仇恨。 但是… 我们想要做到这一点, 就必须真正地加强 世界各地的民间组织, 加强那些冒着人身危险 为了更和平、公正、 开放和自由的未来世界 而终日奔走的人民组织。
Thanks very much for listening.
感谢您的倾听。
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