Okay, now I don't want to alarm anybody in this room, but it's just come to my attention that the person to your right is a liar.
Okey, sa inyong lahat na nasa silid na ito, huwag sana kayong mangamba, pero napansin ko lang
(Laughter)
na ang inyong katabi sa kanan ay isang sinungaling.
Also, the person to your left is a liar. Also the person sitting in your very seats is a liar. We're all liars. What I'm going to do today is I'm going to show you what the research says about why we're all liars, how you can become a liespotter and why you might want to go the extra mile and go from liespotting to truth seeking, and ultimately to trust building.
(Halakhakan) Ang katabi mo sa kaliwa ay sinungaling rin. Ang tao na mismong nasa upuan niyo ay sinungaling rin. Lahat tayo ay sinungaling. Ang aking gagawin sa araw na ito ay ipakita ang pananaliksik na nagsasabing tayong lahat ay sinungaling, kung paano maging "liespotter" at kung bakit gugustuhin nating maghanap ng katotohanan mula sa pagkilala ng sinungaling, at higit sa lahat, sa paghubog ng tiwala.
Now, speaking of trust, ever since I wrote this book, "Liespotting," no one wants to meet me in person anymore, no, no, no, no, no. They say, "It's okay, we'll email you."
Habang pinag-uusapan natin ang tiwala, mula ng sinulat ko ang aking libro, "Liespotting," walang nang gustong makipagkilala sa akin, ay naku, wala talaga. Sinasabi nila, "Sige, mag-e-mail nalang tayo."
(Laughter)
(Halakhakan)
I can't even get a coffee date at Starbucks. My husband's like, "Honey, deception? Maybe you could have focused on cooking. How about French cooking?"
Wala na ring nag-aalok sa akin na mag-kape sa Starbucks. Sabi ng asawa ko, "Mahal naman, panloloko talaga? Sana sumulat ka nalang ng tungkol sa pagluluto, sa mga lutuing Pranses?"
So before I get started, what I'm going to do is I'm going to clarify my goal for you, which is not to teach a game of Gotcha. Liespotters aren't those nitpicky kids, those kids in the back of the room that are shouting, "Gotcha! Gotcha! Your eyebrow twitched. You flared your nostril. I watch that TV show 'Lie To Me.' I know you're lying." No, liespotters are armed with scientific knowledge of how to spot deception. They use it to get to the truth, and they do what mature leaders do everyday; they have difficult conversations with difficult people, sometimes during very difficult times. And they start up that path by accepting a core proposition, and that proposition is the following: Lying is a cooperative act. Think about it, a lie has no power whatsoever by its mere utterance. Its power emerges when someone else agrees to believe the lie.
Bago po akong magsimula, ang gagawin ko ay ipaliliwanag ko sa inyo ang aking layunin, at hindi ito para turuan kayong maglaro ng Huli Ka! Ang mga "liespotter" - hindi sila yung mga batang makulit, yung mga bata sa likod ng kuwarto na sumisigaw, "Huli ka! Huli ka! Gumalaw ang kilay mo. Lumaki butas ng ilong mo. Napanood ko ang 'Lie to Me' sa TV. Alam kong nagsisinungaling ka." Hindi ha, gumagamit ang mga "liespotter" ng agham upang kilalanin ang isang panloloko. Ginagamit nila ito upang makamit ang katotohanan, at ginagawa nila ang gawain ng isang mahusay na pinuno sa araw-araw; ang pakikipagtalakayan sa mga taong mahirap kausap, at minsa'y sa di kaaya-ayang pagkakataon. Sinisimulan nila ito sa paniniwala sa iisang bagay (core proposition), at ito ay: Ang pagsisinungaling ay isang pakikipagtulungan. Walang kapangyarihan ang isang kasinungalingan kung batay lamang ito sa pagwika. Lumulutang ang kapangyarihan nito kapag may ibang tao'y naniniwala.
So I know it may sound like tough love, but look, if at some point you got lied to, it's because you agreed to get lied to. Truth number one about lying: Lying's a cooperative act. Now not all lies are harmful. Sometimes we're willing participants in deception for the sake of social dignity, maybe to keep a secret that should be kept secret, secret. We say, "Nice song." "Honey, you don't look fat in that, no." Or we say, favorite of the digiratti, "You know, I just fished that email out of my Spam folder. So sorry."
Marahil ang dating nito ay parang isang masalimuot na pag-ibig, ngunit kung dati ika'y pinagsinungalinan, ito'y dahil sumang-ayon ka sa kasinungalingan. Ang unang katotohanan: Ang pagsisinungaling ay isang pagtulungan. Subalit, hindi lahat ng kasinungalingan ay nakakasama. Minsan tayo'y sumasang-ayon bilang pakitang-tao, o di kaya, upang maitago ang isang lihim. Ika natin, "Maganda ng kanta." "Mahal, hindi ka naman mukhang mataba sa sinusuot mo." O di kaya, sinasabi natin ngayon, "Alam mo, nakuha ko lang ang email mo mula sa spam folder ko. Sorry ha."
But there are times when we are unwilling participants in deception. And that can have dramatic costs for us. Last year saw 997 billion dollars in corporate fraud alone in the United States. That's an eyelash under a trillion dollars. That's seven percent of revenues. Deception can cost billions. Think Enron, Madoff, the mortgage crisis. Or in the case of double agents and traitors, like Robert Hanssen or Aldrich Ames, lies can betray our country, they can compromise our security, they can undermine democracy, they can cause the deaths of those that defend us.
Minsan nagiging bahagi tayo ng panloloko na hindi natin gusto. Madalas malaki ang epekto nito sa atin. Noong nakaraan na taon, 997 bilyong dolyares ang nawala sa Estados Unidos dahil sa mga pandarayang korporasyon. Ang halagang iyan ay halos isang trilyong dolyares. Iyon ay pitong porsyento ng kabuuang kita. Ang halaga ng panloloko ay nasa bilyones. Enron, Madoff, at ang krisis sa utang. Sa mga kaso ng mga doble-kara at traydor, tulad nina Robert Hanssen o Aldrich Ames, napapahamak ang bansa dahil sa kasinungalingan, banta sa ating seguridad, sa demokrasya, at dahilan ng pagkamatay ng mga taong nagtatanggol sa atin.
Deception is actually serious business. This con man, Henry Oberlander, he was such an effective con man, British authorities say he could have undermined the entire banking system of the Western world. And you can't find this guy on Google; you can't find him anywhere. He was interviewed once, and he said the following. He said, "Look, I've got one rule." And this was Henry's rule, he said, "Look, everyone is willing to give you something. They're ready to give you something for whatever it is they're hungry for." And that's the crux of it. If you don't want to be deceived, you have to know, what is it that you're hungry for?
Malaki ang kita sa panloloko. Ang con man na si Henry Oberlander, isa siyang magaling na manloloko Ayon sa mga awtoridad sa Inglatera, kaya niyang pabagsakin ang buong sistema ng mga bangko sa Kanluran. Hindi niyo siya makikita sa Google; hindi niyo siya makikita kahit saan. May isang panayam minsan, at sabi niya: Sabi niya, "Iisa lamang ang aking patakaran." At ito ang patakaran ni Henry, sabi niya, "Lahat ng tao ay handang magbigay ng anumang bagay. Lahat ng tao ay handang magbigay kung ang kapalit nito ay ang bagay na gustung-gusto nila." At iyan ang rurok ng lahat. Kung ayaw mong magpaloko, kailangan mong malaman, ano ba ang bagay na gustung-gusto mo?
And we all kind of hate to admit it. We wish we were better husbands, better wives, smarter, more powerful, taller, richer -- the list goes on. Lying is an attempt to bridge that gap, to connect our wishes and our fantasies about who we wish we were, how we wish we could be, with what we're really like. And boy are we willing to fill in those gaps in our lives with lies.
Madalas ayaw nating aminin ito. Gusto nating maging mas mabuting asawa, mas matalino, mas makapangyarihan, mas matangkad, mas mayaman -- mahaba ang listahan. Ang pagsisinungaling ay pagtatangkang makamit ito, na itugma ang mga inaasam at mga pangarap sa ninanais natin sa sarili, ang mga gusto nating mangyari, sa ating tunay na pagkatao. Ay! Tunay ngang handa tayong magsinungaling upang punan ang puwang na ito.
On a given day, studies show that you may be lied to anywhere from 10 to 200 times. Now granted, many of those are white lies. But in another study, it showed that strangers lied three times within the first 10 minutes of meeting each other.
Ayon sa resulta ng pananaliksik, tayo ay pinagsinusungalingan ng 10 hanggang 200 beses sa isang araw. Marami sa iyon mababaw na kasinungalingan lamang. Ngunit sa isa pang pananaliksik, sinasabing tatlong beses na nagsisinungaling sa isa't isa ang dalawang tao sa unang 10 minuto na sila'y magkakilala.
(Laughter)
(Halakhakan)
Now when we first hear this data, we recoil. We can't believe how prevalent lying is. We're essentially against lying. But if you look more closely, the plot actually thickens. We lie more to strangers than we lie to coworkers. Extroverts lie more than introverts. Men lie eight times more about themselves than they do other people. Women lie more to protect other people. If you're an average married couple, you're going to lie to your spouse in one out of every 10 interactions. Now, you may think that's bad. If you're unmarried, that number drops to three.
Madalas ang unang reaksyon natin ay ang hindi maniwala. Hindi tayo makapaniwala na laganap ang pagsisinungaling. Sa totoo lang, lahat tayo'y ayaw sa pagsisinungaling. Pero kung masusi niyong aaralin, hindi pa dito nagtatapos ang kwento. Mas madalas tayong magsinungaling sa mga estranghero kaysa sa mga katrabaho. Mas madalas magsinungaling ang mga palakaibigan kaysa sa mga tahimik. Ikawalong beses na mas madalas magsinungaling ang mga lalaki kaysa sa ibang tao. Madalas, nagsisinungaling ang mga babae upang mapagtanggol ang ibang tao. Kung kayo ay mag-asawa, makakapagsisinungaling ka sa iyong asawa ng isang beses sa bawat sampung usapan. Akala niyo masama na iyan. Kung kayo ay dalaga o binata, ang bilang na iyan ay bababa sa tatlo.
Lying's complex. It's woven into the fabric of our daily and our business lives. We're deeply ambivalent about the truth. We parse it out on an as-needed basis, sometimes for very good reasons, other times just because we don't understand the gaps in our lives. That's truth number two about lying. We're against lying, but we're covertly for it in ways that our society has sanctioned for centuries and centuries and centuries. It's as old as breathing. It's part of our culture, it's part of our history. Think Dante, Shakespeare, the Bible, News of the World.
Sadyang masalimuot ang kasinungalingan. Ito'y bahagi na ng ating pang-araw-araw na buhay at kalakalan. Tayo'y nag-aatubili sa katotohanan. Ginagawa natin ito batay sa pangangailangan, minsan ito'y para sa mabuting dahilan, at minsan nama'y hindi lang natin maunawaan ang mga kakulangan sa ating buhay. 'Yan ang pangalawang katotohanan tungkol sa pagsisinungaling. Hindi tayo sang-ayon sa pagsisinungaling, pero ito'y ating pinapalampas ayon sa panlipunang pagtanggap na nagmula pa sa ating mga ninuno. Kawangis ito ng paghinga. Ito'y bahagi ng ating kultura, ng ating kasaysayan. Isipin niyo sina Dante, Shakespeare,
(Laughter)
ang Bibliya, at Ang Pandaigdigang Balita.
Lying has evolutionary value to us as a species.
(Halakhakan)
Researchers have long known that the more intelligent the species, the larger the neocortex, the more likely it is to be deceptive. Now you might remember Koko. Does anybody remember Koko the gorilla who was taught sign language? Koko was taught to communicate via sign language. Here's Koko with her kitten. It's her cute little, fluffy pet kitten. Koko once blamed her pet kitten for ripping a sink out of the wall.
Ang pagsisinungaling ay may kahalagahang ebolusyon sa ating uri. Matagal nang alam ng mga mananaliksik na ang mga mas-matalinong uri ay may mas malaking neocortex, at mas madalas manloko. Naaalala niyo siguro si Koko. May nakakaalala ba kay Koko, ang gorilyang tinuruan ng wikang pagsenyas? Natuto si Kokong makipag-usap sa pamamagitan ng wikang pagsenyas. Eto si Koko, kasama ang kanyang kuting. Ang kanyang maganda, maliit at mahimulmol na alagang-hayop na kuting. Noong minsan, sinisi ni Koko ang kanyang alagang-hayop na kuting
(Laughter)
dahil sinira daw at itinanggal nito sa pader ang lababo.
We're hardwired to become leaders of the pack. It's starts really, really early. How early? Well babies will fake a cry, pause, wait to see who's coming and then go right back to crying. One-year-olds learn concealment.
(Halakhakan) Hinubog tayong lahat upang maging pinuno ng grupo. Maaga talaga itong hinubog sa ating kaalaman. Gaano kaaga? Halimbawa, ang isang sanggol ay pakunwaring iiyak, titigil nang sandali, maghihintay, titingnan kung may dadating tapos iiyak muli. Ang mga isang taong gulang ay natututong maglihim.
(Laughter)
(Halakhakan)
Two-year-olds bluff. Five-year-olds lie outright. They manipulate via flattery. Nine-year-olds, masters of the cover-up. By the time you enter college, you're going to lie to your mom in one out of every five interactions. By the time we enter this work world and we're breadwinners, we enter a world that is just cluttered with Spam, fake digital friends, partisan media, ingenious identity thieves, world-class Ponzi schemers, a deception epidemic -- in short, what one author calls a post-truth society. It's been very confusing for a long time now.
Nambobola ang mga dalawang taong gulang. Kusang nagsisinungaling ang mga limang taong gulang. Minamanipula sila sa pamamagitan ng pagpuri. Ang mga siyam na taong gulang ay napakagaling sa pagkukunwari. Pagdating ng kolehiyo, nakapagsinungaling kayo sa inyong nanay ng isa sa bawat limang beses. Pagdating naman ng panahong tayo'y nagtatrabaho na, nagiging bahagi tayo ng isang mundo kung saan laganap ang mga spam, pekeng kaibigan sa Internet, media na may kinikilingan, mga matatalinong magnanakaw ng impormasyon, mga nagraraket tulad ng Ponzi schemers, isang epidemya ng panloloko -- sa madaling salita, ayon sa isang manunulat, isang lipunan kung saan hindi na umiiral ang katotohanan. Matagal na panahon na itong kalituhang ito.
What do you do? Well, there are steps we can take to navigate our way through the morass. Trained liespotters get to the truth 90 percent of the time. The rest of us, we're only 54 percent accurate. Why is it so easy to learn? There are good liars and bad liars. There are no real original liars. We all make the same mistakes. We all use the same techniques. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to show you two patterns of deception. And then we're going to look at the hot spots and see if we can find them ourselves. We're going to start with speech.
Anong kailangan niyong gawin? May ilang mga hakbang upang tayo'y makaalpas sa masalimuot na daan. Madalas nakikita ng mga bihasang liespotters ang katotohanan 90% ng pagkakataon. Tayo, 54 porsyento lamang. Bakit napakadali nitong matutunan? Sa pagsisinungaling, may magagaling, at may bano. Walang taong likas na sinungaling. Lahat tayo'y nagkakamali. Pare-pareho lang ang pamamaraan natin. Kaya ang gagawin ko ngayon ay ipapakita ko sa inyo ang 2 pamamaraan na ginagamit sa pagsisinungaling. Pagkatapos niyan, titingnan natin ang mga tinatawag na hot spots. Mag-uumpisa tayo sa isang talumpati. (Bidyo) Bill Clinton: Gusto ko po sanang pakinggan ninyo ako.
(Video) Bill Clinton: I want you to listen to me. I'm going to say this again. I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky. I never told anybody to lie, not a single time, never. And these allegations are false. And I need to go back to work for the American people. Thank you.
Uulitin ko ang sinabi ko. Hindi ako nakipagtalik sa babaeng iyon, kay Binibining Lewinsky. Kailanman, hindi ko sinabi sa kahit sino na magsinungaling, ni minsan, di kailanman. Walang katotohanan ang mga paninindigang ito. At sa ngayon, kailangan kong ituloy ang trabaho ko para sa mga mamamayang Amerikano. Salamat.
(Applause)
Pamela Meyer: Okay, what were the telltale signs? Well first we heard what's known as a non-contracted denial. Studies show that people who are overdetermined in their denial will resort to formal rather than informal language. We also heard distancing language: "that woman." We know that liars will unconsciously distance themselves from their subject, using language as their tool. Now if Bill Clinton had said, "Well, to tell you the truth ..." or Richard Nixon's favorite, "In all candor ..." he would have been a dead giveaway for any liespotter that knows that qualifying language, as it's called, qualifying language like that, further discredits the subject. Now if he had repeated the question in its entirety, or if he had peppered his account with a little too much detail -- and we're all really glad he didn't do that -- he would have further discredited himself.
Pamela Meyer: Okay, ano ang nakita nating palatandaan? Una sa lahat, narinig natin ang tinatawag na "mahabang pagtanggi". Ayon sa mga pananaliksik, ang mga taong sobrang pursigido sa kanilang pagtanggi ay gagamit ng pormal sa halip ng di'pormal na pananalita. Narinig rin natin ang pananalitang mapaglayo: "ang babaeng iyon." Alam natin na ang mga sinungaling ay di' sadyang naglalagay ng pagitan sa kanilang sarili at ang kanilang tinutukoy sa pamamagitan ng pananalita. Kung sakaling sinabi ni Bill Clinton, "Sa totoo lang..." o tulad ng paborito ni Richard Nixon, "Sa katunayan..." siguradong nahuli na siya ng mga liespotter na alam na ang mga pananalitang matapat gaya nito ay nakaka-sirang puri sa nagpahayag nito. Kung sakali namang inulit niya ang tanong, o kung sakaling nagdagdag siya ng mas madaming detalye -- buti nalang hindi niya tinuloy -- siguradong mas lalo niyang sinira ang kanyang puri.
Freud had it right. Freud said, look, there's much more to it than speech: "No mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips." And we all do it no matter how powerful you are. We all chatter with our fingertips. I'm going to show you Dominique Strauss-Kahn with Obama who's chattering with his fingertips.
Tama nga si Freud. Sinabi ni Freud, alam niyo, ang pananalita ay isang batayan lamang: "Walang tao ang nakakapagtago ng lihim. Kung tahimik ang kanyang labi, nagsasatsat naman ang kanyang mga daliri." Ginagawa natin lahat ito, kahit yung mga may-kapangyarihan. Sumasatsat tayo sa pamamagitan ng ating mga daliri. Ito si Dominique Strauss-Khan noong nasa harap siya ni Obama, nagsasatsat ang kanyang mga daliri.
(Laughter)
(Halakhakan)
Now this brings us to our next pattern, which is body language. With body language, here's what you've got to do. You've really got to just throw your assumptions out the door. Let the science temper your knowledge a little bit. Because we think liars fidget all the time. Well guess what, they're known to freeze their upper bodies when they're lying. We think liars won't look you in the eyes. Well guess what, they look you in the eyes a little too much just to compensate for that myth. We think warmth and smiles convey honesty, sincerity. But a trained liespotter can spot a fake smile a mile away. Can you all spot the fake smile here? You can consciously contract the muscles in your cheeks. But the real smile's in the eyes, the crow's feet of the eyes. They cannot be consciously contracted, especially if you overdid the Botox. Don't overdo the Botox; nobody will think you're honest.
Ngayon, ang susunod na palatandaan: ang sinasabi ng katawan o body language. Ayon sa sinasabi ng katawan, eto ang kailangan nating gawin: Kailangan nating iwanan sa pinto ang lahat ng ating haka-haka. Hayaan natin ang siyensya ang maghumpay ng ating kaalaman nang kaunti. Dahil akala lang natin na ang mga sinungaling ay palaging 'di mapakali. Ang totoo, sadyang tumitigas ang pang-itaas na katawan tuwing sila'y nagsisinungaling. Akala natin na ang mga sinungaling ay hindi tumitingin sa mata. Ang totoo, sadyang tumitingin sila ng husto sa mata upang baliktarin ang ating akala. Akala natin na ang pagiging malapit na loob at pagngiti ay naglalahad ng pagiging totoo at katapatan. Ngunit ang isang dalubhasang liespotter ay nakakakilala ng pekeng ngiti kahit isang milya pa ang layo. Nakikilala niyo ba ang pekeng ngiti dito? Kayang-kaya ninyong galawin ang kalamnan ng inyong pisngi. Ngunit ang tatak ng ngiti ay nasa mata, sa mga kulubot ng mga mata. Hindi 'yan kayang galawin ng isipan lamang, lalo na kung nasobrahan ang Botox.
Now we're going to look at the hot spots. Can you tell what's happening in a conversation? Can you start to find the hot spots to see the discrepancies between someone's words and someone's actions? Now, I know it seems really obvious, but when you're having a conversation with someone you suspect of deception, attitude is by far the most overlooked but telling of indicators.
Kaya huwag pasobrahan ang Botox ha; walang maniniwala sa inyo. Ngayon naman, tingnan natin ang mga hot spots. Alam mo ba ang nangyayari sa isang usapan? Kaya niyo bang hanapin ang mga hot spots na nagpapakita ng di-tugmang salita sa gawa? Alam ko na napakadali lang nito, pero kung kayo ang nakikipag-usap sa isang tao na pinaghihinalaan niyong manloloko, ang ugali't saloobin ay ang pinaka-nilalantaw na palatandaan sa lahat.
An honest person is going to be cooperative. They're going to show they're on your side. They're going to be enthusiastic. They're going to be willing and helpful to getting you to the truth. They're going to be willing to brainstorm, name suspects, provide details. They're going to say, "Hey, maybe it was those guys in payroll that forged those checks." They're going to be infuriated if they sense they're wrongly accused throughout the entire course of the interview, not just in flashes; they'll be infuriated throughout the entire course of the interview. And if you ask someone honest what should happen to whomever did forge those checks, an honest person is much more likely to recommend strict rather than lenient punishment.
Ang mga totoong tao ay makikipagtulungan. Ipapakita nila na sila'y nasa inyong panig. Sila ay ganado. Sila ay buong-loob na tutulong na malaman niyo ang katotohanan. Sila ay makikipagtalakayan, magsasabi ng mga posibleng salarin, at magbibigay ng detalye. Sasabihin nila, "Naku, siguro pineke ng mga tao sa payroll ang mga tseke." Nangangalit sila kapag sila'y pinagbibintangan habang sila'y nasa panayam, at hindi 'yung pabugso-bugso lang; sila'y nangangalit sa buong panayam. At kung itatanong niyo sa totoong tao kung ano ang dapat mangyari sa taong pumeke ng mga tseke, mas malamang na sasabihin niyang mas mabigat ang parusa nararapat dito.
Now let's say you're having that exact same conversation with someone deceptive. That person may be withdrawn, look down, lower their voice, pause, be kind of herky-jerky. Ask a deceptive person to tell their story, they're going to pepper it with way too much detail in all kinds of irrelevant places. And then they're going to tell their story in strict chronological order. And what a trained interrogator does is they come in and in very subtle ways over the course of several hours, they will ask that person to tell that story backwards, and then they'll watch them squirm, and track which questions produce the highest volume of deceptive tells.
Kunwari ay pare-pareho ang ating pinag-uusapan sa isang taong nanloloko. Ang taong sinungaling ay maaaring maging tahimik, hindi makatingin, bababa ang boses, titigil ng kaunti, hindi mapakali. Tanungin niyo ang isang taong manloloko na ilahad and kanyang istorya, at siguradong ito'y dadagdagan ng iba't ibang detalye na wala sa lugar. Madalas, napakapulido ng salaysay nila. Kaya ang ginagawa ng mga eksperto sa pagtatanong ay unti-unti nila itong sinisiyasat sa loob ng maraming oras, at ipapaulit ang salaysay ng pabaligtad, at ngayo'y mapapansin ang pamamaluktot, lalo na sa iilang tanong.
Why do they do that? Well, we all do the same thing. We rehearse our words, but we rarely rehearse our gestures. We say "yes," we shake our heads "no." We tell very convincing stories, we slightly shrug our shoulders. We commit terrible crimes, and we smile at the delight in getting away with it. Now, that smile is known in the trade as "duping delight."
Bakit nila ginagawa ito? Ang totoo, ginagawa din natin iyon. Ini-insayo natin ang ating pananalita, ngunit bihira nating ini-ensayo ang ating galaw. Sasabihin nating "oo," pero umiiling tayo ng "hindi." Kapani-paniwala na sana ang salaysay, ikinikibit naman natin ang ating balikat. Gumagawa tayo ng krimen, at napapangiti tayo kapag hindi tayo nahuli. Ang tawag niyan ay " tuwa dulot ng pagsisinungaling."
And we're going to see that in several videos moving forward, but we're going to start -- for those of you who don't know him, this is presidential candidate John Edwards who shocked America by fathering a child out of wedlock. We're going to see him talk about getting a paternity test. See now if you can spot him saying, "yes" while shaking his head "no," slightly shrugging his shoulders.
Makikita natin ito mamaya sa ilang mga bidyo, ngunit tayo'y magsisimula sa umpisa -- para doon sa mga 'di nakakakilala sa kanya, siya ang kandidatong pagkapangulo na si John Edwards na gumimbal sa Amerika dahil sa pagkakaroon ng anak sa labas. Makikita natin siyang nakikipagtalakayan tungkol sa pagkuha ng paternity test. Panoorin niyo nang mabuti at tingnan ninyo: sinasabi niya "oo" habang siya'y umiiling ng "hindi," at kumikibit ang kanyang balikat.
(Video) John Edwards: I'd be happy to participate in one. I know that it's not possible that this child could be mine, because of the timing of events. So I know it's not possible. Happy to take a paternity test, and would love to see it happen.
(Bidyo): John Edwards: Masaya akong gawin ito. Alam ko na hindi posibleng anak ko ang batang ito, dahil sa pagkakasunod-sunod ng pangyayari. Alam ko na hindi ito posible. Masaya akong gagawin ang paternity test,
Interviewer: Are you going to do that soon? Is there somebody --
at nais ko makita kung ano ang mangyayari. Tagapagtanong: Gagawin niyo ba ito sa lalong madaling panahon? Mayroon bang --
JE: Well, I'm only one side. I'm only one side of the test. But I'm happy to participate in one.
JE: Alam niyo, isang panig lamang ako. Isang panig lang ako sa test na ito. Pero masaya akong gawin ito.
PM: Okay, those head shakes are much easier to spot once you know to look for them. There are going to be times when someone makes one expression while masking another that just kind of leaks through in a flash. Murderers are known to leak sadness. Your new joint venture partner might shake your hand, celebrate, go out to dinner with you and then leak an expression of anger. And we're not all going to become facial expression experts overnight here, but there's one I can teach you that's very dangerous and it's easy to learn, and that's the expression of contempt. Now with anger, you've got two people on an even playing field. It's still somewhat of a healthy relationship. But when anger turns to contempt, you've been dismissed. It's associated with moral superiority. And for that reason, it's very, very hard to recover from. Here's what it looks like. It's marked by one lip corner pulled up and in. It's the only asymmetrical expression. And in the presence of contempt, whether or not deception follows -- and it doesn't always follow -- look the other way, go the other direction, reconsider the deal, say, "No thank you. I'm not coming up for just one more nightcap. Thank you."
PM: Okay, ang mga iling na iyan ay mas madaling makita kung ito'y inyong hinahanap. May mga pagkakataon na ang isang tao ay may ipapakitang kaanyuhan sa mukha habang meron silang tinatago, at lumalabas nalang ito ng bigla. Ang mga mamamatay-tao ay kilalang nagpapakita ng kalungkutan. Ang inyong bagong ka-negosyo ay maaaring makipagkamay sa inyo, magsaya, sumamang kumain sa labas, ngunit may natatagong galit pala. Hindi naman natin natututunan ang mga ito agad-agad, ngunit may isang bagay akong ituturo na sadyang nakakatakot, at ito'y madaling pag-aralan, at iyon ang pagkutya. Sa galit, may dalawang taong kasali. Matuturing pa rin itong malusog na relasyon. Ngunit kapag ang galit ay naging pagkutya, kawawa ka. May kaakibat itong mataas na pagtingin sa sarili. At dahil dito, mahirap itong itanggi. Ganito ang tinutukoy kong itsura. Kapuna-puna ang pag-angat at ang paloob na gilid ng labi. Ito ang nag-iisang anyo ng mukha na hindi pantay. At kung ito'y nangungutya, di natin masisigurong susunod ang panloloko -- at 'di naman lagi -- talikuran niyo na, iwasan niyo na, pag-isipan niyo ang kasunduan, sabihin ninyo, "Hindi na bale, salamat. Hindi na rin ako aakyat para magkape. Salamat."
Science has surfaced many, many more indicators. We know, for example, we know liars will shift their blink rate, point their feet towards an exit. They will take barrier objects and put them between themselves and the person that is interviewing them. They'll alter their vocal tone, often making their vocal tone much lower.
Marami pang maituturo ang agham sa atin tungkol dito. Alam natin, halimbawa, na ang mga sinungaling ay mag-iiba ang kisap ng kanilang mata, at ituturo ng kanilang paa ang pinto palabas. Maglalagay sila ng mga balakid sa pagitan nila at ng tagapagtanong. Babaguhin nila ang tono ng kanilang boses, madalas ito'y bababa.
Now here's the deal. These behaviors are just behaviors. They're not proof of deception. They're red flags. We're human beings. We make deceptive flailing gestures all over the place all day long. They don't mean anything in and of themselves. But when you see clusters of them, that's your signal. Look, listen, probe, ask some hard questions, get out of that very comfortable mode of knowing, walk into curiosity mode, ask more questions, have a little dignity, treat the person you're talking to with rapport. Don't try to be like those folks on "Law & Order" and those other TV shows that pummel their subjects into submission. Don't be too aggressive, it doesn't work.
Ganito 'yan. Ang mga ito ay ugali, at ugali lamang. Hindi ito patunay ng panloloko. Ito'y mga pagbabadya lang. Tayo'y mga tao lamang. Ginagawa natin ang mga tila ugaling panloloko araw-araw. Hindi ito batayan ng kahit ano man. Pero 'pag ito'y magkakasama, ayan ang inyong batayan. Tingnan niyo, makinig kayo, usisain niyo, magtanong kayo ng mahirap na tanong, lagpasan ang sitwasyon kung saan kayo komportable, maging mausisa, magtanong palagi, bigyang dangal ang sarili at harapin nang mahusay ang kausap. Huwag tularan ang mga nasa "Law & Order" at iba pang palabas ng TV na pinipilit sumuko ang pinaghihinalaan. Huwag maging lubos na mapangahas, hindi ito nakakatulong.
Now, we've talked a little bit about how to talk to someone who's lying and how to spot a lie. And as I promised, we're now going to look at what the truth looks like. But I'm going to show you two videos, two mothers -- one is lying, one is telling the truth. And these were surfaced by researcher David Matsumoto in California. And I think they're an excellent example of what the truth looks like.
Napag-usapan na natin nang kaunti kung paano makipag-usap sa isang singungaling at kung ano ang palatandaan nito. At tulad ng aking pangako, titingnan natin kung ano ang mukha ng katotohanan. Meron muna akong ipapakitang dalawang bidyo, 2 ina -- 1 nagsisinungaling at 1 nagsasabi ng totoo. Ang siyang nagpalabas nito ay ang mananaliksik na si David Matsumoto mula California. At sa tingin ko, ito'y magandang halimbawa
This mother, Diane Downs, shot her kids at close range, drove them to the hospital while they bled all over the car, claimed a scraggy-haired stranger did it. And you'll see when you see the video, she can't even pretend to be an agonizing mother. What you want to look for here is an incredible discrepancy between horrific events that she describes and her very, very cool demeanor. And if you look closely, you'll see duping delight throughout this video.
ng mukha ng katotohanan. Si Diane Downs, isang ina, ay binaril ang kanyang mga anak at itinakbo sa ospital habang nauubusan ng dugo ang mga ito sa loob ng kotse, at gumawa ng kwentong isang estranghero ang bumaril sa kanila. Sa bidyong ito, hindi man lang naging kapani-paniwala ang kanyang pighati. Pansinin niyo dito ang 'di-pagkakatugma ng kakila-kilabot na pangyayari at ang kanyang manhid na pagkilos. At kung papansinin, makikita niyo ang galak na dulot ng panloloko na tinutukoy ko kanina.
(Video) Diane Downs: At night when I close my eyes, I can see Christie reaching her hand out to me while I'm driving, and the blood just kept coming out of her mouth. And that -- maybe it'll fade too with time -- but I don't think so. That bothers me the most.
(Bidyo) Diane Downs: Tuwing gabing pinipikit ko ang aking mga mata, nakikita ko si Christie na pilit inaabot ang aking kamay, habang lumalabas ang dugo sa kanyang bibig. At iyan -- siguro mawawala din 'to pagdating ng araw -- 'di ako alam. Iyan ang lubos kong kinakatakutan.
PM: Now I'm going to show you a video
PM: Ipapakita ko sa inyo ngayon ang isang bidyo
of an actual grieving mother, Erin Runnion, confronting her daughter's murderer and torturer in court. Here you're going to see no false emotion, just the authentic expression of a mother's agony.
ng inang si Erin Runnion, na tunay na nagluluksa at dumalo sa korte upang harapin ang pumatay sa kanyang anak na babae. Dito, wala kayong makikitang pekeng damdamin, kundi isang tunay na pagluluksa ng isang ina.
(Video) Erin Runnion: I wrote this statement on the third anniversary of the night you took my baby, and you hurt her, and you crushed her, you terrified her until her heart stopped. And she fought, and I know she fought you. But I know she looked at you with those amazing brown eyes, and you still wanted to kill her. And I don't understand it, and I never will.
(Bidyo) Erin Runnion: Sinulat ko ang salaysay na ito sa ikatlong anibersaryo ng pagkamatay ng aking anak nang dahil sa iyo, sinaktan mo siya, winasak mo, at tinakot mo hanggang sa huminto ang kanyang puso. Lumaban siya, alam kong nilabanan ka niya. Alam kong tiningnan ka niya mula sa kanyang mga kayumangging mata, at ninais mo pa rin siyang patayin. Hindi ko ito maintindihan, hindi kailanman.
PM: Okay, there's no doubting the veracity of those emotions.
PM: Hindi maitatanggi ang katotohanan sa damdaming iyon.
Now the technology around what the truth looks like is progressing on, the science of it. We know, for example, that we now have specialized eye trackers and infrared brain scans, MRI's that can decode the signals that our bodies send out when we're trying to be deceptive. And these technologies are going to be marketed to all of us as panaceas for deceit, and they will prove incredibly useful some day. But you've got to ask yourself in the meantime: Who do you want on your side of the meeting, someone who's trained in getting to the truth or some guy who's going to drag a 400-pound electroencephalogram through the door?
Yumayabong lalo ang teknolohiya at agham ng pagtukoy sa katotohanan. Halimbawa may mahuhusay na eye trackers at infrared brain scans, mga MRI na nakikita ang pagpapahiwatig ng ating katawan tuwing tayo’y nagsisinungaling. At ang mga teknolohiyang ito ay ibebenta sa atin bilang sagot sa panloloko, at ang mga ito’y makakatulong pagdating ng araw. Pero sa ngayon, tanungin ninyo ang inyong sarili: Sino ang gusto ninyong katabi sa isang kumpulan, isang taong sanay na maghanap ng katotohanan o isang taong may hawak ng mabigat na EEG pagpasok ng pinto?
Liespotters rely on human tools. They know, as someone once said, "Character's who you are in the dark." And what's kind of interesting is that today, we have so little darkness. Our world is lit up 24 hours a day. It's transparent with blogs and social networks broadcasting the buzz of a whole new generation of people that have made a choice to live their lives in public. It's a much more noisy world. So one challenge we have is to remember, oversharing, that's not honesty. Our manic tweeting and texting can blind us to the fact that the subtleties of human decency -- character integrity -- that's still what matters, that's always what's going to matter. So in this much noisier world, it might make sense for us to be just a little bit more explicit about our moral code.
Gumagamit ng kaalamang pantao ang mga lispotter. Alam nila, tulad ng sinabi minsan ng isang tao, "Ang tunay na pagkatao ay kung sino ka sa dilim." At nakakatuwang sabihin na sa mga panahon ngayon, paminsan-minsan nalang ang kadiliman. May liwanag sa mundo ng 24 oras kada araw. Ngayon, walang tinatago ang mga blogs at social networks sa pagpapahayag ng mga saloobin ng bagong henerasyon na pinipiling ilahad ang kanilang buhay sa madla. Mas maingay na ang mundo kaysa sa dati. Ang pinakamalaking hamon na marapat tandaan, na ang lubos-lubos na paglalahad ay hindi nangangahulugang totoo ito. Ang ating madalas na pag-tweet at pag-text ay nakakabulag sa katotohanan na ang pagiging simple at disente -- marangal na pagkatao -- iyan pa rin ang pinakamahalaga, higit sa lahat. Sa gitna ng ingay na mundo, nararapat siguro na ipaglaban natin ng husto
When you combine the science of recognizing deception
ang ating kaugaliang marangal.
with the art of looking, listening, you exempt yourself from collaborating in a lie. You start up that path of being just a little bit more explicit, because you signal to everyone around you, you say, "Hey, my world, our world, it's going to be an honest one. My world is going to be one where truth is strengthened and falsehood is recognized and marginalized." And when you do that, the ground around you starts to shift just a little bit.
Kapag pinagsama ang kaalamang pagkikilala ng panloloko at ang sining ng pagpansin at pakikinig, kayo’y lumalayo sa isang kasinungalingan. Umpisahan tahakin ang daan tungo sa pagiging totoo sa mga kilos, dahil ipinapahayag niyo sa lahat ng nasa paligid niyo, sinasabi niyo, "Alam niyo, ang aking mundo, ang ating mundo, ay magiging makatotohanan. Ang aking mundo ay kung saan pinagtitibay ang katotohanan at tinutukoy at nilulupig ang kasinungalingan." At kapag iyan ang iyong ginawa, unti-unting magbabago ang iyong kapaligiran.
And that's the truth. Thank you.
At 'yan ang katotohanan. Maraming salamat.
(Applause)
(Palakpakan)