There's a big question at the center of life in our democracies today: How do we fight terror without destroying democracies, without trampling human rights?
Kuna swali kubwa katikati ya maisha yetu katika demokrasia yetu leo: Tunapambanaje na ugaidi bila kuharibu demokrasia, bila kukanyaga haki za binadamu?
I've spent much of my career working with journalists, with bloggers, with activists, with human rights researchers all around the world, and I've come to the conclusion that if our democratic societies do not double down on protecting and defending human rights, freedom of the press and a free and open internet, radical extremist ideologies are much more likely to persist.
Nimetumia muda mwingi wa kazi yangu kufanyakazi na waandishi wa habari, na waandishi wa blogu, na wanaharakati, na watafiti wa haki za binadamu duniani kote. na nimefikia hitimisho kwamba ikiwa jamii zetu za kidemokrasia hazita simama kidete katika kulinda na kutetea haki za binadamu, uhuru wa vyombo vya habari na mtandao wa intaneti huru na wazi; itikadi zenye siasa kali zinaweza kuendelea kuwepo
(Applause)
(Makofi)
OK, all done. Thank you very much. No, just joking.
OK, nimemaliza. Asanteni sana. Hapana, natania.
(Laughter)
(Kicheko)
I actually want to drill down on this a little bit.
Ninataka kuendelea kuchambua kwenye hili suala kidogo.
So, one of the countries that has been on the frontlines of this issue is Tunisia, which was the only country to come out of the Arab Spring with a successful democratic revolution. Five years later, they're struggling with serious terror attacks and rampant ISIS recruitment. And many Tunisians are calling on their government to do whatever it takes to keep them safe.
Kwahiyo, nchi mojawapo ambayo imekuwa mstari wa mbele kwa suala hili ni Tunisia, ambayo ni nchi pekee iliyotoka kwenye nchi za mapinduzi ya Uarabuni kwa mafanikio ya mapinduzi kidemokrasia. Miaka mitano baadaye, wanapambana na mashambulio makubwa ya kigaidi na kuenea kwa wanaojiunga na ISIS. Na raia wengi wa Tunisia wanaitaka serikali yao kufanya chochote inachoweza wawe salama.
Tunisian cartoonist Nadia Khiari has summed up the situation with this character who says, "I don't give a damn about human rights. I don't give a damn about the revolution. I don't give a damn about democracy and liberty. I just want to be safe."
Mchora katuni wa Tunisia Nadia Khiari amejumuisha hali iliyopo kutumia mhusika anayesema, "Sijali chochote kuhusu haki za binadamu. Sijali chochote kuhusu mapinduzi. Sijali chochote kuhusu demokrasia na uhuru Ninachotaka ni kuwa salama."
"Satisfied?" asked his jailer. "You're safe now."
"Umeridhika?" aliuliza aliyemfunga "Uko salama sasa."
If the Tunisian people can figure out how to deal with their terrorism problem without ending up in this place, they will be a model not only for their region, but for all of us.
Ikiwa watu wa Tunisia wanaweza kugundua jinsi ya kushughulikia tatizo lao la ugaidi bila kuishia sehemu hii, watakuwa mfano wa kuigwa si kwa eneo lao tu bali kwetu sote.
The reality is that civil society, journalists and activists are coming under attack from extremist groups on the one hand, and, in many countries, also from their own governments. We're seeing bloggers and journalists being jailed, charged and intimidated by their own governments, many of which are allies with the West in the war on terror.
Ukweli ni kwamba jamii za kiraia, waandishi wa habari na wanaharakati wanashambuliwa zaidi na makundi yenye siasa kali kwa upande mmoja, na katika nchi nyingi, pia kutoka kwenye serikali zao wenyewe. Tunaona waandishi wa blogu na waandishi wa habari wakifungwa, wakishtakiwa na kutishwa na serikali zao wenyewe, wengi ambao wanashirikiana na nchi za Magharibi katika vita vya ugaidi
Just three examples. A friend and former colleague of mine, Hisham Almiraat, has been charged with threatening state security, along with six other activists in Morocco. The Saudi blogger Raif Badawi has been jailed and flogged for insulting Islam and criticizing the Saudi regime on his blog. More recently, the Turkish representative for Reporters Without Borders, Erol Önderoglu, has been detained and charged with spreading terrorist propaganda, because he and some other activists have been supporting Kurdish media.
Nitatoa mifano mitatu. Rafiki yangu na mshirika wangu zamani, Hisham Almiraat, ameshtakiwa kwa kutishia usalama wa taifa, pamoja na wanaharakati wengine sita nchini Morocco. Mwanablogu wa Saudi Raif Badawi amefungwa na kuchapwa viboko kwa kuutusi Uislamu na kukosoa utawala wa Saudi kwenye blogu yake. Hivi karibuni ,mwakilishi wa Uturuki kwa Waandishi wa habari Wasio na Mipaka, Erol Onderoglu, amewekwa kizuizini na kushtakiwa kwa kueneza propaganda za kigaidi, kwakuwa yeye na wanaharakati wengine wanaunga mkono vyombo vya habari Kurdi.
Anti-terror measures quickly turn into state repression without strong protection for minority communities and for peaceful debate; this needs to be supported by a robust, independent local media.
Hatua za kupinga ugaidi haraka zinageuka kandamizi kwa taifa bila ulinzi madhubuti kwa jamii ya walio wachache na kwa mdahalo wa amani; hii inahitaji kuungwa mkono na chombo huru cha habari
But while that's not really happening, Washington is teaming up with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood to pour millions -- hundreds of millions of dollars -- into what's called "counter-messaging," a fancy word for propaganda. To counter the terrorist propaganda spreading all over the internet, in Europe, Internet Referral Units are being set up, so that people can report on extremist content that they find and get it censored. The problem is, that all of this propaganda, monitoring and censorship completely fails to make up for the fact that the people who are the most credible voices, who can present credible ideas and alternative solutions to real economic, social and political problems in their community that are causing people to turn to extremism in the first place, are being silenced by their own governments.
Lakini kwa kuwa hiyo haitokei, Washington inaungana na Silicon Valley pamoja na Hollywood kuweka mamilioni-- mamia ya mamilioni ya dola katika kinachoitwa "kupinga - ujumbe" neno la kistaarabu kwa propaganda. Kupinga kwa propaganda za kigaidi kuenea kwenye mitandao yote ya intaneti barani Ulaya, Vitengo vya rufaa ya intaneti vinaanzishwa, ili kwamba watu waweze kutoa taarifa kuhusu habari za siasa kali watakazoona na kufanya zidhibitiwe Tatizo ni, kwamba propaganda zote hizi ufuatiliaji na udhibiti umeshindwa kabisa kuona kwamba wale watu ambao wana sauti zinazoaminika, wanaoweza kuwakilisha mawazo yanayoaminika na njia mbadala kwa matatizo ya kweli kiuchumi kijamii na kisiasa kwenye jumuiya zao ambao wanaosababisha watu wageukie kwenye siasa kali mwanzoni wananyamazishwa na serikali zao wenyewe.
This is all adding up to a decrease in freedom across the world. Freedom House, the human rights organization, reports that 2015 marks the 10th straight year in a row of decline in freedom worldwide. And this is not just because of the actions of authoritarian governments. It's also because democratic governments are increasingly cracking down on dissenters, whistle-blowers and investigative journalists. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has warned that "preventing extremism and promoting human rights go hand-in-hand." It's not to say that governments shouldn't keep us safe -- of course they should -- but we need public oversight, transparency and accountability to the rule of law. Meanwhile, extremists are literally killing off civil society in some countries. Since 2013 in Bangladesh, over a dozen secular bloggers and community activists have been literally slaughtered by extremists while the government has done very little. From the city of Raqqa in Syria, people like Ruqia Hassan and Naji Jerf have been assassinated for their reporting out of ISIS-controlled territory.
Hii inaongezea kushuka kwa uhuru pande zote duniani. Nyumba ya Uhuru shirika la haki za binadamu, limetoa tarrifa kwamba mwaka 2015 ni kilele cha mwaka wa 10 mfululizo wa kushuka kwa uhuru duniani. Na hii sio tu kwasababu ya matendo ya serikali za kimabavu. Ni kwasababu pia serikali za kidemokrasia zinazongeza kuwasaka wapinzani, watoa taarifa na waandishi wa habari za uchunguzi. Katibu Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa Ban Ki- Moon alionya kwamba "kuzuia siasa kali na kukuza haki za binadamu vinaenda sambamba." Sio kusema kwamba serikali zisituweke salama-- inabidi wafanye hivyo-- ila tunahitaji ungalizi wa uwazi kwa umma na uwajibikaji kwenye utawala wa sheria. Wakati huo huo, wenye siasa kali huwa wanaua jamii ya raia katika baadhi ya nchi. Tangu mwaka 2013 nchini Bangladesh, zaidi ya mabloga kwa idadi kubwa na wanaharakati wa jamii wamechinjwa kabisa na wafuasi wa siasa kali huku serikali ikichukua hatua kidogo sana. Kutoka mji wa Raqqa Syria, watu kama Ruqia Hassan na Naji Jerf wameuwawa kwa kutoa kwao taarifa nje ya himaya zinazodhibitiwa na ISIS.
The citizen media group called Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently relies on strong encryption to send out their reports and shield themselves from interception and surveillance. Yet authorities in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom and many other democracies are seeking to use the law to either weaken or outright ban strong encryption, because the bad guys are using it, too. We have got to fight for the right of citizens to use strong encryption. Otherwise, dissent and investigative journalism are going to become even more difficult in even more places. And the bad guys -- the criminals and terrorists -- are still going to find ways to communicate. Kudos to the companies that are standing up for their users' right to use encryption.
Kundi la wanahabari wanaoitwa Raqqa Inauwawa Kimya Kimya linategemea taarifa zilizodhibitiwa usiri kutuma ripoti zao na kujikinga wenyewe mbali na vizuizi na kupelelezwa. Bado mamlaka katika nchi kama Marekani, Uingereza na nyingine nyingi za demokrasia zinatafuta kutumia sheria ya aidha kudhoofisha au kuzuia kabisa udhibiti mkubwa wa usiri kwenye taarifa kwasababu watu wabaya wanautumia pia Tunatakiwa tupiganie haki ya wananchi kutumia udhibiti mkubwa wa usiri. ama sivyo, upinzani na uandishi wa habari za uchunguzi utapelekea kuwa na ugumu zaidi katika sehemu nyingi zaidi. na watu wabaya--wahalifu na magaidi-- bado wataendelea kutafuta njia za kuwasiliana Pongezi kwa makampuni ambayo yanasimamia haki ya watumiaji wake kutumia usiri
But when it comes to censorship, the picture is much more troubling. Yes, there's a real problem of extremist content spreading all over the internet. And Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are among the many companies who report having taken down hundreds of thousands of pieces of content and deactivating accounts that are connected to the extremist's speech. The problem is their enforcement mechanisms are a complete black box, and there is collateral damage.
Lakini inapokuja kwenye udhibiti, haileti picha nzuri. Ndio, kunatatizo kubwa la taarifa za siasa kali kuenea kote kwenye mitandao ya intaneti Na Facebook, YouTube na Twitter ni kati ya makampuni mengi ambayo wameripoti kushusha mamia ya maelfu ya vipande vya taarifa na kuzima akaunti ambazo zinahusianishwa na maneno ya siasa kali Tatizo ni utaratibu wao wa kutekeleza sheria haueleweki kabisa na kuna uharibifu mkubwa.
Take, for example, Iyad el-Baghdadi, an activist who makes fun of ISIS on Twitter. He had his account deactivated, because he shares a surname with a prominent ISIS leader. Last December, a number of women named Isis, which also happens to be the name of an Egyptian goddess, had their accounts deactivated. And this woman, who lives in the United States and is a computer programmer, reported on Twitter about her deactivation on Facebook, managed to get enough media attention to have her account reinstated. But that's the thing -- she had to get media attention. And journalists aren't immune. David Thomson, an expert on terrorism and reporter for Radio France International, had reports deleted from his Facebook account and had his account deactivated for several days, because they contained pictures of ISIS flags, even though he was just reporting on ISIS, not promoting it.
Kwa mfano, lyad el- Baghdadi, mwanaharakati anayekejeli ISIS kupitia Twitter. akaunti yake ilizimwa, kwasababu jina la ubini wake linafanana na kiongozi mkubwa wa ISIS. Disemba iliyopita, wanawake wenye majina ya Isis, ambalo pia ni jina la Mungu wa kike Misri akaunti zao zilizimwa Na huyu mwanamke, anayeishi nchini Marekani na ni Programa wa Kompyuta aliripoti juu mtandao wa Twitter kuhusu kuzimiwa kwenye Facebook aliweza kuonwa na vyombo vya habari na kufanya wamrudishie akaunti yake. Ila hicho ndio alichofanya-- kuonwa na vyombo vya habari Na waandishi wa habari hawaponi David Thomson, mtaalamu wa ugaidi na mtangazaji wa Radio ya Kimataifa ya Ufaransa, ripoti zake zilifutwa kwenye akaunti yake Facebook na akaunti yake ikazimwa kwa siku chache, kwasababu zilikuwa na picha zenye bendera za ISIS, ingawa alikuwa anaripoti kuhusu ISIS sio kuhamasisha.
And then we have stories from people like this Egyptian man, Ahmed Abdellahy, who reported recently in an event in Washington DC that some of his arguments with extremists -- he now spends his time on social media arguing with ISIS followers, trying to get them to turn away -- some of his arguments with these extremists get deleted, which he believes has the effect of shielding them from alternative points of view.
Na pia tuna hadithi kutoka kwa watu kama mtu wa Misri, Ahmed Abdellahy, aliyeripoti hivi karibuni tukio la Washington DC kuwa majadiliano yake na wenye siasa kali-- hutumia muda wake kwenye mitandao ya jamii kujadiliana na wafuasi wa ISIS kujaribu kuwabadili mawazo-- baadhi ya majadiliano yake na wenye siasa kali hufutwa, ambapo anaamini kuna athari katika kuyakinga kutoka kwenye mtazamo mwingine.
It's unclear whether Facebook even knows the extent of the collateral damage, or the other companies as well. But we do know that journalism, activism and public debate are being silenced in the effort to stamp out extremist speech.
Haiko wazi ikiwa mtandao wa Facebook kama unaelewa kiasi cha uharibifu mkubwa, au makampuni mengine pia. Lakini tunajua kwamba uandishi wa habari uanaharakati na mijadala ya umma inanyamazishwa katika juhudi za kuweka muhuri maneno ya siasa kali.
So with these companies having so much power over the public discourse, they need to be held accountable. They need to carry out impact assessment to identify and fix the problems that we're clearly seeing. They need to be more transparent about their enforcement mechanisms, and they need to have clear appeal and grievance mechanisms, so people can get their content reinstated.
Hivyo kwa makampuni haya kuwa na nguvu sana kuhusu mihadhara ya umma, yanahitaji kuwajibishwa. Yanahitaji kufanya tathmini yakinifu na kuainisha na kutatua matatizo ambayo tunayaona wazi. Yanahitaji kuwa wazi zaidi kuhusu njia zao za utekelezaji sheria, na wanahitaji kuwa wazi kwa mbinu za ukataji rufaa na kutoa malalamiko, ili watu waweze kurudishiwa vitu walivyoandika.
Now, I've been talking for the last 10 minutes about how governments and companies are making it more difficult for people like these. This is a picture of members of the citizen media network, Global Voices, that I helped to cofound over 10 years ago with my friend, Ethan Zuckerman. Interestingly, about 5 years ago, right after the Arab Spring, the data scientist Gilad Lotan created a network map of the people in Global Voices who were heavy users of Twitter during the Arab Spring. And he found that many of these people served as key information nodes between activists and journalists throughout the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution. We've got to make sure that these people not only survive, but are able to continue to thrive. Many of them are still active, other than the ones who have gone to jail or have been driven into hiding or exile.
Sasa, nimekuwa nikiongea kwa dakika kumi zilizopita kuhusu jinsi serikali na makampuni wanavyoleta ugumu zaidi kwa watu kama hawa. Hii ni picha ya wanachama wa mtandao wa vyombo vya habari vya raia, Sauti za Dunia, niliyosaidia kuanzisha miaka 10 iliyopita na rafiki yangu Ethan Zuckerman. Inafurahisha, karibia miaka 5 iliyopita mara baada ya Mapinduzi ya Uarabuni, mwanasayansi wa data Gilad Lotan aliunda ramani ya mtandao wa watu katika Sauti za Dunia waliokuwa wakitumia Twitter wakati wa Mapinduzi ya Uarabuni. Na aligundua kwamba wengi wa hawa watu walitumika kama kiungo cha mawasiliano kati ya wanaharakati na waandishi kipindi chote cha mapinduzi ya Tunisia na Misri. Tunatakiwa tuhakikishe kwamba watu hawa hawaendelei kuishi tu, bali wanaweza kuendelea kufanikiwa. Wengi wao bado wanafanya kazi, zaidi ya wale waliokwenda jela au wako mafichoni au vizuizini.
All around the world, people who are sick and tired of fear and oppression are linking up in their communities and across borders. We've got to do everything we can to push our governments and companies to do a better job of protecting their rights. We've also got to be more mindful about how our own personal, political, consumer and business choices affect people like these around the world. Also, if you follow the news, it's pretty clear that that alone isn't going to be enough. We've got to take personal responsibility by joining -- or at very least, actively supporting -- the growing ecosystem of individuals and groups who are fighting for social justice, environmental sustainability, government accountability, human rights, freedom of the press and a free and open internet, all around the world.
Duniani kote, watu ambao wamechoshwa na hofu na kuonewa wanaunganika katika jumuia zao na kuvuka mipaka. Tunatakiwa tufanye kila tunachoweza kusukuma serikali zetu na makampuni kufanya kazi bora zaidi katika kulinda haki zao. Tunatakiwa pia tuwe wafikirivu zaidi kuhusu jinsi sisi wenyewe, kisiasa, wateja na chaguzi za biashara zinavyoathiri watu kama hawa duniani kote. Pia, ikiwa unafuatilia taarifa za habari inaonyesha wazi kwamba hiyo pekee haitoshi. Tunatakiwa tuchukue wajibu binafsi kwa kujiunga-- au hata kidogo kuunga mkono-- mazingira ya ukuaji wa makundi binafsi ambayo yanapigania hakijamii, mazingira endelevu, uwajibikaji wa serikali haki za binadamu, uhuru wa habari na intaneti huru na wazi, duniani kote
I believe that, ultimately, we can overcome the digitally empowered networks of extremism, demagoguery and hate. But ... we've got to do this by really beefing up the global networks of citizens around the world, powered by people who are working hard every day, and taking personal risk for a future world that is more peaceful, just, open and free.
Nina amini kwamba, hatimaye tunaweza kuishinda mitandao ya kidigitali iliyowezeshwa ya siasa kali, siasa za fujo na chuki. Lakini... tunatakiwa tufanye hivi kwa kuongeza mitandao ya dunia ya raia duniani kote, ikiwezeshwa na watu ambao hufanya kazi kwa bidii kila siku, na kuchukua hatua hatarishi kwa dunia ya kesho ambayo ni ya amani zaidi, yenye haki, wazi na huru.
Thanks very much for listening.
Asanteni sana kwa kusikiliza.
(Applause)
(Makofi)