We see with the eyes, but we see with the brain as well. And seeing with the brain is often called imagination. And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination, our inscapes. We've lived with them all our lives. But there are also hallucinations as well. And hallucinations are completely different. They don't seem to be of our creation. They don't seem to be under control. They seem to come from the outside and to mimic perception.
Gledamo pomoću očiju, ali i pomoću mozga. Gledanje pomoću mozga se često naziva imaginacijom. Nama su poznati pejzaži naše sopstvene imaginacije, naše unutrašnje strukture. Živimo s njima ceo svoj život. Ali postoje i halucinacije, a one su nešto sasvim drugačije. Čini se da ih nismo sami stvorili. Čini se da nisu pod našom kontrolom. Čini se da one dolaze spolja,
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations
i da su imitacija našeg opažanja.
and a particular sort of visual hallucination, which I see among my patients. A few months ago, I got a phone call from a nursing home where I work. They told me that one of their residents, an old lady in her 90s, was seeing things, and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers or, because she was an old lady, whether she'd had a stroke, or whether she had Alzheimer's.
Dakle, govoriću o halucinacijama, i o jednoj vrsti vizualne halucinacije koju srećem kod svojih pacijenata. Pre nekoliko meseci, primio sam telefonski poziv iz staračkog doma u kom radim. Rečeno mi je da je jedna od njihovih štićenica, devedesetogodišnja starica, počela da halucinira, pa su se pitali da li je poludela ili je, s obzirom na to da je stara, imala infarkt ili možda Alchajmera.
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie, the old lady. I went in to see her. It was evident straightaway that she was perfectly sane and lucid and of good intelligence, but she'd been very startled and very bewildered, because she'd been seeing things. And she told me -- the nurses hadn't mentioned this -- that she was blind, that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years. But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things.
Pitali su me da dođem i posetim Rozali, staricu. Otišao sam da je obiđem. Odmah je bilo očigledno da je bila savršeno zdrava i razumna i vrlo inteligentna, ali da je bila unezverena i zbunjena, jer je imala halucinacije. Rekla mi je - sestre mi ovo nisu bile pomenule - da je slepa, da je potpuno slepa već 5 godina jer je patila od makularne degeneracije (bolest mrežnjače). Ali tada, u tih poslednjih nekoliko dana, počela je da halucinira.
So I said, "What sort of things?" And she said, "People in Eastern dress, in drapes, walking up and down stairs. A man who turns towards me and smiles, but he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth. Animals too. I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow. I see this horse with a harness, dragging the snow away. Then, one night, the scene changes. I see cats and dogs walking towards me. They come to a certain point and then stop. Then it changes again. I see a lot of children. They're walking up and down stairs. They wear bright colors, rose and blue, like Eastern dress."
Pitao sam je: "Kakve stvari vidite?" a ona je rekla: "Ljude u istočnjačkim haljinama, u zavesama, koji šetaju stepenicama. Čoveka koji se okreće meni i osmehuje se. Ali ima ogromne zube na jednoj strani usta. Vidim i životinje. Vidim belu zgradu. Veje sneg, lagan sneg. Vidim upregnutog konja koji odnosi sneg. Onda, jedne noći, prizor se menja. Vidim mačke i pse koji hodaju prema meni. Stignu do određene tačke i zaustave se. Onda se menja opet. Vidim mnogo dece. Penju se uz i silaze niz stepenice. Obučeni su u vedre boje, roze i plavu, kao u istočnjačkoj odeći."
Sometimes, she said, before the people come on, she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor, which seem to go up to the ceiling. I said, "Is this like a dream?" And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie." She said, "It's got color. It's got motion. But it's completely silent, like a silent movie." And she said it's a rather boring movie.
Ponekad, reče ona, pre nego što ljudi naiđu, vidi ružičaste i plave kvadrate na podu, koji izgledaju kao da se penju do plafona. Pitao sam: "Da li je to kao neki san?" Ona je rekla: "Ne, nije kao san. Već kao film." Rekla je: "Prisutne su boje. I pokreti. Ali je potpuno nemo, kao nemi film." I rekla je da je to kao neki mnogo dosadan film.
(Laughter)
Rekla je: "Svi ti ljudi nose istočnjačku odoru,
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress, walking up and down, very repetitive, very limited."
šetaju gore i dole, neprestano i u ograničenom prostoru."
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
And she had a sense of humor. She knew it was a hallucination, but she was frightened. She had lived 95 years, and she'd never had a hallucination before. She said that the hallucinations were unrelated to anything she was thinking or feeling or doing, that they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear. She had no control over them. She said she didn't recognize any of the people or places in the hallucinations, and none of the people or the animals -- well, they all seemed oblivious of her. And she didn't know what was going on. She wondered if she was going mad or losing her mind.
Ima smisla za humor. Znala je da halucinira. Ali bila je preplašena. Za svojih 95 godina nikada nije imala halucinacije. Rekla je da halucinacije nisu vezane ni za šta od onoga što je mislila ili osećala ili radila, da, izgleda, dolaze i nestaju same od sebe. Nije mogla da ih kontroliše. Rekla je da nije prepoznala nijednog čoveka niti ijedno mesto u halucinacijama. I nijedan čovek niti životinja, nisu bili svesni njenog prisustva. Nije znala šta se događa. Pitala se da li ludi ili gubi razum.
Well, I examined her carefully. She was a bright old lady, perfectly sane. She had no medical problems. She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations. But she was blind. And I then said to her, "I think I know what you have." I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness. This was originally described," I said, "right back in the 18th century, by a man called Charles Bonnet. And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome. There's nothing wrong with your brain. There's nothing wrong with your mind. You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Dakle, osmotrio sam je pažljivo. Bila je vedra starica, savršeno zdrava. Nije imala zdravstvenih problema. Nije uzimala nikakve lekove koji bi mogli da izazovu halucinacije. Ali bila je slepa Onda sam joj rekao: "Mislim da znam šta je u pitanju." Rekao sam: "Postoji poseban oblik vizualne halucinacije koja se javlja usled pogoršanja vida ili slepila. To je prvi put definisao", rekao sam, "još u 18. veku, čovek po imenu Šarl Bone. A vi imate Šarl-Boneov sindrom. Sa Vašim mozgom je sve u redu. Sa Vašim umom je sve u redu. Vi imate Šarl-Boneov sindrom."
And she was very relieved at this, that there was nothing seriously the matter, and also rather curious. She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?" She said, "Did he have them himself?" And she said, "Tell all the nurses that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Tada joj je laknulo, što nije u pitanju nešto ozbiljno, ali je bila i znatiželjna. Pitala je: "Ko je taj Šarl Bone?" "Da li je i on imao halucinacije?" Rekla je: "Recite svim sestrama
(Laughter)
da imam Šarl-Boneov sindrom."
"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented. I have Charles Bonnet syndrome." Well, so, I did tell the nurses.
(Smeh) "Nisam luda. Nisam senilna. Imam Šarl-Boneov sindrom." I tako sam rekao sestrama.
Now this, for me, is a common situation. I work in old-age homes, largely. I see a lot of elderly people who are hearing-impaired or visually impaired. About 10 percent of the hearing-impaired people get musical hallucinations. And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people get visual hallucinations. You don't have to be completely blind, only sufficiently impaired.
Ovo je, za mene, uobičajena situacija. Dosta radim u staračkim domovima. Viđam mnogo starih ljudi čiji je sluh ili vid znatno oštećen. Oko 10% ljudi oštećenog sluha ima muzičke halucinacije. A oko 10% ljudi oštećenog vida ima vizualne halucinacije. Ne morate biti potpuno slepi, samo prilično slabovidi.
Now, with the original description in the 18th century, Charles Bonnet did not have them. His grandfather had these hallucinations. His grandfather was a magistrate, an elderly man. He'd had cataract surgery. His vision was pretty poor. And in 1759, he described to his grandson various things he was seeing.
Prema opisu iz 18. veka, Šarl Bone nije imao halucinacije. Imao ih je njegov deda. Njegov deda je bio sudija za prekršaje, star čovek. Imao je operaciju katarakte. Vid mu je bio dosta slab. 1759. godine, opisao je svom unuku različite stvari koje je video.
The first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair. It was a large blue handkerchief with four orange circles. And he knew it was a hallucination. You don't have handkerchiefs in midair. And then he saw a big wheel in midair. But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not, because the hallucinations would fit in the context of the visions. So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them, he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?"
Prva stvar za koju je rekao da je video je bila maramica koja lebdi u vazduhu. Velika plava maramica sa četiri narandžasta kruga. Ali znao je da je to halucinacija. Ne lebde maramice u vazduhu tek tako. A onda je video ogromni točak koji isto tako lebdi u vazduhu. Ipak, ponekad nije bio siguran da li halucinira ili ne, zato što su se halucinacije uklapale u kontekst vizija. Tako je, jednom prilikom, kad su ga unuke posetile, rekao: "A ko su ovi zgodni momci sa vama?"
(Laughter)
A one su rekle: "Ah, deko, nema nikakvih momaka."
And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa, there are no handsome young men." And then the handsome young men disappeared. It's typical of these hallucinations that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash. They don't usually fade in and out. They are rather sudden, and they change suddenly.
I istog trenutka momci su iščezli. Karakteristično je za ove halucinacije da se mogu javiti samo na momenat i sledećeg momenta iščeznu. Obično se ne magle i ne blede. Javljaju se iznenada i nestaju iznenada.
Charles Lullin, the grandfather, saw hundreds of different figures, different landscapes of all sorts. On one occasion, he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe, and realized it was himself. That was the only figure he recognized. On one occasion, when he was walking in the streets of Paris, he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding. But when he got back home, he saw a miniature of the scaffolding, six inches high, on his study table. This repetition of perception is sometimes called "palinopsia."
Šarl Lulin, deda, video je na stotine različitih likova, različitih predela svih vrsta. Jednom prilikom, video je čoveka u bade-mantilu kako puši lulu, i shvatio da je to ustvari bio on, lično. To je bio jedini lik koji je on prepoznao. Jednog dana, dok je šetao ulicama Pariza, ugledao je - ovo je bilo stvarno - skelu. Ali kada se vratio kući, video je minijaturu te skele oko 15 centimetara visoku, na svom radnom stolu. Ovo perceptivno ponavljanje se naziva palinopsija.
With him and with Rosalie, what seems to be going on -- and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" -- and I said that as you lose vision, as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input, they become hyperactive and excitable, and they start to fire spontaneously. And you start to see things. The things you see can be very complicated indeed.
Na ono što se dešavalo, sa njim i sa Rozali - a Rozali je rekla: "Šta se dešava?" - ja sam odgovorio da usled slabljenja vida, delovi mozga zaduženi za vid ne primaju nikakve signale, i postaju hiperaktivni i lako nadražljivi, počinju da se uključuju spontano. I tako počinjete da vidite razne stvari. Stvari koje vidite mogu zaista biti veoma komplikovane.
With another patient of mine who also had some vision, the visions she had could be disturbing. On one occasion, she said she saw a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant. And he turned round, and then he divided into six figures in striped shirts, who started walking towards her. And then the six figures came together, like a concertina. Once, when she was driving, or rather, her husband was driving, the road divided into four and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.
Kod moje druge pacijentkinje, koja je, takođe imala vizije, one su umele da budu uznemiravajuće. Jednom prilikom, rekla je da je videla čoveka u prugastoj majici u restoranu. Koji se potom okrenuo. I onda se podelio u 6 likova u prugastim majicama, koji su počeli da hodaju prema njoj. Zatim se tih 6 likova opet sjedinilo u jednog, kao meh na harmonici. Jednom, dok je vozila, ili, pre će biti, dok je njen muž vozio, put se rascepio na 4 dela a ona je osećala kako se kreće po sva 4 puta istovremeno.
She had very mobile hallucinations as well. A lot of them had to do with a car. Sometimes she would see a teenage boy sitting on the hood of the car. He was very tenacious, and he moved rather gracefully when the car turned. And then when they came to a stop, the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff, 100 foot in the air, and then disappear.
Imala je dosta pokretnih halucinacija. Veliki broj njih je bio vezan za automobil. Ponekad bi videla tinejdžera koji sedi na haubi auta. Čvrsto se držao i kretao bi se graciozno kada god bi auto skrenuo. A kada bi se auto zaustavio, dečak bi iznenada poleteo, tridesetak metara uvis, a zatim nestao.
Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination. This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes but the visual parts of her brain, a little tumor in the occipital cortex. And, above all, she would see cartoons. And these cartoons would be transparent, and would cover half the visual field, like a screen. And especially, she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.
Sledeća pacijentkinja imala je drugačiji tip halucinacija. To je bila žena koja nije imala problema sa vidom, već sa delovima mozga zaduženim za vid, mali tumor u potiljačnom korteksu. Ona je viđala crtaće. Ti crtaći su bili providni i prekrivali su polovinu vidnog polja, kao ekran. Najčešće je viđala crtaće Žapca Kermita.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Now, I don't watch Sesame Street, but she made a point of saying, "Why Kermit?" she said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me." You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants: Why Kermit? "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
Ja ne gledam "Ulicu Sezam", ali mi je bilo jasno kada je rekla "Zašto Kermit? Kermit mi ne znači ništa. Znate, razmišljala sam i Frojdovim determinantama. Zašto Kermit? Kermit Žabac mi ne znači ništa."
She didn't mind the cartoons too much. But what did disturb her was she got very persistent images or hallucinations of faces, and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed, with very large teeth or very large eyes. And these frightened her. Well, what is going on with these people? As a physician, I have to try and define what's going on and to reassure people, especially to reassure them that they're not going insane.
Nisu joj smetali crtaći mnogo. Ono što joj je smetalo je to što su joj se uporno javljale slike ili halucinacije lica a lica su, kao kod Rozali, bila često izdeformisana, sa krupnim zubima ili ogromnim očima. I to ju je plašilo. Dakle, šta se dešava sa ovim ljudima? Kao lekar, moram da pokušam da objasnim šta se događa, i da razuverim ljude, naročito da ih uverim da ne počinju da lude.
Something like 10 percent, as I said, of visually impaired people get these. But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them, because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something. And if they do mention them to their own doctors, they may be misdiagnosed.
Nešto oko 10%, kao što sam već rekao, slabovidih ljudi susreće se sa halucinacijama. Ali samo 1% ovih ljudi to priznaje, jer se plaše da će ih drugi smatrati ludima ili tako nešto. A ako ih pomenu svojim doktorima može im biti postavljena pogrešna dijagnoza.
In particular, the notion is that if you see things or hear things, you're going mad. But the psychotic hallucinations are quite different. Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal, they address you. They accuse you, they seduce you, they humiliate you, they jeer at you. You interact with them. There is none of this quality of being addressed with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations. There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you -- or that's how people think about it.
Uglavnom, poenta je da ste, ako vidite ili čujete čudne stvari, prolupali, ali psihotične halucinacije su dosta drugačije. Psihotične halucinacije Vam se, bilo da su vizualne ili zvučne, direktno obraćaju. Osuđuju Vas. Zavode Vas. Ponižavaju Vas. Rugaju Vam se. Komunicirate sa njima. Ništa od ovoga nema veze sa Šarl-Boneovim halucinacijama. Gledate film koji nema nikakve veze sa Vama, ili bar tako ljudi misle.
There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy, and sometimes, if one has this, one may feel oneself transported back to a time and place in the past. You're at a particular road junction. You smell chestnuts roasting. You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved. And you're waiting for your girl. And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982. The temporal lobe hallucinations are all sense hallucinations, full of feeling, full of familiarity, located in space and time, coherent, dramatic. The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different.
Postoji, takođe, nešto što se zove privremena epilepsija slepoočnog režnja, i ponekad, onaj koga to zadesi, može se osetiti kao da je vraćen u vreme i mesto iz prošlosti. Recimo, nalazite se na nekoj raskrsnici. Osetite miris pečenog kestenja. Čujete saobraćaj. Sva čula su uključena. I čekate svoju devojku. Ustvari ste se vratili u utorak veče, 1982. Jer su privremene halucinacije u slepoočnom režnju svečulne halucinacije, pune osećanja, pune prisnosti, locirane u prostoru i vremenu, koherentne, dramatične. Šarl-Boneove halucinacije su potpuno drugačije.
In the Charles Bonnet hallucinations, you have all sorts of levels, from the geometrical hallucinations -- the pink and blue squares the woman had -- up to quite elaborate hallucinations with figures and especially faces. Faces, and sometimes deformed faces, are the single commonest thing in these hallucinations. And one of the second commonest is cartoons.
Kod njih su prisutni, različti nivoi halucinacija, od geometrijskih halucinacija - sa ružičastim i plavim kvadratima kakve je ona žena imala - do izuzetno složenih halucinacija sa razčitim ličnostima i naročito licima. Lica, koja su nekad deformisana, su uobičajena pojava kod ovih halucinacija. Druga česta pojava su crtaći.
So, what is going on? Fascinatingly, in the last few years, it's been possible to do functional brain imagery, to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating, and, in fact, to find that different parts of the visual brain are activated as they are hallucinating. When people have these simple, geometrical hallucinations, the primary visual cortex is activated. This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns. You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.
Dakle, šta se dešava? Fascinirajuće je da je u poslednjih nekoliko godina moguće uspešno izvesti snimanje mozga, uraditi magnetnu rezonancu dok ljudi haluciniraju. Tačnije, moguće je videti koji su vizualni delovi mozga aktivni tokom halucinacija. Kada ljudi doživljavaju jednostavne geometrijske halucinacije, primarni vizualni korteks je aktivan. To je deo mozga koji opaža ivice i sheme. Slike se ne formiraju pomoću primarnog vizualnog korteksa.
When images are formed, a higher part of the visual cortex is involved, in the temporal lobe. And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe is called the fusiform gyrus. And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus, they may lose the ability to recognize faces. But if there's an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus, they may hallucinate faces, and this is exactly what you find in some of these people. There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus where teeth and eyes are represented, and that part of the gyrus is activated when people get the deformed hallucinations.
Kada su slike već formirane, viši deo vizualnog korteksa je povezan sa temporalnim režnjem. Jedna oblast temporalnog režnja se naziva vretenasta vijuga A poznato je da ljudi kojima je ta vijuga oštećena mogu izgubiti sposobnost prepoznavanja lica. Ali ukoliko postoji abnormalna aktivnost vretenaste vijuge, ljudi mogu da dožive halucinacije lica i to je upravo ono što se javlja kod nekih od ovih ljudi. Postoji oblast u prednjem delu ove vijuge gde su predstavljeni zubi i oči, i taj deo vijuge postaje aktivan kada ljudi doživljavaju deformisane halucinacije.
There is another part of the brain which is especially activated when one sees cartoons. It's activated when one recognizes cartoons, when one draws cartoons and when one hallucinates them. It's very interesting that that should be specific. There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved with the recognition and hallucination of buildings and landscapes.
Postoji drugi deo mozga koji se aktivira kada osoba vidi crtaće. Postaje aktivan u trenutku kada ta osoba prepozna crtać, kada ga crta ili kada ima halucinacije o njemu. Veoma je interesantno da je specifično. Neki drugi delovi mozga učestvuju u prepoznavanju i halucinacijama
Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain,
građevina i pejzaža.
but particular cells. "Face cells" were discovered around 1970. And now we know that there are hundreds of other sorts of cells, which can be very, very specific. So you may not only have "car" cells, you may have "Aston Martin" cells.
Oko 1970. godine, otkriveno je da nisu u pitanju delovi mozga, već određene ćelije. ''Facijalne ćelije" su otkrivene oko 1970. A sada znamo da postoji još na stotine drugih vrsta ćelija, koje mogu biti vrlo, vrlo specifične. Tako da ne morate imati samo "automobil" ćelije, možete imati čak "Aston Martin" ćelije.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
I saw an Aston Martin this morning. I had to bring it in.
Video sam Aston Martin jutros.
(Laughter)
Morao sam da ga pomenem.
And now it's in there, somewhere. So --
I sad je tu negde. (Smeh)
(Laughter)
E sad, u ovom stadijumu, u onome što se zove inferotemporalni korteks,
now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex, there are only visual images, or figments or fragments. It's only at higher levels that the other senses join in and there are connections with memory and emotion. And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome, you don't go to those higher levels. You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex, where you have thousands and tens of thousands and millions of images, or figments or fragmentary figments, all neurally encoded in particular cells or small clusters of cells.
nalaze se samo vizualni prizori, ili plod mašte ili njeni odlomci. Samo na višim nivoima se ostala čula pridružuju i povezuju sa pamćenjem i emocijama. Kada se radi o Šarl-Boneovom sindromu, do tih viših nivoa se ne stiže. Na ovim nivoima inferiornog vizualnog korteksa gde imate hiljade i desetine hiljada i milione slika ili segmenata koji su plod mašte, šifrovanih u posebnim ćelijama ili malim grupama ćelija.
Normally, these are all part of the integrated stream of perception, or imagination, and one is not conscious of them. It is only if one is visually impaired or blind that the process is interrupted. And instead of getting normal perception, you're getting an anarchic, convulsive stimulation, or release, of all of these visual cells in the inferotemporal cortex. So, suddenly, you see a face. Suddenly, you see a car. Suddenly this and suddenly that. The mind does its best to organize and to give some sort of coherence to this, but not terribly successfully.
Obično je sve ovo deo integrisanog toka percepcije ili imaginacije, čega osoba nije svesna. Samo u slučaju ako je osoba slabovida ili slepa taj proces je prekinut. Pa umesto uobičajene percepcije, osoba prima zbrkane, haotične stimulacije ili oslobađanja svih onih vizualnih ćelija smeštenih u inferotemporalnom korteksu. Tako da, iznenada, osoba vidi lice. Iznenada vidi auto. Iznenada ovo, iznenada ono. Um čini sve što je u njegovoj moći da to organizuje i da sve to poveže, ali ne čini to naročito uspešno.
When these were first described, it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams. But, in fact, people say, "I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations. Kermit means nothing to me." You don't get anywhere, thinking of them as dreams.
Kada je ovo bilo prvi put objašnjeno, smatralo se da može biti tumačeno kao san. Međutim, ljudi kažu: "Ne prepoznajem ljude. Ne mogu ništa da povežem." "Kermit mi ne znači ništa." Tumačenje halucinacija kao snova, ne vodi nikuda.
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted. I think I just want to recapitulate and say this is common. Think of the number of blind people. There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people who have these hallucinations but are too scared to mention them. So this sort of thing needs to be brought into notice, for patients, for doctors, for the public. Finally, I think they are infinitely interesting and valuable, for giving one some insight as to how the brain works.
Pa, manje-više sam rekao ono što sam želeo. Hoću samo da zaokružim i kažem da je ovo uobičajena pojava. Pomislite koliko ima slepih ljudi. Mora da postoje stotine hiljada slepih ljudi koji doživljavaju ove halucinacije, ali se plaše da to pomenu. Zato o ovakvoj stvari treba podići svest kod pacijenata, doktora, u javnosti. Na kraju krajeva, mislim da je izuzetno interesantno i bitno, pružiti ljudima uvid u to kako mozak funkcioniše.
Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago -- he wondered how, thinking of these hallucinations, how, as he put it, the theater of the mind could be generated by the machinery of the brain. Now, 250 years later, I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done. Thanks very much.
Šarl Bone je rekao, pre 250 godina - da se pita kako, pritom misleći na ove halucinacije, kako, kako je on rekao, pozorište uma, može biti proizvedeno u fabrici zvanoj mozak. Sada, 250 godina kasnije, mislim da počinjemo da shvatamo kako se ovo dešava. Hvala vam mnogo.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
Chris Anderson: That was superb. Thank you so much. You speak about these things with so much insight and empathy for your patients. Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about?
Kris Anderson: Ovo je bilo sjajno. Hvala Vam mnogo. Govorite o tim stvarima sa toliko razumevanja i saosećanja prema svojim pacijentima. Jeste li Vi iskusili neke od ovih sindroma o kojima pišete?
Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you would ask that.
Oliver Saks: Plašio sam se da ćete me to pitati.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
Well, yeah, a lot of them. And, actually, I'm a little visually impaired myself. I'm blind in one eye and not terribly good in the other. And I see the geometrical hallucinations. But they stop there.
Pa, jesam, dosta njih. U stvari, i sam sam slabovid. Slep sam na jedno oko a na drugo ne vidim naročito dobro. I imam geometrijske halucinacije. Ali to je sve.
CA: And they don't disturb you? Because you understand what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried?
KA: I ne uznemiravaju vas? S obzirom na to da razumete šta se događa, zar Vas to ne zabrinjava?
OS: Well, they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus, which I ignore. They occasionally interest me, and I have many pictures of them in my notebooks. I've gone and had an fMRI myself, to see how my visual cortex is ticking over. And when I see all these hexagons and complex things, which I also have, in visual migraine, I wonder whether everyone sees things like this and whether things like cave art or ornamental art may have been derived from them a bit.
OS: Pa uznemiravaju me koliko i zujanje u ušima. koje ignorišem. Povremeno me zainteresuju, pa imam mnogo njihovih slika u svojoj svesci. Išao sam na magnetnu rezonancu, da vidim kako moj vizualni korteks reaguje. I kad vidim sve te šestougaonike i sve te kompleksne stvari, koje takođe viđam, tokom vizualne migrene, pitam se da li i svi ostali vide takve stvari, i da li su se stvari kao što su pećinska umetnost ili ornamentalna umetnost delom razvile iz halucinacija.
CA: That was an utterly, utterly fascinating talk. Thank you so much for sharing.
KA: Ovo je bio jedan potpuno izvanredan govor. Hvala Vam mnogo što ste to podelili sa nama.
OS: Thank you. Thank you.
OS: Hvala vama. Hvala vama.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)