There's a big question at the center of life in our democracies today: How do we fight terror without destroying democracies, without trampling human rights?
Postoji veliko pitanje u središtu života naše demokratije danas - kako da se borimo protiv terora bez uništenja demokratija i bez gaženja ljudskih prava?
I've spent much of my career working with journalists, with bloggers, with activists, with human rights researchers all around the world, and I've come to the conclusion that if our democratic societies do not double down on protecting and defending human rights, freedom of the press and a free and open internet, radical extremist ideologies are much more likely to persist.
Provela sam veći deo svoje karijere radeći sa novinarima, blogerima, aktivistima, istraživačima u oblasti ljudskih prava širom sveta, i došla sam do zaključka da, ako naša demokratska društva ne udvostruče napore u pogledu zaštite i odbrane ljudskih prava, slobode štampe i slobodnog i otvorenog interneta, mnogo su veće šanse da će opstati radikalne ekstremističke ideologije.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
OK, all done. Thank you very much. No, just joking.
U redu, gotovo. Mnogo vam hvala. Ne, samo se šalim.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
I actually want to drill down on this a little bit.
Zapravo želim da malo analiziram ovo.
So, one of the countries that has been on the frontlines of this issue is Tunisia, which was the only country to come out of the Arab Spring with a successful democratic revolution. Five years later, they're struggling with serious terror attacks and rampant ISIS recruitment. And many Tunisians are calling on their government to do whatever it takes to keep them safe.
Jedna od zemalja koja je bila među prvima na udaru ovog problema je Tunis, a to je jedina zemlja koja je izašla iz „arapskog proleća“ sa uspešnom demokratskom revolucijom. Pet godina kasnije, vodi borbu sa ozbiljnim terorističkim napadima i jako raširenim regrutovanjem od strane Islamske države. Mnogi Tunižani zahtevaju od svoje vlasti da učini šta god da je potrebno da bi im osigurala bezbednost.
Tunisian cartoonist Nadia Khiari has summed up the situation with this character who says, "I don't give a damn about human rights. I don't give a damn about the revolution. I don't give a damn about democracy and liberty. I just want to be safe."
Tunižanska karikaturistkinja Nađa Kajeri sumirala je situaciju ovim likom koji kaže: „Briga me za ljudska prava. Briga me za revoluciju. Briga me za demokratiju i slobodu. Samo hoću da budem bezbedan.“
"Satisfied?" asked his jailer. "You're safe now."
„Zadovoljan?“, upitao je njegov tamničar. „Sada si bezbedan.“
If the Tunisian people can figure out how to deal with their terrorism problem without ending up in this place, they will be a model not only for their region, but for all of us.
Ako Tunižani uspeju da smisle kako da se izbore sa svojim problemom terorizma, a da ne završe na ovom mestu, postaće model ne samo za svoju regiju, već za sve nas.
The reality is that civil society, journalists and activists are coming under attack from extremist groups on the one hand, and, in many countries, also from their own governments. We're seeing bloggers and journalists being jailed, charged and intimidated by their own governments, many of which are allies with the West in the war on terror.
Stvarnost je da civilno društvo, novinari i aktivisti sa jedne strane dolaze pod udar ekstremističkih grupa, a u mnogim zemljama su i pod udarom sopstvene vlade. Viđamo blogere i novinare koje hapse, terete i zastrašuju njihove sopstvene vlade, od kojih su mnogi saveznici Zapada u ratu protiv terora.
Just three examples. A friend and former colleague of mine, Hisham Almiraat, has been charged with threatening state security, along with six other activists in Morocco. The Saudi blogger Raif Badawi has been jailed and flogged for insulting Islam and criticizing the Saudi regime on his blog. More recently, the Turkish representative for Reporters Without Borders, Erol Önderoglu, has been detained and charged with spreading terrorist propaganda, because he and some other activists have been supporting Kurdish media.
Samo tri primera. Mog prijatelja i bivšeg kolegu, Hišama Almirata, optužili su za ugrožavanje državne bezbednosti, zajedno sa šest drugih aktivista u Maroku. Saudijski bloger Rejf Badavi uhapšen je i bičevan zbog vređanja islama i kritikovanja saudijskog režima na svom blogu. Nedavno je turski predstavnik „Reportera bez granica“, Erol Underoglu, pritvoren i optužen zbog širenja terorističke propagande, jer je sa nekim drugim aktivistima podržavao kurdske medije.
Anti-terror measures quickly turn into state repression without strong protection for minority communities and for peaceful debate; this needs to be supported by a robust, independent local media.
Antiterorističke mere se brzo pretvore u represiju države bez jake zaštite za manjinske zajednice i mirnu raspravu, što treba da podrže snažni, nezavisni lokalni mediji.
But while that's not really happening, Washington is teaming up with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood to pour millions -- hundreds of millions of dollars -- into what's called "counter-messaging," a fancy word for propaganda. To counter the terrorist propaganda spreading all over the internet, in Europe, Internet Referral Units are being set up, so that people can report on extremist content that they find and get it censored. The problem is, that all of this propaganda, monitoring and censorship completely fails to make up for the fact that the people who are the most credible voices, who can present credible ideas and alternative solutions to real economic, social and political problems in their community that are causing people to turn to extremism in the first place, are being silenced by their own governments.
Dok se to ne dešava u stvarnosti, Vašington se udružuje sa Silikonskom dolinom i Holivudom da bi donirali milione - stotine miliona dolara - u ono što se naziva „kontraobaveštavanje“, što je nakićena reč za propagandu. Da bi se suprotstavili širenju terorističke propagande po internetu, u Evropi se organizuju jedinice za upućivanje na internetu, tako da ljudi mogu da prijave ekstremistički sadržaj koji pronađu i srede da se cenzuriše. Problem je u tome što čitava ova propaganda, nadgledanje i cenzura sasvim propušta da nadoknadi činjenicu da one ljude koji predstavljaju najverodostojnije glasove, koji mogu predstaviti uverljive ideje i alternativna rešenja za stvarne ekonomske, društvene i političke probleme u svojoj zajednici, koji prvobitno i dovode do toga da se ljudi okrenu ekstremizmu, ućutkuju njihove sopstvene vlade.
This is all adding up to a decrease in freedom across the world. Freedom House, the human rights organization, reports that 2015 marks the 10th straight year in a row of decline in freedom worldwide. And this is not just because of the actions of authoritarian governments. It's also because democratic governments are increasingly cracking down on dissenters, whistle-blowers and investigative journalists. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon has warned that "preventing extremism and promoting human rights go hand-in-hand." It's not to say that governments shouldn't keep us safe -- of course they should -- but we need public oversight, transparency and accountability to the rule of law. Meanwhile, extremists are literally killing off civil society in some countries. Since 2013 in Bangladesh, over a dozen secular bloggers and community activists have been literally slaughtered by extremists while the government has done very little. From the city of Raqqa in Syria, people like Ruqia Hassan and Naji Jerf have been assassinated for their reporting out of ISIS-controlled territory.
Sve ovo doprinosi padu slobode širom sveta. „Kuća slobode“, organizacija za ljudska prava, izveštava da je 2015. godina označila desetu godina zaredom pada u pogledu slobode širom sveta. To nije samo zbog postupaka autoritarnih vlada. To je i zbog demokratskih vlasti koje sve više primenjuju stroge mere prema disidentima, uzbunjivačima i istraživačkim novinarima. Generalni sekretar UN-a Ban Ki-Mun je upozorio da „sprečavanje ekstremizma i promovisanje ljudskih prava idu jedno uz drugo.“ Nije da vlade ne treba da nam pruže bezbednost - naravno da treba - ali nam je potreban javni nadzor, transparentnost i odgovornost vladavine prava. U međuvremenu, ekstremisti bukvalno ubijaju civilno društvo u nekim zemljama. Od 2013. godine u Bangladešu, više od desetine sekularnih blogera i aktivista u zajednici bukvalno su ubili ekstremisti dok je vlada učinila vrlo malo. Iz grada Rake u Siriji, ljudi poput Rakije Hasan i Nadžija Džerfa su ubijeni zbog svog izveštavanja sa teritorije koju kontroliše ISIS.
The citizen media group called Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently relies on strong encryption to send out their reports and shield themselves from interception and surveillance. Yet authorities in countries like the United States, the United Kingdom and many other democracies are seeking to use the law to either weaken or outright ban strong encryption, because the bad guys are using it, too. We have got to fight for the right of citizens to use strong encryption. Otherwise, dissent and investigative journalism are going to become even more difficult in even more places. And the bad guys -- the criminals and terrorists -- are still going to find ways to communicate. Kudos to the companies that are standing up for their users' right to use encryption.
Grupa građanskih medija po imenu „Raku tiho ubijaju“ oslanja se na jaku enkripciju da bi slala svoje izveštaje i zaštitila se od presretanja i nagledanja. Ipak, vlasti u zemljama kao što su Sjedinjene Države, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo i mnoge druge demokratije zahtevaju da se zakon koristi da bi oslabili ili potpuno zabranili snažnu enkripciju, jer je koriste i loši momci. Moramo da se borimo za pravo građana da koriste jaku enkripciju. U suprotnom, neslaganje i istraživačko novinarstvo će postati još teži na još više mesta, a loši momci, kriminalci i teroristi, i dalje će pronalaziti načine da komuniciraju. Pohvale kompanijama koje se zalažu za pravo svojih korisnika da koriste enkripciju.
But when it comes to censorship, the picture is much more troubling. Yes, there's a real problem of extremist content spreading all over the internet. And Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are among the many companies who report having taken down hundreds of thousands of pieces of content and deactivating accounts that are connected to the extremist's speech. The problem is their enforcement mechanisms are a complete black box, and there is collateral damage.
Međutim, kada se radi o cenzuri, slika mnogo više zabrinjava. Da, postoji stvaran problem ekstremističkog sadržaja koji se širi svuda po internetu. Fejsbuk, Jutjub i Tviter spadaju u mnoge kompanije koje izveštavaju da su skinule hiljade sadržina i ugasile naloge koji su povezani sa ekstremističkim govorom. Problem je što su njihovi izvršni mehanizmi baš kao crna kutija i postoji kolateralna šteta.
Take, for example, Iyad el-Baghdadi, an activist who makes fun of ISIS on Twitter. He had his account deactivated, because he shares a surname with a prominent ISIS leader. Last December, a number of women named Isis, which also happens to be the name of an Egyptian goddess, had their accounts deactivated. And this woman, who lives in the United States and is a computer programmer, reported on Twitter about her deactivation on Facebook, managed to get enough media attention to have her account reinstated. But that's the thing -- she had to get media attention. And journalists aren't immune. David Thomson, an expert on terrorism and reporter for Radio France International, had reports deleted from his Facebook account and had his account deactivated for several days, because they contained pictures of ISIS flags, even though he was just reporting on ISIS, not promoting it.
Uzmite, na primer, Ajada Al-Bagdadija, aktivistu koji se podsmeva ISIS-u na Tviteru. Njegov profil je ugašen jer ima isto prezime kao istaknuti vođa ISIS-a. Prošlog decembra su većem broju žena po imenu Isis, što je, uzgred, takođe ime egipatske boginje, ugašeni nalozi. A ova žena koja živi u Sjedinjenim Državama i kompjuterski je programer, ispričala je na Tviteru o gašenju njenog naloga na Fejsbuku i uspela da dobije dovoljno pažnje medija da bi joj nalog bio vraćen. Međutim, u tome je stvar - morala je da zadobije medijsku pažnju. Ni novinari nisu imuni. Dejvid Tompson, stručnjak za terorizam i reporter za Francuski međunarodni radio, imao je izveštaje koji su obrisani sa njegovog naloga na Fejsbuku i nalog mu je ugašen na nekoliko dana, jer su bile sadržane slike zastave ISIS-a, iako je samo izveštavao o ISIS-u, a nije ga promovisao.
And then we have stories from people like this Egyptian man, Ahmed Abdellahy, who reported recently in an event in Washington DC that some of his arguments with extremists -- he now spends his time on social media arguing with ISIS followers, trying to get them to turn away -- some of his arguments with these extremists get deleted, which he believes has the effect of shielding them from alternative points of view.
Zatim imamo priče ljudi kao što je ovaj čovek iz Egipta, Ahmed Abdelahi, koji je nedavno izveštavao o događaju iz Vašingtona da neki od njegovih argumenata pred ekstremistima - on sada provodi vreme na društvenim medijima raspravljajući se sa sledbenicima ISIS-a, pokušavajući da ih odvrati - neki od njegovih argumenata pred tim ekstremistima budu obrisani, za šta on smatra da ima za posledicu da ih štiti od alternativnih stanovišta.
It's unclear whether Facebook even knows the extent of the collateral damage, or the other companies as well. But we do know that journalism, activism and public debate are being silenced in the effort to stamp out extremist speech.
Nije jasno da li je Fejsbuku uopšte poznat opseg kolateralne štete, kao i ostalim kompanijama. Međutim, znamo da se novinarstvo, aktivizam i javne rasprave ućutkuju u nastojanjima da se iskoreni ekstremistički govor.
So with these companies having so much power over the public discourse, they need to be held accountable. They need to carry out impact assessment to identify and fix the problems that we're clearly seeing. They need to be more transparent about their enforcement mechanisms, and they need to have clear appeal and grievance mechanisms, so people can get their content reinstated.
Stoga ove kompanije koje imaju toliko moći nad javnim diskursom treba da snose odgovornost. Potrebno je da sprovedu procenu uticaja da bi identifikovali i rešili probleme koje jasno uviđamo. Potrebno je da budu transparentniji u pogledu svojih izvršnih mehanizama i treba da imaju jasnije mehanizme za ulaganje žalbi i prijavu nepravdi, tako da se ljudima može ponovo postaviti njihov sadržaj.
Now, I've been talking for the last 10 minutes about how governments and companies are making it more difficult for people like these. This is a picture of members of the citizen media network, Global Voices, that I helped to cofound over 10 years ago with my friend, Ethan Zuckerman. Interestingly, about 5 years ago, right after the Arab Spring, the data scientist Gilad Lotan created a network map of the people in Global Voices who were heavy users of Twitter during the Arab Spring. And he found that many of these people served as key information nodes between activists and journalists throughout the Tunisian and Egyptian revolution. We've got to make sure that these people not only survive, but are able to continue to thrive. Many of them are still active, other than the ones who have gone to jail or have been driven into hiding or exile.
Poslednjih deset minuta sam govorila o tome kako vlasti i kompanije otežavaju stvari ljudima poput ovih. Ovo je slika članova mreže građanskih medija, „Globalnih glasova“, kome sam pomogla kao suosnivač pre više od 10 godina sa svojim prijateljem, Itanom Cukermanom. Zanimljivo je da je pre oko pet godina, upravo nakon „arapskog proleća“, stručnjak za nauku podataka Gilad Lotan stvorio mapu mreže ljudi iz „Globalnih glasova“ koji su bili učestali korisnici Tvitera za vreme „arapskog proleća“. Otkrio je da su mnogi od tih ljudi služili kao ključna stecišta informacija između aktivista i novinara tokom tunižanske i egipatske revolucije. Moramo se postarati ne samo da ti ljudi prežive, već i da mogu da nastave da napreduju. Mnogi među njima su i dalje aktivni, osim onih koji su otišli u zatvor ili su proterani u bekstvo ili izgnanstvo.
All around the world, people who are sick and tired of fear and oppression are linking up in their communities and across borders. We've got to do everything we can to push our governments and companies to do a better job of protecting their rights. We've also got to be more mindful about how our own personal, political, consumer and business choices affect people like these around the world. Also, if you follow the news, it's pretty clear that that alone isn't going to be enough. We've got to take personal responsibility by joining -- or at very least, actively supporting -- the growing ecosystem of individuals and groups who are fighting for social justice, environmental sustainability, government accountability, human rights, freedom of the press and a free and open internet, all around the world.
Širom sveta, ljudi kojima je muka od straha i ugnjetavanja povezuju se u svojim zajednicama, kao i van granica. Moramo učiniti sve što možemo da pritisnemo naše vlasti i kompanije da bolje štite njihova prava. Takođe moramo biti svesniji toga kako naši lični, politički, potrošački i poslovni izbori utiču na ovakve ljude širom sveta. Takođe, ako pratite vesti, prilično je jasno da samo to neće biti dovoljno. Moramo lično da preuzmemo odgovornost priključivanjem ili, u najmanju ruku, aktivnim podržavanjem sve većeg ekosistema pojedinaca i grupa koji se bore za društvenu pravdu, održivost životne sredine, odgovornost vlade, ljudska prava, slobodu štampe i slobodan i otvoren internet širom sveta.
I believe that, ultimately, we can overcome the digitally empowered networks of extremism, demagoguery and hate. But ... we've got to do this by really beefing up the global networks of citizens around the world, powered by people who are working hard every day, and taking personal risk for a future world that is more peaceful, just, open and free.
Verujem da, naposletku, možemo savladati digitalno osnažene mreže ekstremizma, demagogije i mržnje. Međutim, moramo to da uradimo tako što ćemo zaista pojačati globalne mreže građana širom sveta koje pokreću ljudi koji vredno rade svakog dana i lično preuzimaju rizik radi sveta budućnosti koji je mirniji, pravedniji, otvoreniji i slobodniji.
Thanks very much for listening.
Mnogo vam hvala što ste saslušali.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)