Jeg vil dele med jer nogle idéer om tidens hemmelige magt på meget kort tid.
I want to share with you some ideas about the secret power of time, in a very short time.
Video: OK, start uret, tak. 30 sekunder, studie. Vær stille, tak. Fald til ro. "It's about time." Sidste sekvens. Optagelse et. 15 sekunder, studie. 10, ni, otte, syv, seks, fem, fire, tre, to ...
Video: All right, start the clock please. 30 seconds studio. Keep it quiet please. Settle down. It's about time. End sequence. Take one. 15 seconds studio. 10, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two ...
Philip Zimbardo: Lad os stille ind på samtalen mellem hovedpersonerne i Adams fristelse. "Kom nu Adam, vær nu ikke så pjattet. Tag en bid." "Det gjorde jeg." "Én bid, Adam. Svigt ikke Eva." "Jeg ved ikke, gutter. Jeg vil ikke have problemer." "Okay. Et bid. Hvad pokker?" (Latter)
Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation of the principals in Adam's temptation. "Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy. Take a bite." "I did." "One bite, Adam. Don't abandon Eve." "I don't know, guys. I don't want to get in trouble." "Okay. One bite. What the hell?" (Laughter)
Livet er fristelse. Det handler altid om at give efter, modstå, ja, nej, nu, senere, impulsiv, reflektiv, nutidsfokus og fremtidsfokus. Lovede dyder bliver ofre for øjeblikkets lyster.
Life is temptation. It's all about yielding, resisting, yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective, present focus and future focus. Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.
Af teenagepiger, der pålagde sig seksuel afholdelse og jomfruelighed før ægteskab -- tak, George Bush -- gav størstedelen, 60 procent, efter for seksuel fristelse inden for ét år. Og de fleste af dem gjorde det uden at bruge prævention. Så meget for løfter.
Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage -- thank you George Bush -- the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year. And most of them did so without using birth control. So much for promises.
Lad os nu friste fireårige ved at give dem en godte. De må få én skumfidus nu. Men hvis de venter til forsøgslederen kommer tilbage, får de to. Selvfølgelig betaler det sig, hvis man kan lide skumfiduser, at vente. Det der sker, er, at to tredjedele af børnene giver efter for fristelse. De kan ikke vente. De andre venter selvfølgelig. De modstår fristelse. De udsætter nuet til senere.
Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat. They can have one marshmallow now. But if they wait until the experimenter comes back, they can have two. Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait. What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation. They cannot wait. The others, of course, wait. They resist the temptation. They delay the now for later.
Walter Mischell, min kollega på Stanford, tog tilbage 14 år senere for at finde ud af, hvad der var forskelligt ved de børn. Der var enorme forskelle mellem børn, der modstod, og børn, der gav efter, på mange måder. Børnene, der modstod, scorede 250 point højere på SAT'en (skole-evalueringstest). Det er enormt. Det er som et helt andet sæt af IQ-point. De fik ikke så mange problemer. De var bedre elever. De var selvsikre og beslutsomme. Og nøglen for mig i dag, nøglen for jer, er, at de var fremtidsfokuserede i stedet for nutidsfokuserede.
Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford, went back 14 years later, to try to discover what was different about those kids. There were enormous differences between kids who resisted and kids who yielded, in many ways. The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT. That's enormous. That's like a whole set of different IQ points. They didn't get in as much trouble. They were better students. They were self-confident and determined. And the key for me today, the key for you, is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.
Så hvad er tidsperspektiv? Det er det, jeg vil tale om i dag. Tidsperspektiv er studiet af, hvordan individer, os alle, deler strømmen af deres menneskeerfaring ind i tidszoner eller tidskategorier. Og man gør det automatisk og ubevidst. De varierer mellem kulturer, mellem nationer, mellem individer, mellem sociale klasser, mellem uddannelsesniveauer. Og problemet er, at de kan blive forudindtagede, fordi man lærer at over-bruge nogle af dem og under-bruge de andre.
So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today. Time perspective is the study of how individuals, all of us, divide the flow of your human experience into time zones or time categories. And you do it automatically and non-consciously. They vary between cultures, between nations, between individuals, between social classes, between education levels. And the problem is that they can become biased, because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.
Hvad bestemmer enhver beslutning man tager? Man tager en beslutning, på hvilken man vil basere en handling. For nogle handler det kun om, hvad der sker i den umiddelbare situation, hvad andre folk laver, og hvad man føler. Og de folk, når de foretager deres beslutninger i det format -- vil vi kalde "nutidsorienterede," fordi deres fokus er det, der er nu.
What determines any decision you make? You make a decision on which you're going to base an action. For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation, what other people are doing and what you're feeling. And those people, when they make their decisions in that format -- we're going to call them "present-oriented," because their focus is what is now.
For andre er nutiden irrelevant. Det handler altid om "Hvad ligner denne situation, som jeg har oplevet tidligere?" Så deres beslutninger bliver baseret på tidligere minder. Og vi vil kalde de mennesker "fortidsorienterede," fordi de fokuserer på det der var.
For others, the present is irrelevant. It's always about "What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?" So that their decisions are based on past memories. And we're going to call those people "past-oriented," because they focus on what was.
For andre er det ikke fortiden, det er ikke nutiden, det handler kun om fremtiden. Deres fokus er altid på forventede konsekvenser. Nytteværdiberegning. Vi vil kalde dem "fremtidsorienterede." Deres fokus er på det, der vil komme.
For others it's not the past, it's not the present, it's only about the future. Their focus is always about anticipated consequences. Cost-benefit analysis. We're going to call them "future-oriented." Their focus is on what will be.
Så tidsparadoks, vil jeg argumentere for, tidsperspektivets paradoks, er noget, der påvirker enhver beslutning, man tager, som man er fuldstændig uvidende om. Nemlig i hvilket omfang man har et af disse forudindtagede tidsperspektiver. Altså, der er faktisk seks af dem. Der er to måder at være nutidsorienterede. Der er to måder at være fortids-orienterede, to måder at være fremtid. Man kan fokusere på positiv fortid eller negativ fortid. Man kan være nutidshedonistisk, nemlig at man fokuserer på lives glæder, eller nutidsfatalist -- det er lige meget, ens liv bliver styret. Man kan være fremtidsorienteret, sætte sig mål. Eller man kan være transcendental fremtid: nemlig at livet begynder efter døden. At udvikle den mentale fleksibilitet til at skifte tidsperspektiv flydende afhænger af situationens krav, det er det, man må lære at gøre.
So, time paradox, I want to argue, the paradox of time perspective, is something that influences every decision you make, you're totally unaware of. Namely, the extent to which you have one of these biased time perspectives. Well there is actually six of them. There are two ways to be present-oriented. There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future. You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative. You can be present-hedonistic, namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist -- it doesn't matter, your life is controlled. You can be future-oriented, setting goals. Or you can be transcendental future: namely, life begins after death. Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly depending on the demands of the situation, that's what you've got to learn to do.
Så, meget hurtigt, hvad er den optimale tidsprofil? Høj på positiv fortid. Moderat høj på fremtid. Og moderat på nutidshedonistisk. Og altid lav på negativ fortid og nutidsfatalisme. Så den optimale tidsmæssige blanding er det, man får fra fortiden -- positiv fortid giver en rødder. Man forbinder sin familie, identitet og sig selv. Det, man får fra fremtiden, er vinger til at svæve til nye destinationer, nye udfordringer. Det, man får fra nutidshedonisme, er energien, energien til at udforske sig selv, steder, folk, sensualitet.
So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile? High on past-positive. Moderately high on future. And moderate on present-hedonism. And always low on past-negative and present-fatalism. So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past -- past-positive gives you roots. You connect your family, identity and your self. What you get from the future is wings to soar to new destinations, new challenges. What you get from the present hedonism is the energy, the energy to explore yourself, places, people, sensuality.
Ethvert tidsperspektiv, der bliver overdrevet, har flere negative end positive sider. Hvad ofrer fremtidsorienterede for succes? De ofrer familietid. De ofrer tid med vennerne. De ofrer tid til sjov. De ofrer personlig nydelse. De ofrer hobbyer. Og de ofrer søvn. Så det påvirker deres helbred. Og de lever for arbejde, præstation og kontrol. Jeg er sikker på, det vækker genklang hos nogle af TEDsterne. (Latter)
Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives. What do futures sacrifice for success? They sacrifice family time. They sacrifice friend time. They sacrifice fun time. They sacrifice personal indulgence. They sacrifice hobbies. And they sacrifice sleep. So it affects their health. And they live for work, achievement and control. I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters. (Laughter)
Og det gjorde det for mig. Jeg voksede op som et fattigt barn i South Bronx' ghetto, en siciliansk familie -- alle levede i fortiden og nutiden. Jeg er her som fremtidsorienteret person, der nåede toppen, der ofrede alle disse ting, fordi lærere blandede sig og gjorde mig fremtidsorienteret. Sagde at jeg ikke skulle spise den skumfidus, for hvis du venter, får du to af dem, indtil jeg lærte at udligne. Jeg har tilføjet nutidshedonisme, jeg har tilføjet et fokus på positiv fortid, så som 76 år gammel er jeg mere energisk end nogensinde, mere produktiv, og jeg er lykkeligere, end jeg nogensinde har været.
And it resonated for me. I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto, a Sicilian family -- everyone lived in the past and present. I'm here as a future-oriented person who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented. Told me don't eat that marshmallow, because if you wait you're going to get two of them, until I learned to balance out. I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive, so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive, and I'm happier than I have ever been.
Jeg vil bare sige, at vi udnytter dette til mange verdensproblemer: ændre frafaldsprocenten for skolebørn, bekæmpe afhængighed, forbedre teenagesundhed, kurere veteraners PTSD (posttraumatiske reaktioner) med tidsmetaforer -- få mirakelkure -- fremme bæredygtighed og bevarelse, reducere fysisk genoptræning, hvor der er 50-procent frafald, ændre appeller til selvmorderiske terrorister og ændre familiekonflikter som tidszone-sammenstød.
I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems: changing the drop-out rates of school kids, combating addictions, enhancing teen health, curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors -- getting miracle cures -- promoting sustainability and conservation, reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate, altering appeals to suicidal terrorists, and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.
Så jeg vil slutte af med at sige: mange af livets gåder kan blive løst ved at forstå ens tidsperspektiv og andres. Så idéen er så simpel, så selvindlysende, men jeg tror, konsekvenserne virkelig er dybtgående. Mange tak. (Bifald)
So I want to end by saying: many of life's puzzles can be solved by understanding your time perspective and that of others. And the idea is so simple, so obvious, but I think the consequences are really profound. Thank you so much. (Applause)