I want to share with you some ideas about the secret power of time, in a very short time.
Želim sa vama da podelim ideje o tajnoj moći vremena, i neću vam oduzeti puno vremena.
Video: All right, start the clock please. 30 seconds studio. Keep it quiet please. Settle down. It's about time. End sequence. Take one. 15 seconds studio. 10, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two ...
Video: U redu, počnite odbrojavanje molim. 30 sekundi, studio. Tišina, molim. Smirite se. Krajnje je vreme. Završna scena. Pokušaj prvi. 15 sekundi, studio. 10, devet, osam, sedam, šest, pet, četiri, tri, dva ...
Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation of the principals in Adam's temptation. "Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy. Take a bite." "I did." "One bite, Adam. Don't abandon Eve." "I don't know, guys. I don't want to get in trouble." "Okay. One bite. What the hell?" (Laughter)
Filip Zimbardo: Uključimo se u razgovor o osnovama Adamovog iskušenja. Hajde Adame, ne budi tako hoću-neću. Zagrizi. Ja jesam. Jedan griz, Adame. Ne napuštaj Evu. Ne znam baš, ljudi. Ne bih da upadnem u nevolju. 'Aj važi. Samo griz. Šta je kog đavola važno? (Smeh)
Life is temptation. It's all about yielding, resisting, yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective, present focus and future focus. Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.
Život je iskušenje. Sve je u popuštanju, opiranju, da, ne, sada, kasnije, impulsivno, promišljeno, fokus na sadašnjosti, fokus na budućnosti. Obećane vrline postaju žrtve trenutnih strasti.
Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage -- thank you George Bush -- the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year. And most of them did so without using birth control. So much for promises.
Među tinejdžerkama koje su se zavetovale na apstinenciju i nevinost pre braka -- hvala Džordžu Bušu -- većina, 60 procenata, je poklekla pred seksualnim iskušenjem u roku od godinu dana. Većina je to uradila bez korišćenja kontracepcije. Toliko o obećanjima.
Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat. They can have one marshmallow now. But if they wait until the experimenter comes back, they can have two. Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait. What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation. They cannot wait. The others, of course, wait. They resist the temptation. They delay the now for later.
Hajde da sada stavimo pred iskušenje četvorogodišnjake, dajući im poslasticu. Mogu da dobiju jednu puslicu sada. Ali, ako čekaju dok se eksperimentator ne vrati, mogu da dobiju dve. Naravno da se isplati čekati, ako volite puslice. Rezultat je da dve trećine dece podlegne iskušenju. Ne mogu da čekaju. Ostali, naravno, čekaju. Odupiru se iskušenju. Odlažu sada za kasnije.
Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford, went back 14 years later, to try to discover what was different about those kids. There were enormous differences between kids who resisted and kids who yielded, in many ways. The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT. That's enormous. That's like a whole set of different IQ points. They didn't get in as much trouble. They were better students. They were self-confident and determined. And the key for me today, the key for you, is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.
Volter Mišel, kolega sa Stenforda, vratio se posle 14 godina, pokušavajući da otkrije po čemu se ta deca razlikuju. Bilo je ogromnih razlika između dece koja su se oduprla i dece koja su podlegla iskušenju, u više karakteristika. Deca koja su se oduprla postigla su 250 poena više na SAT testu za prijem na studije. To je ogromna razlika. Radi se o potpuno drugom nivou IQ poena. Manje su upadala u nevolje. Bila su bolji đaci. Bila su samopouzdana i odlučna. A od posebnog značaja za mene danas, i značajno za vas, bila su orjentisana na budućnost umesto orjentisana na sadašnjost.
So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today. Time perspective is the study of how individuals, all of us, divide the flow of your human experience into time zones or time categories. And you do it automatically and non-consciously. They vary between cultures, between nations, between individuals, between social classes, between education levels. And the problem is that they can become biased, because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.
Pa šta je to vremenska perspektiva? O tome ću danas pričati. Vremenska perspektiva je istraživanje toga kako pojedinci, svi mi, delimo tok ljudskog iskustva u vremenske zone ili kategorije vremena. To činimo automatski, nesvesno. Ima razlika među kulturama, među narodima, među pojedincima, među socijalnim slojevima, među ljudima različitog obrazovanja. A problem je u tome što mogu postati pristrasne. Jer naučimo da previše koristimo neke od njih a premalo druge.
What determines any decision you make? You make a decision on which you're going to base an action. For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation, what other people are doing and what you're feeling. And those people, when they make their decisions in that format -- we're going to call them "present-oriented," because their focus is what is now.
Šta određuje bilo koju odluku koju donosite? Donesete odluku, na osnovu koje delate. Za neke ljude sve je u neposrednoj situaciji, onome što drugi ljudi rade i onome kako se osećate. Ti ljudi, kada donose odluke na taj način -- njih ćemo zvati „orijentisani na sadašnjost“. Jer njihov fokus je na onome što je sada.
For others, the present is irrelevant. It's always about "What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?" So that their decisions are based on past memories. And we're going to call those people "past-oriented," because they focus on what was.
Za druge, sadašnjost je nebitna. Njima je važno „Kako je ova situacija slična onome što sam doživeo u prošlosti?“. Stoga su njihove odluke zasnovane na prošlim sećanjima. Ove ljude ćemo zvati „orijentisani na prošlost“. Jer oni se fokusiraju na ono što je bilo.
For others it's not the past, it's not the present, it's only about the future. Their focus is always about anticipated consequences. Cost-benefit analysis. We're going to call them "future-oriented." Their focus is on what will be.
Za druge, nije važna prošlost, nije važna sadašnjost, važna je samo budućnost. Njihov fokus je uvek na očekivanim posledicama. Analiza troškova i koristi. Zvaćemo ih „orijentisani na budućnost“. Njihov fokus je na onome što će biti.
So, time paradox, I want to argue, the paradox of time perspective, is something that influences every decision you make, you're totally unaware of. Namely, the extent to which you have one of these biased time perspectives. Well there is actually six of them. There are two ways to be present-oriented. There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future. You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative. You can be present-hedonistic, namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist -- it doesn't matter, your life is controlled. You can be future-oriented, setting goals. Or you can be transcendental future: namely, life begins after death. Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly depending on the demands of the situation, that's what you've got to learn to do.
Tako da, paradoks vremena, tvrdim, paradoks vremenske perspektive, je nešto što utiče na svaku odluku koju donosite, a čega ste potpuno nesvesni. Konkretno, do koje mere je usvojena jedna od ovih pristrasnih vremenskih perspektiva. Pa, zapravo ih ima šest. Dva su načina da se bude orijentisan na sadašnjost. Dva su načina da se bude orijentisan na prošlost, dva načina za budućnost. Možete biti fokusirani na pozitivnu prošlost ili negativnu prošlost. Možete biti hedonista sadašnjice, konkretno, fokusirani na uživanje u životu, ili fatalista sadašnjice. Nije toliko važno. Vaš život je kontrolisan. Možete biti orijentisani na budućnost, na postavljanje ciljeva. Ili možete transcendirati budućnost: konkretno, da život počinje nakon smrti. Razvijanje mentalne fleksibilnosti za lako menjanje vremenske perspektive u zavisnosti od zahteva situacije, to je ono što morate da naučite.
So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile? High on past-positive. Moderately high on future. And moderate on present-hedonism. And always low on past-negative and present-fatalism. So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past -- past-positive gives you roots. You connect your family, identity and your self. What you get from the future is wings to soar to new destinations, new challenges. What you get from the present hedonism is the energy, the energy to explore yourself, places, people, sensuality.
Ukratko, šta je optimalni vremenski profil? Visoko na pozitivnoj prošlosti. Umereno visoko na budućnosti. I umereno na hedonističkoj sadašnjosti. I uvek nisko na negativnoj prošlosti i fatalističkoj sadašnjosti. Tako je optimalni vremenski miks ono što dobijate od prošlosti -- pozitivna prošlost daje korene. Uspostavljate vezu sa porodicom, identitetom i sopstvom. Budućnost vam daje krila da hrlite ka novim odredištima, novim izazovima. Hedonistička sadašnjost daje energiju da istražujete sebe, mesta, ljude, senzualnost.
Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives. What do futures sacrifice for success? They sacrifice family time. They sacrifice friend time. They sacrifice fun time. They sacrifice personal indulgence. They sacrifice hobbies. And they sacrifice sleep. So it affects their health. And they live for work, achievement and control. I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters. (Laughter)
Svaka vremenska perspektiva kada je preterana ima više negativnih nego pozitivnih strana. Šta „futuristi“ žrtvuju zarad uspeha? Žrtvuju vreme sa porodicom. Žrtvuju vreme sa prijateljima. Žrtvuju razonodu. Žrtvuju ugađanje sebi. Žrtvuju hobije. I žrtvuju san. Tako da utiče na njihovo zdravlje. I oni žive za posao, postignuće i kontrolu. Siguran sam da to zvuči poznato nekim od TEDstera. (Smeh)
And it resonated for me. I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto, a Sicilian family -- everyone lived in the past and present. I'm here as a future-oriented person who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented. Told me don't eat that marshmallow, because if you wait you're going to get two of them, until I learned to balance out. I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive, so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive, and I'm happier than I have ever been.
I meni je ta perspektiva bliska. Odrastao sam kao siromašno dete u getu južnog Bronksa, u sicilijanskoj porodici. Svi su živeli u prošlosti i sadašnjosti. A evo mene kao osobe orjentisane na budućnost koja preteruje, koja se toliko žrtvovala jer su se nastavnici umešali i orijentisali me na budućnost. Rekli su mi ne jedi taj beli slez, jer ako sačekaš dobićeš dva, sve dok nisam naučio da izvagam stvari. Dodao sam hedonizam u sadašnjosti. Dodao sam fokus na pozitivnu prošlost. Tako da sa 76 godina, imam više energije nego ikada, produktivniji sam i srećniji nego što sam ikada bio.
I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems: changing the drop-out rates of school kids, combating addictions, enhancing teen health, curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors -- getting miracle cures -- promoting sustainability and conservation, reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate, altering appeals to suicidal terrorists, and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.
Samo hoću da kažem da primenjujemo ovo gledište na mnoge svetske probleme, na smanjenje broja dece koja napuštaju školu, na borbu protiv zavisnosti, unapređenje zdravlja adolescenata, lečenje posttraumatskog stresnog sindroma veterana pomoću vremenskih metafora -- dobijamo magična izlečenja -- u promociji održivosti i očuvanja, za smanjenje fizikalne rehabilitacije gde je stopa odustajanja 50 procenata, promenu apela za teroriste samoubice, i uticaj na porodične konflikte kada dođe do sukoba vremenskih zona.
So I want to end by saying: many of life's puzzles can be solved by understanding your time perspective and that of others. And the idea is so simple, so obvious, but I think the consequences are really profound. Thank you so much. (Applause)
Na kraju ću reći da je mnoge životne zagonetke moguće rešiti kroz razumevanje vremenske perspektive, kako sopstvene, tako i drugih. Sama ideja je vrlo jednostavna, očigledna, ali mislim da su posledice stvarno duboke. Puno vam hvala. (Aplauz)