A fact came out of MIT, couple of years ago. Ken Hale, who's a linguist, said that of the 6,000 languages spoken on Earth right now, 3,000 aren't spoken by the children. So that in one generation, we're going to halve our cultural diversity. He went on to say that every two weeks, an elder goes to the grave carrying the last spoken word of that culture. So an entire philosophy, a body of knowledge about the natural world that had been empirically gleaned over centuries, goes away. And this happens every two weeks.
Činjenica se pojavila iz MIT-a, prije nekoliko godina. Ken Hale, lingvist, rekao je da od 6.000 jezika koji se trenutno govore u svijetu, 3.000 ne govore djeca. Što znači da ćemo u jednoj generaciji prepoloviti svoju kulturnu raznovrsnost. Želio je reći da svaka dva tjedna, starija osoba ode u grob noseći zadnju izgovorenu riječ te kulture. Dakle, cijela filozofija, svo znanje o prirodnom svijetu koje je empirijski skupljano tijekom mnogih stoljeća, odlazi. I to se događa svaka dva tjedna.
So for the last 20 years, since my dental experience, I have been traveling the world and coming back with stories about some of these people. What I'd like to do right now is share some of those stories with you. This is Tamdin. She is a 69-year-old nun. She was thrown in prison in Tibet for two years for putting up a little tiny placard protesting the occupation of her country. And when I met her, she had just taken a walk over the Himalayas from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, into Nepal, across to India -- 30 days -- to meet her leader, the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama lives in Dharamsala, India. So I took this picture three days after she arrived, and she had this beat-up pair of tennis shoes on, with her toes sticking out. And she crossed in March, and there's a lot of snow at 18,500 feet in March.
Dakle, zadnjih 20 godina, otkad imam stomatološkog iskustva, putovao sam svijetom i vraćao se s pričama o nekima od ovih ljudi. I ono što bih želio sada učiniti je to da podijelim neke od tih priča s vama. Ovo je Tamdin. 69-ogodišnja časna sestra. Bačena je u zatvor u Tibetu na dvije godine zato što je postavila sitan plakat protestirajući protiv okupacije svoje zemlje. I kada sam je upoznao upravo je došla s puta preko Himalaje od Lhasa, glavnog grada Tibeta u Nepal preko Indije – 30 dana – da bi upoznala svog vođu, Dalai Lamu. Dalai Lama živi u Dharamsali u Indiji. Ovu fotografiju sam snimio tri dana nakon što je stigla i imala je poderane tenisice, a prsti su joj virili van. I prolazila je taj put u ožujku, a bogme je mnogo snijega na 5.630 metara u ožujku.
This is Paldin. Paldin is a 62-year-old monk. And he spent 33 years in prison. His whole monastery was thrown into prison at the time of the uprising, when the Dalai Lama had to leave Tibet. And he was beaten, starved, tortured -- lost all his teeth while in prison. And when I met him, he was a kind gentle old man. And it really impressed me -- I met him two weeks after he got out of prison -- that he went through that experience, and ended up with the demeanor that he had.
Ovo je Paldin. Paldin je 62-ogodišnji monah. Proveo je 33 godine u zatvoru. A bio je – njegov cijeli samostan bačen je u zatvor u vrijeme ustanka kada je Dalai Lama morao napustiti Tibet. I bio je pretučen, umirao od gladi, mučen – ostao je bez svih svojih zubi dok je bio u zatvoru. I kada sam ga upoznao bio je ljubazan, plemenit starac. I zaista me impresioniralo – upoznao sam ga dva tjedna nakon što je izašao iz zatvora – nakon što je prošao kroz takvo iskustvo i završio s takvim ponašanjem.
So I was in Dharamsala meeting these people, and I'd spent about five weeks there, and I was hearing these similar stories of these refugees that had poured out of Tibet into Dharamsala. And it just so happened, on the fifth week, there was a public teaching by the Dalai Lama. And I was watching this crowd of monks and nuns, many of which I had just interviewed, and heard their stories, and I watched their faces, and they gave us a little FM radio, and we could listen to the translation of his teachings. And what he said was: treat your enemies as if they were precious jewels, because it's your enemies that build your tolerance and patience on the road to your enlightenment. That hit me so hard, telling these people that had been through this experience.
Dakle, bio sam u Dharamsali i upoznavao ove ljude i proveo oko pet tjedana tamo i slušao sve te slične priče o izbjeglicama koji su protjerani iz Tibeta u Dharamsalu. I baš je peti tjedan Dalai Lama imao javni govor. I on – i gledao sam tu gomilu monaha i časnih sestara, od kojih sam mnoge od njih baš intervjuirao i čuo njihove priče i gledao njihova lica i oni su nam dali mali radio kako bismo mogli slušati prijevod njegova govora. A ono što je rekao bilo je – tretirajte svoje neprijatelje kao da su dragocjeno kamenje zato što su neprijatelji ti koji grade vašu toleranciju i strpljenje na putu do vašeg prosvjetljenja. I nisam mogao – to me toliko pogodilo, to što je rečeno tim ljudima koji su prošli kroz ovakvo iskustvo.
So, two months later, I went into Tibet, and I started interviewing the people there, taking my photographs. That's what I do. I interview and do portraits. And this is a little girl. I took her portrait up on top of the Jokhang Temple. And I'd snuck in -- because it's totally illegal to have a picture of the Dalai Lama in Tibet -- it's the quickest way you can get arrested. So I snuck in a bunch of little wallet-sized pictures of the Dalai Lama, and I would hand them out. And when I gave them to the people, they'd either hold them to their heart, or they'd hold them up to their head and just stay there. And this is -- well, at the time -- I did this 10 years ago -- that was 36 years after the Dalai Lama had left.
Dakle, dva mjeseca kasnije, otišao sam u Tibet i počeo intervjuirati ljude tamo, fotografirajući ih usput. To je ono što radim. Intervjuiram i napravim portrete. A – a ovo je mala djevojčica. Fotografirao sam ju na vrhu Jokhang hrama. I ušuljao sam se tamo jer je totalno ilegalno fotografirati Dalai Lamu u Tibetu – to je najbrži način na koji možete biti uhićeni. Dakle, ušuljao sam se i napravio hrpu malih slika Dalai Lame koje stanu džep i podijelio sam ih. I kada sam ih davao ljudima ili bi ju držali blizu srca ili bi ju stavili na glavu i ostavili tamo. I to je – pa, u to vrijeme – radio sam ovo 10 godina – to je bilo 36 godina nakon što je Dalai Lama otišao.
So I was going in, interviewing these people and doing their portraits. This is Jigme and her sister, Sonam. And they live up on the Chang Tang, the Tibetan Plateau, way in the western part of the country. This is at 17,000 feet. And they had just come down from the high pastures, at 18,000 feet. Same thing: gave her a picture, she held it up to her forehead. And I usually hand out Polaroids when I do these, because I'm setting up lights, and checking my lights, and when I showed her her Polaroid, she screamed and ran into her tent.
Dakle, nastavio sam intervjuirati ove ljude i fotografirati ih. Ovo su Jigme i njena sestra Sonam. I žive skroz gore na Chang Tangu, Tibetanskoj visoravni, daleko na zapadnom dijelu zemlje. To je na 5.180 metara. I upravo su došle dolje s visokih pašnjaka na 5.480 metara. Ista stvar: dao sam joj sliku, prinijela ju je čelu. I obično nosim polaroide sa sobom kada to radim jer namještam svijetlo i provjeravam svijetlo i kada sam joj pokazao polaroid vrisnula je i pobjegla u svoj šator.
This is Tenzin Gyatso; he was found to be the Buddha of Compassion at the age of two, out in a peasant's house, way out in the middle of nowhere. At the age of four, he was installed as the 14th Dalai Lama. As a teenager, he faced the invasion of his country, and had to deal with it -- he was the leader of the country. Eight years later, when they discovered there was a plot to kill him, they dressed him up like a beggar and snuck him out of the country on horseback, and took the same trip that Tamdin did. And he's never been back to his country since. And if you think about this man, 46 years later, still sticking to this non-violent response to a severe political and human rights issue. And the young people, young Tibetans, are starting to say, listen, this doesn't work. You know, violence as a political tool is all the rage right now. And he still is holding this line. So this is our icon to non-violence in our world -- one of our living icons.
Ovo je Tenzin Gyatso, utvrđeno je da je Buda Suosjećanja sa dvije godine, u zemljoradničkoj kući, daleko u središtu ničega. S četiri godine postavljen je za 14. Dalai Lamu. Kao tinejđer suočio se s invazijom svoje zemlje i morao se nositi s njom – bio je vođa zemlje. Osam godina kasnije, kada su otkrili da se radi urota kako bi ga ubili, obukli su ga kao prosjaka i odveli ga iz zemlje na konju te pošli na isti put kao i Tamdin. I tamo živi i nikada se otada nije vratio u svoju zemlju. I kada pomislite o ovom čovjeku, 46 godina poslije, još uvijek se drži tog nenasilnog odaziva na temu raznih političkih i ljudskih prava. A mladi ljudi, mladi Tibetanci počinju govoriti, slušaj, ovo ne ide. Znate, nasilje je sav bijes kao politički alat trenutno. A on se još uvijek drži ove linije. Dakle, ovo je naša ikona u nenasillju u našem svijetu – jedna od naših živućih ikona.
This is another leader of his people. This is Moi. This is in the Ecuadorian Amazon. And Moi is 35 years old. And this area of the Ecuadorian Amazon -- oil was discovered in 1972. And in this period of time -- since that time -- as much oil, or twice as much oil as was spilled in the Exxon Valdez accident, was spilled in this little area of the Amazon, and the tribes in this area have constantly had to move. And Moi belongs to the Huaorani tribe, and they're known as very fierce, they're known as "auca." And they've managed to keep out the seismologists and the oil workers with spears and blowguns. And we spent -- I was with a team -- two weeks with these guys out in the jungle watching them hunt. This was on a monkey hunt, hunting with curare-tipped darts. And the knowledge that these people have about the natural environment is incredible. They could hear things, smell things, see things I couldn't see. And I couldn't even see the monkeys that they were getting with these darts.
Ovo je još jedan vođa svojih ljudi. Ovo je Moi. On je ekvadorski amazon. I Moi ima 35 godina. A ovo područje ulja ekvadorske Amazone je otkriveno 1972. I u ovom periodu – od tada – koliko ulja, zapravo dvostruko više ulja od onoga što je proliveno u nesreći tankera Exxon Valdez je proliveno u ovom malom području Amazone i plemena u ovom području su se konstantno morala seliti. A Moi pripada plemenu Huaorani, a oni su poznati kao veoma žestoki, poznati su kao „auca“. Uspjeli su se snaći tako da ne puštaju seizmologe ni radnike koji rade s uljem – sa kopljima i raspršivačima. I ja sam proveo – mi smo proveli – bio sam s timom – dva tjedna s ovim ljudima u džungli gledajući ih kako love. Ovo je u lovu na majmune, lov sa strelicama sa kurare vrhom. I znanje koje ove ljudi imaju o prirodnoj okolini je nevjerojatno. Mogu čuti stvari, nanjušiti stvari, vidjeti stvari koje ja nisam mogao vidjeti. I čak nisam mogao vidjeti majmune koje su oni lovili s tim strelicama.
This is Yadira, and Yadira is five years old. She's in a tribe that's neighboring the Huaorani. And her tribe has had to move three times in the last 10 years because of the oil spills. And we never hear about that. And the latest infraction against these people is, as part of Plan Colombia, we're spraying Paraquat or Round Up, whatever it is -- we're defoliating thousands of acres of the Ecuadorian Amazon in our war on drugs. And these people are the people who take the brunt of it.
Ovo je Yadira i Yadira ima pet godina. Ona je u susjednom plemenu Huaoranija. I njeno pleme se moralo seliti tri puta u posljednjih 10 godina zbog izlivenog ulja. A mi nikada ne čujemo ništa o tome. A posljednji prekršaj protiv ovih ljudi je, kao dio Columbia Plana, da raspršujemo Paraquat ili Round Up (*otrovni herbicidi) ili što god da je – mi uništavamo tisuće jutara ekvadorske Amazone našim ratom i lijekovima. A ovi ljudi najviše stradaju zbog toga.
This is Mengatoue. He's the shaman of the Huaorani, and he said to us, you know, I'm an older man now; I'm getting tired, you know; I'm tired of spearing these oil workers. I wish they would just go away. And I was -- I usually travel alone when I do my work, but I did this -- I hosted a program for Discovery, and when I went down with the team, I was quite concerned about going in with a whole bunch of people, especially into the Huaorani, deep into the Huaorani tribe. And as it turned out, these guys really taught me a thing or two about blending in with the locals. (Laughter)
Ovo je Mengatoue. On je šaman Huaoranija i on nam je rekao, znate, sada sam stariji čovjek, postajem umoran, znate, umoran sam od napadanja ovih radnika koji rade s uljem i želim da jednostavno odu. I bio sam – obično putujem sam dok istražujem, ali ovo sam radio – bio sam domaćin u programu za Discovery i kada sam otišao dolje s ekipom bio sam prilično zabrinut u vezi odlaska s cijelom hrpom ljudi, pogotovo k Huaoranima, duboko u Huaorani pleme. I kao što se ispostavilo, ovi dečki su me zaista naučili par stvari o miješanju s lokalnim stanovništvom. (Smijeh)
One of the things I did just before 9/11 -- August of 2001 -- I took my son, Dax, who was 16 at the time, and I took him to Pakistan. Because at first I wanted -- you know, I've taken him on a couple of trips, but I wanted him to see people that live on a dollar a day or less. I wanted him to get an experience in the Islamic world and I also wanted him to -- I was going there to work with a group, do a story on a group called the Kalash, that are a group of animists, 3,000 animists, that live -- very small area -- surrounded by Islam -- there's 3,000 of these Kalash left; they're incredible people. So it was a great experience for him. He stayed up all night with them, drumming and dancing. And he brought a soccer ball, and we had soccer every night in this little village.
Jedna od stvari koje sam učinio netom prije 11.09., u kolovozu 2001., poveo sam svog sina Daxa, koji je tada imao 16 godina, poveo sam ga u Pakistan. Zato što sam isprva želio – znate, poveo sam ga na nekoliko putovanja, ali želio sam da vidi ljude koji žive s jednim dolarom ili s manje od jednog dolara dnevno. Želio sam da doživi iskustvo u Islamskom svijetu i također sam želio – išao sam tamo raditi sa grupom, napraviti priču o grupi zvanoj Kalash, grupi animista, 3000 animista koji žive na veoma malom području okruženom islamom – tamo je ostalo 3000 Kalasha, oni su nevjerojatni ljudi. Pa je to bilo odlično iskustvo za njega. Ostajao je budan cijele noći s njima, bubnjajući i plešući. I donio je nogometnu loptu pa smo igrali nogomet svaku večer u ovom malom selu.
And then we went up and met their shaman. By the way, Mengatoue was the shaman of his tribe as well. And this is John Doolikahn, who's the shaman of the Kalash. And he's up in the mountains, right on the border with Afghanistan. In fact, on that other side is the area, Tora Bora, the area where Osama bin Laden's supposed to be. This is the tribal area. And we watched and stayed with John Doolikahn. And the shaman -- I did a whole series on shamanism, which is an interesting phenomenon. But around the world, they go into trance in different ways, and in Pakistan, the way they do it is they burn juniper leaves and they sacrifice an animal, pour the blood of the animal on the leaves and then inhale the smoke. And they're all praying to the mountain gods as they go into trance.
I onda je otišao i upoznao njihovog šamana. Usput, Mengatoue također bio šaman svog plemena. A ovo je John Doolikahn, on je šaman Kalasha. On je gore u planinama, točno uz granicu s Afganistanom. Zapravo, na toj drugoj strani je područje, Tora Bora, područje gdje bi trebao biti Osama Bin Laden. Ovo je područje plemena. Gledali smo i ostali sa Johnom Doolikahnom I šaman – napravio sam cijeli niz serija o šamanizmu koji je zanimljiv fenomen. Ali diljem svijeta oni ulaze u ekstazu na razne načine, a u Pakistanu način na koji to rade je taj da spaljuju lišće smreke i žrtvuju životinju, proliju krv životinje na lišće i onda udišu dim. I svi se mole planinskim bogovima dok ulaze u ekstazu.
You know, getting kids used to different realities, I think, is so important. What Dan Dennett said the other day -- having a curriculum where they study different religions, just to make a mental flexibility, give them a mental flexibility in different belief systems -- I think this is so necessary in our world today as you see these clash of beliefs taking place. And all the security issues they cause us. So, one thing we did five years ago: we started a program that links kids in indigenous communities with kids in the United States. So we first hooked up a spot in the Navajo Nation with a classroom in Seattle. We now have 15 sites. We have one in Kathmandu, Nepal; Dharamsala, India; Takaungu, Kenya -- Takaungu is one-third Christian, one-third Muslim and one-third animist, the community is -- Ollantaytambo, Peru, and Arctic Village, Alaska.
To je bilo, znate, da se djeca naviknu na različite stvarnosti, mislim da je to veoma važno. Ono što je Dan Dennet rekao neki dan – imati nastavni plan gdje bi se proučavale različite religije – samo da bi se napravila mentalna fleksibilnost – dajte im mentalnu fleksibilnost u različitim sustavima vjerovanja. Mislim da je veoma potrebno u našem svijetu danas kada vidite kako ovi sukobi vjerovanja zauzimaju mjesto. I sve probleme sa sigurnošću koje su nam izazvali. Dakle, jedna stvar koju smo učinili prije pet godina: započeli smo s programom koji povezuje djecu iz domorodačkih zajednica s djecom iz SAD-a. Prvo smo spojili mjesto u narodu Navajo sa učionicom u Seattle-u. Sada imamo 15 položaja. Imamo jedan u Kathmandu-u u Nepalu; Dharamsala u Indiji; Takaunga u Keniji – Takaunga ima trećinu kršćana, trećinu muslimana i trećinu animista, zajednica je – Ollantaytambo, Peru i Arktičko selo, Aljaska.
This is Daniel; he's one of our students in Arctic Village, Alaska. He lives in this log cabin -- no running water, no heat other than -- no windows and high-speed Internet connection. And this is -- I see this rolling out all over -- this is our site in Ollantaytambo, Peru, four years ago, where they first saw their first computers; now they have computers in their classrooms. And the way we've done this -- we teach digital storytelling to these kids. And we have them tell stories about issues in their community in their community that they care about. And this is in Peru, where the kids told the story about a river that they cleaned up. And the way we do it is, we do it in workshops, and we bring people who want to learn digital workflow and storytelling, and have them work with the kids. And just this last year we've taken a group of teenagers in, and this has worked the best. So our dream is to bring teenagers together, so they'll have a community service experience as well as a cross-cultural experience, as they teach kids in these areas and help them build their communication infrastructure.
Ovo je Daniel, on je jedan od naših studenata u Arktičkom selu na Aljasci. Živi u ovoj brvnari: bez vode, bez grijanja, bez prozora i brze internet veze. A ovo je, ovo je – vidim da se ovo svuda prikazuje, ovo je naše mjesto u Ollantaytambo-u u Peruu prije četiri godine gdje su prvi puta vidjeli svoja prva računala, a sada imaju računala u svojim učionicama. A način zbog kojeg smo ovo učinili je da ovu djecu naučimo digitalnom pripovijedanju. I oni nam pričaju priče o problemima u svojoj zajednici, o zajednici do koje im je stalo. A ovo je u Peruu gdje djeca pričaju priču o rijeci koju su očistili. A način na koji ovo radimo je da to radimo u radionicama i dovodimo ljude koji žele naučiti digitalni tijek i pripovijedanje i onda ih stavimo da rade s djecom. I baš smo prošle godine uzeli grupu tinejđera i to je odlično funkcioniralo. Dakle, naš san je da spojimo tinejđere zajedno tako da imaju iskustvo u radu sa zajednicom kao višekulturno iskustvo, kako uče djecu na tim područjima i pomažu im da izgrade svoju komunikacijsku infrastrukturu.
This is teaching Photoshop in the Tibetan children's village in Dharamsala. We have the website, where the kids all get their homepage. This is all their movies. We've got about 60 movies that these kids have made, and they're quite incredible. The one I want to show you -- after we get them to make the movies, we have a night where we show the movies to the community. And this is in Takaungu -- we've got a generator and a digital projector, and we're projecting it up against a barn, and showing one of the movies that they made. And if you get a chance, you can go to our website, and you'll see the incredible work these kids do.
Ovo je učenje Photoshopa u dječjem, Tibetanskom dječjem selu u Dharamsali. Imamo web stranicu gdje sva djeca imaju svoju vlastitu stranicu. Ovo su sve njihovi filmovi. Imamo oko 60 filmova koje su napravila ova djeca i prilično su nevjerojatni. Ovaj koji vam želim pokazati – nakon što ih naučimo raditi filmove imamo večer kada pokazujemo filmove zajednici. A ovo je u Takaungu, imamo generator i digitalni projektor i prikazujemo to na štali te pokazujemo neke od filmova koje su oni napravili. A ako imate priliku možete otići na našu web stranicu i vidjet ćete nevjerojatan posao koji ova djeca rade.
The other thing: I wanted to give indigenous people a voice. That was one of the big motivating factors. But the other motivating factor is the insular nature of our country. National Geographic just did a Roper Study of 18 to 26 year olds in our country and in nine other industrialized countries. It was a two million dollar study. United States came in second to last in geographic knowledge. 70 percent of the kids couldn't find Afghanistan or Iraq on a map; 60 percent couldn't find India; 30 percent couldn't find the Pacific Ocean. And this is a study that was just done a couple of years ago.
Djeca u našem – druga stvar: želio sam da se čuje za domorodačke ljude. To je bio jedan od velikih motivirajućih faktora. Ali drugi motivirajući faktor je uskogrudna priroda naše zemlje. National Geographic je upravo napravio Roper istraživanje na mladima od 18 do 26 godina u našoj zemlji i u devet ostalih industrijaliziranih zemalja. To je bilo istraživanje vrijedno dva milijuna dolara. SAD je bio predzadnji što se tiče znanja zemljopisa. 70 posto djece nije moglo pronaći Afganistan ili Irak na karti, 60 posto nije moglo pronaći Indiju, 30 posto nije moglo pronaći Tihi ocean. A to je istraživanje koje je napravljeno prije nekoliko godina.
So what I'd like to show you now, in the couple of minutes I have left, is a film that a student made in Guatemala. We just had a workshop in Guatemala. A week before we got to the workshop, a massive landslide, caused by Hurricane Stan, last October, came in and buried 600 people alive in their village. And this kid lived in the village -- he wasn't there at the time -- and this is the little movie he put together about that. And he hadn't seen a computer before we did this movie. We taught him Photoshop and -- yeah, we can play it.
A ono što bih vam sada želio pokazati u nekoliko minuta koliko mi je ostalo je film koji je napravio student iz Guatemale. Nedavno smo imali radionicu u Guatemali. Tjedan prije no što smo došli u radionicu, masivni odron prouzrokovan uraganom Stan, prošlog listopada, odlomio se i 600 ljudi žive zakopao u njihovom selu. A ovo dijete je živjelo u selu – nije bio tamo u to vrijeme – a ovo je mali film koji je napravio o tome. A nije vidio računalo nijednom prije no što smo napravili ovaj film. Naučili smo ga da radi u Photoshopu, i da, možemo ga pustiti.
This is an old Mayan funeral chant that he got from his grandfather.
Ovo je stara Mayanska pjesma koja se pjeva na sprovodima koju je naučio od svog djeda.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
Puno vam hvala. (Pljesak)