A fact came out of MIT, couple of years ago. Ken Hale, who's a linguist, said that of the 6,000 languages spoken on Earth right now, 3,000 aren't spoken by the children. So that in one generation, we're going to halve our cultural diversity. He went on to say that every two weeks, an elder goes to the grave carrying the last spoken word of that culture. So an entire philosophy, a body of knowledge about the natural world that had been empirically gleaned over centuries, goes away. And this happens every two weeks.
Jedna činjenica je potekla sa MIT-a pre nekoliko godina. Ken Hejl, lingvista, rekao je da od 6 000 jezika koji se sada govore na Zemlji, deca već ne govore 3 000. Samo u jednoj generaciji prepolovićemo kulturnu raznolikost. Dalje je rekao da svake dve nedelje neko stariji umire odnoseći u grob zadnju izgovorenu reč svoje kulture. Tako celokupna filozofija, korpus znanja o prirodi koja su iskustveno prikupljana vekovima, nestaje. Ovo se dešava svake dve nedelje.
So for the last 20 years, since my dental experience, I have been traveling the world and coming back with stories about some of these people. What I'd like to do right now is share some of those stories with you. This is Tamdin. She is a 69-year-old nun. She was thrown in prison in Tibet for two years for putting up a little tiny placard protesting the occupation of her country. And when I met her, she had just taken a walk over the Himalayas from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, into Nepal, across to India -- 30 days -- to meet her leader, the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama lives in Dharamsala, India. So I took this picture three days after she arrived, and she had this beat-up pair of tennis shoes on, with her toes sticking out. And she crossed in March, and there's a lot of snow at 18,500 feet in March.
U poslednjih dvadeset godina, otkad nisam zubar, putujem svetom i vraćam se sa pričama o ovim ljudima. Sada bih voleo da podelim neke priče sa vama. Ovo je Tamdin. Ona je 69-ogodišnja monahinja. Bila je dve godine u zatvoru u Tibetu zbog postavljanja nekog malog plakata u znak protesta zbog okupacije njene zemlje. Kad sam je sreo, ona je upravo započela pešačenje preko Himalaja iz Lase, glavnog grada Tibeta, u Nepal, pa u Indiju, za trideset dana, da bi se srela sa Dalaj Lamom, njenim vođom. Dalaj Lama živi u Indiji, u Daramsali. Slikao sam je tri dana posle njenog dolaska, nosila je izlizane patike iz kojih joj je virio palac. Prelazila je u martu, kada još uvek ima mnogo snega na visini od 5 600 metara.
This is Paldin. Paldin is a 62-year-old monk. And he spent 33 years in prison. His whole monastery was thrown into prison at the time of the uprising, when the Dalai Lama had to leave Tibet. And he was beaten, starved, tortured -- lost all his teeth while in prison. And when I met him, he was a kind gentle old man. And it really impressed me -- I met him two weeks after he got out of prison -- that he went through that experience, and ended up with the demeanor that he had.
Ovo je Paldin. On je 62-godišnji monah. Proveo je u zatvoru 33 godine. Ceo samostan su strpali u zatvor tokom ustanka, kada je Dalaj Lama morao da napusti Tibet. Tukli su ga, izgladnjivali, mučili su ga i izgubio je sve zube u zatvoru. Kad sam ga sreo, bio je ljubazan i blag starac. Stvarno me je to impresioniralo - upoznao sam ga dve nedelje po njegovom izlasku iz zatvora - to što je pošao kroz to iskustvo, i da je na kraju imao takvo držanje.
So I was in Dharamsala meeting these people, and I'd spent about five weeks there, and I was hearing these similar stories of these refugees that had poured out of Tibet into Dharamsala. And it just so happened, on the fifth week, there was a public teaching by the Dalai Lama. And I was watching this crowd of monks and nuns, many of which I had just interviewed, and heard their stories, and I watched their faces, and they gave us a little FM radio, and we could listen to the translation of his teachings. And what he said was: treat your enemies as if they were precious jewels, because it's your enemies that build your tolerance and patience on the road to your enlightenment. That hit me so hard, telling these people that had been through this experience.
Sve ove ljude sam upoznao u Daramsali gde sam proveo oko pet nedelja i slušao slične priče izbeglica koje su pobegle iz Tibeta u Daramsalu. Tokom pete nedelje mog boravka tamo Dalaj Lama je održao javno predavanje. Gledao sam masu monaha i monahinja, od kojih sam mnoge upravo intervjuisao i čuo njihove priče, gledao sam njihova lica, a dali su nam mali radio i mogli smo slušati prevod njegovih predavanja. Evo šta je rekao: "Postupaj sa svojim neprijateljima kao sa dragocenim blagom, jer upravo oni grade put tvoje tolerancije i strpljenja na putu do prosvetljenja." Snažno me je pogodio što to govori ljudima koji su mnogo toga preživeli.
So, two months later, I went into Tibet, and I started interviewing the people there, taking my photographs. That's what I do. I interview and do portraits. And this is a little girl. I took her portrait up on top of the Jokhang Temple. And I'd snuck in -- because it's totally illegal to have a picture of the Dalai Lama in Tibet -- it's the quickest way you can get arrested. So I snuck in a bunch of little wallet-sized pictures of the Dalai Lama, and I would hand them out. And when I gave them to the people, they'd either hold them to their heart, or they'd hold them up to their head and just stay there. And this is -- well, at the time -- I did this 10 years ago -- that was 36 years after the Dalai Lama had left.
Dva meseca kasnije otišao sam u Tibet i počeo sam da intervjuišem i da slikam tamošnje ljude. Time se bavim. Intervjuišem i fotografišem portrete. Ovo je jedna mala devojčica. Slikao sam je na vrhu hrama Jokhang. Ušunjao sam se - jer je potpuno nezakonito imati sliku Dalaj Lame u Tibetu - to je najbrži način da vas uhapse. Tajno sam uneo gomilu sličica Dalaj Lame i podelio im. Kada sam ih davao ljudima, oni bi sličicu prigrlili na srce ili pridigli do glave i ostali tako. Ovo sam radio pre deset godina, 36 godina nakon odlaska Dalaj Lame.
So I was going in, interviewing these people and doing their portraits. This is Jigme and her sister, Sonam. And they live up on the Chang Tang, the Tibetan Plateau, way in the western part of the country. This is at 17,000 feet. And they had just come down from the high pastures, at 18,000 feet. Same thing: gave her a picture, she held it up to her forehead. And I usually hand out Polaroids when I do these, because I'm setting up lights, and checking my lights, and when I showed her her Polaroid, she screamed and ran into her tent.
Intervjuisao sam ih i radio njihove portrete. Ovo je Džigme i njena sestra Sonam. Žive na tibetanskom platou, u Čang Tangu, u zapadnom delu zemlje. Tu je visina 5 200 metara. Taman su sišle sa pašnjaka sa visine od 5 600 metara. Uradio sam isto: dao joj sliku, a ona ju je podigla do svog čela. Obično sam delio slike iz Polaroida jer na njemu podešavam svetlo i proveravam osvetljenje, a kada sam joj pokazao Polaroid, vrisnula je i pobegla u šator.
This is Tenzin Gyatso; he was found to be the Buddha of Compassion at the age of two, out in a peasant's house, way out in the middle of nowhere. At the age of four, he was installed as the 14th Dalai Lama. As a teenager, he faced the invasion of his country, and had to deal with it -- he was the leader of the country. Eight years later, when they discovered there was a plot to kill him, they dressed him up like a beggar and snuck him out of the country on horseback, and took the same trip that Tamdin did. And he's never been back to his country since. And if you think about this man, 46 years later, still sticking to this non-violent response to a severe political and human rights issue. And the young people, young Tibetans, are starting to say, listen, this doesn't work. You know, violence as a political tool is all the rage right now. And he still is holding this line. So this is our icon to non-violence in our world -- one of our living icons.
Ovo je Tenzin Gijatso. Sa dve godine proglašen je za Samilosnog Budu, u jednoj seljačkoj kući usred nedođije. Sa četiri godine proglašen je za 14. Dalaj Lamu. Kao tinejdžer, suočio se sa invazijom svoje zemlje. Morao je da se bavi time, bio je vođa zemlje. Osam godina kasnije, kada su otkrili da postoji zavera da ga ubiju, obukli su ga kao prosjaka, iskrali ga iz zemlje na konju i prošli su putem kojim je išla i Tamdin. Od tada se nije vraćao u svoju zemlju. Ako razmislite o ovom čoveku, 46 godina kasnije, on se još uvek drži principa nenasilnog odgovora po pitanju politike i ljudskih prava. Mladi ljudi, mladi Tibetanci, govore da to ne valja. Nasilje, kao političko oruđe, sada besni. A on se još uvek drži svog puta. Ovo je ikona nenasilja u našem svetu, jedna od živih ikona.
This is another leader of his people. This is Moi. This is in the Ecuadorian Amazon. And Moi is 35 years old. And this area of the Ecuadorian Amazon -- oil was discovered in 1972. And in this period of time -- since that time -- as much oil, or twice as much oil as was spilled in the Exxon Valdez accident, was spilled in this little area of the Amazon, and the tribes in this area have constantly had to move. And Moi belongs to the Huaorani tribe, and they're known as very fierce, they're known as "auca." And they've managed to keep out the seismologists and the oil workers with spears and blowguns. And we spent -- I was with a team -- two weeks with these guys out in the jungle watching them hunt. This was on a monkey hunt, hunting with curare-tipped darts. And the knowledge that these people have about the natural environment is incredible. They could hear things, smell things, see things I couldn't see. And I couldn't even see the monkeys that they were getting with these darts.
Ovo je još jedan vođa. Ovo je Moi, u Ekvadorskom Amazonu. On ima 35 godina. Na ovom području Ekvadorskog Amazona 1972. godine je pronađena nafta. Od tada, duplo više nafte se prolilo na ovom malom području Amazona nego prilikom nesreće sa tankerom Ekson Valdez. Plemena od tada stalno moraju da se sele. Moi pripada plemenu Huarani koje je poznato kao žestoko, kao "aka." Uspeli su da odbiju seizmologe i naftaše kopljima i strelicama. Proveo sam, proveli smo kao tim, dve nedelje sa ovim momcima u džungli i gledali smo kako love. Ovo je bio lov na majmune sa strelicama sa otrovnim vrhom. Znanje ovih ljudi o prirodnom okruženju je neverovatno. Oni mogu da čuju, nanjuše, vide stvari koje ja nisam mogao. Čak nisam mogao ni da vidim majmune koje su ubili ovim strelama. Ovo je Jadira,
This is Yadira, and Yadira is five years old. She's in a tribe that's neighboring the Huaorani. And her tribe has had to move three times in the last 10 years because of the oil spills. And we never hear about that. And the latest infraction against these people is, as part of Plan Colombia, we're spraying Paraquat or Round Up, whatever it is -- we're defoliating thousands of acres of the Ecuadorian Amazon in our war on drugs. And these people are the people who take the brunt of it.
ima pet godina. Ona je u susedstvu plemena Huarani. Njeno pleme je moralo da se seli tri puta u poslednjih deset godina zbog naftnih izlivanja. Mi za to nismo čuli. Prekršaj protiv ovih ljudi je što, kao deo plana Kolumbija, prosipamo herbicide, uništavamo lišće na hiljadama ari Ekvadorskog Amazona u ratu protiv droge. Najveći teret podnose ovi ljudi. Ovo je Mengatui.
This is Mengatoue. He's the shaman of the Huaorani, and he said to us, you know, I'm an older man now; I'm getting tired, you know; I'm tired of spearing these oil workers. I wish they would just go away. And I was -- I usually travel alone when I do my work, but I did this -- I hosted a program for Discovery, and when I went down with the team, I was quite concerned about going in with a whole bunch of people, especially into the Huaorani, deep into the Huaorani tribe. And as it turned out, these guys really taught me a thing or two about blending in with the locals. (Laughter)
On je Huarani šaman i rekao nam je da je sada stariji čovek, zamara se, zamara ga gađanje naftaša. Voleo bi da oni odu. Mada obično putujem sam, jednom sam bio voditelj programa na Diskaveriju, i dok smo putovali sa ekipom, bio sam zabrinut što vodim toliko ljudi kod Huarana, duboko u njihovo pleme. Kako se ispostavilo na kraju, ovi momci su me naučili kako da se uklopim sa meštanima. (Smeh)
One of the things I did just before 9/11 -- August of 2001 -- I took my son, Dax, who was 16 at the time, and I took him to Pakistan. Because at first I wanted -- you know, I've taken him on a couple of trips, but I wanted him to see people that live on a dollar a day or less. I wanted him to get an experience in the Islamic world and I also wanted him to -- I was going there to work with a group, do a story on a group called the Kalash, that are a group of animists, 3,000 animists, that live -- very small area -- surrounded by Islam -- there's 3,000 of these Kalash left; they're incredible people. So it was a great experience for him. He stayed up all night with them, drumming and dancing. And he brought a soccer ball, and we had soccer every night in this little village.
Evo šta sam uradio baš pre 11. septembra, u avgustu 2001. Poveo sam svog sina Deksa, koji je tad imao 16 godina, sa sobom u Pakistan. Prvo sam hteo, vodio sam ga već na nekoliko putovanja, ali hteo sam da vidi ljude koji žive sa dolarom ili manje dnevno. Hteo sam da stekne iskustvo o islamskom svetu a hteo sam takođe, radio sam tamo u grupi, da napravim priču o Kalašima, to je grupa od 3 000 animista koji žive na vrlo malom području okruženi islamom, ostalo je 3 000 Kalaša, neverovatni su ljudi. Njemu je to bilo sjajno iskustvo. Ostajao je sa njima cele noći svirajući bubnjeve i plešući. Poneo je i fudbalsku loptu pa smo igrali fubal svake večeri u ovom malom selu.
And then we went up and met their shaman. By the way, Mengatoue was the shaman of his tribe as well. And this is John Doolikahn, who's the shaman of the Kalash. And he's up in the mountains, right on the border with Afghanistan. In fact, on that other side is the area, Tora Bora, the area where Osama bin Laden's supposed to be. This is the tribal area. And we watched and stayed with John Doolikahn. And the shaman -- I did a whole series on shamanism, which is an interesting phenomenon. But around the world, they go into trance in different ways, and in Pakistan, the way they do it is they burn juniper leaves and they sacrifice an animal, pour the blood of the animal on the leaves and then inhale the smoke. And they're all praying to the mountain gods as they go into trance.
Onda smo pošli gore i upoznali šamana. Uzgred, Mengatui je bio šaman i svog plemena. Ovo je Džon Dulikan, šaman Kalaša. On je gore u planinama na granici sa Afganistanom. Sa druge strane je, u stvari, Tora Bora, područje gde je boravio Osama bin Laden. To je plemensko područje. Posmatrali smo i ostali tu sa Džonom Dulikanom. A šaman, uradio sam celu seriju o šamanizmu, što je vrlo zanimljiva pojava. Širom sveta oni padaju u trans na različite načine, a u Pakistanu tako što pale lišće kleke i žrtvuju životinju, prosipaju krv životinje po lišću i udišu taj dim. Svi se mole bogovima planine i padaju u trans.
You know, getting kids used to different realities, I think, is so important. What Dan Dennett said the other day -- having a curriculum where they study different religions, just to make a mental flexibility, give them a mental flexibility in different belief systems -- I think this is so necessary in our world today as you see these clash of beliefs taking place. And all the security issues they cause us. So, one thing we did five years ago: we started a program that links kids in indigenous communities with kids in the United States. So we first hooked up a spot in the Navajo Nation with a classroom in Seattle. We now have 15 sites. We have one in Kathmandu, Nepal; Dharamsala, India; Takaungu, Kenya -- Takaungu is one-third Christian, one-third Muslim and one-third animist, the community is -- Ollantaytambo, Peru, and Arctic Village, Alaska.
Znate, smatram da je navikavati decu na različite realnosti veoma važno. Kao što je Den Denet nedavno rekao, nastavni plan u kome se proučavaju različite religije doprinosi mentalnoj fleksibilnosti, pruža mentalnu fleksibilnost za razne sisteme verovanja, što mislim da je neophodno u današnjem svetu, gde se verovanja sukobljavaju. A prouzrokuju i bezbednosne probleme. Evo šta smo uradili pre pet godina: pokrenuli smo program koji povezuje decu u urođeničkim zajednicama sa decom u SAD. Prvo smo povezali jedno mesto u narodu Navaho sa jednim razredom u Sijetlu. Sad imamo petnaest takvih mesta. Imamo jedno u Katmanduu, u Nepalu, u Daramsali u Indiji, Takaungu u Keniji. Jedna trećina Takaunga je hrišćanska, jedna trećina muslimanska i jedna trećina je animistička. Tu je još Ojantajtambo u Peru-u, zatim i Arktičko selo na Aljasci.
This is Daniel; he's one of our students in Arctic Village, Alaska. He lives in this log cabin -- no running water, no heat other than -- no windows and high-speed Internet connection. And this is -- I see this rolling out all over -- this is our site in Ollantaytambo, Peru, four years ago, where they first saw their first computers; now they have computers in their classrooms. And the way we've done this -- we teach digital storytelling to these kids. And we have them tell stories about issues in their community in their community that they care about. And this is in Peru, where the kids told the story about a river that they cleaned up. And the way we do it is, we do it in workshops, and we bring people who want to learn digital workflow and storytelling, and have them work with the kids. And just this last year we've taken a group of teenagers in, and this has worked the best. So our dream is to bring teenagers together, so they'll have a community service experience as well as a cross-cultural experience, as they teach kids in these areas and help them build their communication infrastructure.
Ovo je Danijel, jedan od naših učenika u Arktičkom selu, na Aljasci. On živi u ovoj brvnari bez vode i grejanja, bez prozora, bez brze internet veze. A ovo je, uvek mi izranja ovo, naše mesto u Ojantajtanbu, Peru, pre četiri godine, kada su prvi put videli kompjutere. Sada ih imaju po učionicama. Ovo smo činili učeći decu digitalnom pripovedanju. Oni pričaju o stvarima do kojih im je stalo u svojim zajednicama. Ovo je u Peruu, gde deca pričaju priču o reci koju su očistili. Ovo radimo u radionicama, dovodimo ljude koji žele da nauče digitalni proces rada i pripovedanja i onda to rade sa decom. Prošle godine smo uključili i grupu tinejdžera, što je bilo veoma uspešno. Naš je san da zbližimo tinejdžere, da steknu iskustvo u službi zajednice, kao i višekulturalno iskustvo dok podučavaju decu u ovim oblastima i da im pomognemo da izgrade komunikacijsku infrastrukturu.
This is teaching Photoshop in the Tibetan children's village in Dharamsala. We have the website, where the kids all get their homepage. This is all their movies. We've got about 60 movies that these kids have made, and they're quite incredible. The one I want to show you -- after we get them to make the movies, we have a night where we show the movies to the community. And this is in Takaungu -- we've got a generator and a digital projector, and we're projecting it up against a barn, and showing one of the movies that they made. And if you get a chance, you can go to our website, and you'll see the incredible work these kids do.
Ovde podučavamo fotošopu u tibetanskom dečjem selu u Daramsali. Imamo vebsajt sa dečjim stranicama. Ovo su njihovi filmovi. Imamo oko šezdeset filmova koje su ova deca napravila, skroz neverovatnih. Jedan koji ću vam pokazati, pošto naprave film, imamo noć kada prikazujemo filmove zajednici. Ovo je u Takaungu-u, imamo agregat i digitalni projektor, projektujemo na štalu, prikazujemo im film koji su snimili. Možete posetiti naš vebsajt i videti neverovatna dela ove dece.
The other thing: I wanted to give indigenous people a voice. That was one of the big motivating factors. But the other motivating factor is the insular nature of our country. National Geographic just did a Roper Study of 18 to 26 year olds in our country and in nine other industrialized countries. It was a two million dollar study. United States came in second to last in geographic knowledge. 70 percent of the kids couldn't find Afghanistan or Iraq on a map; 60 percent couldn't find India; 30 percent couldn't find the Pacific Ocean. And this is a study that was just done a couple of years ago.
I još nešto, želeo sam da dam glas urođenicima. To je bio veliki faktor motivacije. Drugi motivacioni faktor je bila uskogruda priroda naše države. Nacionalna geografija je uradila studiju Roper na uzrastu od 18 do 26 godina u našoj zemlji i u drugih devet industrijalizovanih zemalja. Studija je koštala dva miliona dolara. Sjedinjene Države su bile pretposlednje po znanju iz geografije. 70 posto dece nije moglo da nađe na mapi Avganistan ili Irak, 60 posto nije moglo da nađe Indiju, 30 posto nije moglo da nađe Tihi okean. Ova studija je urađena pre nekoliko godina.
So what I'd like to show you now, in the couple of minutes I have left, is a film that a student made in Guatemala. We just had a workshop in Guatemala. A week before we got to the workshop, a massive landslide, caused by Hurricane Stan, last October, came in and buried 600 people alive in their village. And this kid lived in the village -- he wasn't there at the time -- and this is the little movie he put together about that. And he hadn't seen a computer before we did this movie. We taught him Photoshop and -- yeah, we can play it.
Želim da vam pokažem u preostalih nekoliko minuta film jednog učenika iz Gvatemale. Imali smo radionicu u Gvatemali. Nedelju dana pre početka radionice veliko klizište, prouzrokovano uraganom Sten prošlog oktobra, zatrpalo je žive 600 ljudi u selu. Ovaj dečko je iz sela, ali tad nije bio u selu, i ovo je kratak film koji je sastavio o tom događaju. Pre ovog filma nije ni video kompjuter. Mi smo ga naučili fotošopu i sad možemo da pustimo film. Nedavno je na moje selo žestoko udario uragan Sten. Mnogi su umrli, mnogi su povređeni, mnogi su sve izgubili.
This is an old Mayan funeral chant that he got from his grandfather.
Ovo je jedna stara pogrebna pesma Maja koju je on dobio od svog dede. Ja sam Dijego. Imam devetnaest godina. Ovo je moje selo. Santjago de Atitlan. Imamo vulkanska jezera i mnogo različitih običaja. Ljudi pogođeni tragedijom su morali da traže utočište u skrovištima. Kada se katastrofa dogodila, ja sam bio u Gvatemali. Čuo sam da je nastalo užasno klizište u Atitlanu. Bio sam zabrinut za svoju porodicu, želeo sam da idem kući, ali su putevi bili blokirani. Odvezao sam se kamionetom a onda morao da pešačim nekoliko sati. Video sam uništene kuće, prelazio sam reke i počeo da fotografišem. Trebalo mi je sedam sati da stignem do mog sela i situacija tamo je bila još gora. Kuće mojih komšija su bile zakopane ispod blata. Video sam kako ljudi trče na sve strane, drugi su plakali u skloništima. ... i bilo je mnogo kovčega za sahranjivanje preko sto umrlih. Kada sam konačno stigao do svoje kuće, video sam majku u kuhinji. Skoro da sam zaplakao od sreće što je vidim. Mislimo na naše selo, budimo odgovorni, imajmo vere i nade. Znam da je teško ali... ...sve je moguće!
Thank you very much. (Applause)
Hvala vam mnogo. (Aplauz)