We see with the eyes, but we see with the brain as well. And seeing with the brain is often called imagination. And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination, our inscapes. We've lived with them all our lives. But there are also hallucinations as well. And hallucinations are completely different. They don't seem to be of our creation. They don't seem to be under control. They seem to come from the outside and to mimic perception.
Vidimo očima. Ali vidimo i mozgom isto tako. I gledanje mozgom se često zove imaginacija. Upoznati smo s pejzažima naše vlastite imaginacije, našim unutarnjim pejzažima. Živimo s njima cijeli život. Ali postoje također i halucinacije. A halucinacije su nešto sasvim drugačije. Čini se da ih nismo sami stvorili. Čini se da nisu pod našom kontrolom. Čini se da dolaze izvana.
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations
i oponašaju percepciju.
and a particular sort of visual hallucination, which I see among my patients. A few months ago, I got a phone call from a nursing home where I work. They told me that one of their residents, an old lady in her 90s, was seeing things, and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers or, because she was an old lady, whether she'd had a stroke, or whether she had Alzheimer's.
Tako ću pričati o halucinacijama. I posebnoj vrsti vidnih halucinacija koju vidim među svojim pacijentima. Prije nekoliko mjeseci nazvali su me iz staračkog doma gdje radim. Rekli su mi da se jednoj od štićenica doma, starijoj gospođi u devedesetima, priviđaju stvari. Pitali su se da li je pukla. Ili, zato što je bila starija gospođa, da li je imala moždani udar ili ima Alzheimerovu bolest.
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie, the old lady. I went in to see her. It was evident straightaway that she was perfectly sane and lucid and of good intelligence, but she'd been very startled and very bewildered, because she'd been seeing things. And she told me -- the nurses hadn't mentioned this -- that she was blind, that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years. But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things.
I pitali su me da li bih došao vidjeti Rosalie, stariju gospođu. Otišao sam je vidjeti. Bilo je odmah jasno da je potpuno razborita lucidna i inteligentna. Ali bila je jako prestrašena, i jako zbunjena jer su joj se priviđale stvari. Rekla mi je-- sestre ovo nisu spominjale-- da je slijepa, da je potpuno slijepa, zbog makularne degeneracije, zadnjih pet godina. Ali sada, zadnjih nekoliko dana, priviđaju joj se stvari.
So I said, "What sort of things?" And she said, "People in Eastern dress, in drapes, walking up and down stairs. A man who turns towards me and smiles, but he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth. Animals too. I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow. I see this horse with a harness, dragging the snow away. Then, one night, the scene changes. I see cats and dogs walking towards me. They come to a certain point and then stop. Then it changes again. I see a lot of children. They're walking up and down stairs. They wear bright colors, rose and blue, like Eastern dress."
Tako sam pitao, "Kakve stvari?" Rekla je, "Ljude u orijentalnim haljinama, ogrnute, šetaju se gore i dolje stepenicama. Čovjeka koji se okreće prema meni i smiješi se. Ali ima ogroman zub na jednoj strani usta. Životinje također. Vidim bijelu zgradu. Pada snijeg, mekani snijeg. Vidim tog konja, sa zapregom koja odguruje snijeg. Tada, jedne noći, scena se mijenja. Vidim mačke i pse koji hodaju prema meni. Dođu do određenog mjesta i tada stanu. Tada se opet promijeni. Vidim mnoštvo djece. Hodaju gore dolje po stepenicama. Nose jarke boje, ružičastu i plavu. poput orijentalne haljine."
Sometimes, she said, before the people come on, she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor, which seem to go up to the ceiling. I said, "Is this like a dream?" And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie." She said, "It's got color. It's got motion. But it's completely silent, like a silent movie." And she said it's a rather boring movie.
Ponekad, rekla je, prije nego što ljudi dođu može halucinirati ružičaste i plave kvadrate na podu, koji se doimaju kao da idu prema stropu. Pitao sam, "Da li je to slično snu?" A ona je rekla, "Ne, nije poput sna, više je slično filmu." Rekla je, "Ima boju, ima pokret. Ali je potpuno tiho, poput nijemog filma." I rekla je da je to donekle dosadan film.
(Laughter)
Rekla je, "Svi ovi ljudi u orijentalnim haljinama,
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress, walking up and down, very repetitive, very limited."
hodaju gore dolje, neprestano, veoma ograničeno.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And she had a sense of humor. She knew it was a hallucination, but she was frightened. She had lived 95 years, and she'd never had a hallucination before. She said that the hallucinations were unrelated to anything she was thinking or feeling or doing, that they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear. She had no control over them. She said she didn't recognize any of the people or places in the hallucinations, and none of the people or the animals -- well, they all seemed oblivious of her. And she didn't know what was going on. She wondered if she was going mad or losing her mind.
I imala je smisao za humor. Znala je da je to halucinacija. Ali bila je preplašena. Ima 95 godina i nikada prije nije imala halucinacije. Rekla je da halucinacije nisu povezane ni s čim o čemu misli ili osjeća ili radi. Činilo se da se same pojavljuju, ili nestaju. Nije imala kontrolu nad njima. Rekla je da nije prepoznavala ni ljude ni mjesta u halucinacijama. I nikoga od ljudi ili životinja, činilo se da ne može upamtiti. I nije znala što se događa. Pitala se da li ludi, da li je poludjela.
Well, I examined her carefully. She was a bright old lady, perfectly sane. She had no medical problems. She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations. But she was blind. And I then said to her, "I think I know what you have." I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness. This was originally described," I said, "right back in the 18th century, by a man called Charles Bonnet. And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome. There's nothing wrong with your brain. There's nothing wrong with your mind. You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Dakle, pažljivo sam je pregledao. Bila je bistra starica. Potpuno razborita. Nije imala medicinskih problema. Nije uzimala nikakve lijekove koji mogu stvoriti halucinacije. Ali bila je slijepa. I tada sam joj rekao, "Mislim da znam što imate." Rekao sam, "Postoji posebna vrsta vidnih halucinacija koja može ići uz pogoršavanjem vida, ili slijepoću." "Ovo je prvi opisao," rekao sam, "još u 18.stoljeću, čovjek koji se zvao Charles Bonnet. I vi imate sindrom Charlesa Bonneta. Sve je u redu s vašim mozgom. Sve je u redu s vašim umom. Vi imate sindrom Charlesa Bonneta."
And she was very relieved at this, that there was nothing seriously the matter, and also rather curious. She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?" She said, "Did he have them himself?" And she said, "Tell all the nurses that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
I bilo joj je laknulo, da nije ništa ozbiljno, ali je također bila znatiželjna. Pitala je, "Tko je taj Charles Bonnet?" Pitala je, "Da li je i on sam to imao?" I rekla je, "Recite svim sestrama
(Laughter)
da ja imam sindrom Charlesa Bonneta."
"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented. I have Charles Bonnet syndrome." Well, so, I did tell the nurses.
(smijeh) "Nisam luda. Nisam dementna. Imam sindrom Charlesa Bonneta." Tako sam i rekao sestrama.
Now this, for me, is a common situation. I work in old-age homes, largely. I see a lot of elderly people who are hearing-impaired or visually impaired. About 10 percent of the hearing-impaired people get musical hallucinations. And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people get visual hallucinations. You don't have to be completely blind, only sufficiently impaired.
Ovo je za mene uobičajena situacija. Većinom radim u starčkim domovima. Vidim puno starijih ljudi koji slabo čuju ili slabo vide. Oko 10 posto onih s oštećenim sluhom imaju slušne halucinacije. I oko 10 posto onih s oštećenim vidom imaju vidne halucinacije. Ne morate biti potpuno slijepi, nego samo dovoljno oštećenog vida.
Now, with the original description in the 18th century, Charles Bonnet did not have them. His grandfather had these hallucinations. His grandfather was a magistrate, an elderly man. He'd had cataract surgery. His vision was pretty poor. And in 1759, he described to his grandson various things he was seeing.
U originalnom opisu iz 18 stoljeća, Charles Bonnet ih nije imao. Njegova djed je imao ovakve halucinacije. Njegov djed je bio sudac, stariji čovjek. Operirao je mrenu. vid mu je bio vrlo slab. I 1759.godine je opisao svom unuku različite stvari koje su mu se priviđale.
The first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair. It was a large blue handkerchief with four orange circles. And he knew it was a hallucination. You don't have handkerchiefs in midair. And then he saw a big wheel in midair. But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not, because the hallucinations would fit in the context of the visions. So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them, he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?"
Prvo što je rekao je da je vidio maramicu u zraku. Bila je to velika plava maramica sa četiri narančasta kruga. i znao je da je to bila halucinacija. Nemate baš maramica u zraku I vidio je veliki kotač u zraku. Ali ponekad nije bio siguran da li halucinira. Jer su se halucinacije uklapale u kontekst vida. Tako je jednom prilikom, kad mu je unuka bila u posjeti, pitao, "A tko je ovaj zgodan mladić s tobom?"
(Laughter)
A ona je odgovorila, "Jao, djede, pa nema nikakvog zgodnog mladića."
And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa, there are no handsome young men." And then the handsome young men disappeared. It's typical of these hallucinations that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash. They don't usually fade in and out. They are rather sudden, and they change suddenly.
I tada je zgodni mladić iščezao. To je tipično za ovakve halucinacije da se mogu munjevito pojaviti i nestati. Obično se ne pojavljuju i ne nestaju polagano. One su prilično iznenadne. I mijenjaju se naglo.
Charles Lullin, the grandfather, saw hundreds of different figures, different landscapes of all sorts. On one occasion, he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe, and realized it was himself. That was the only figure he recognized. On one occasion, when he was walking in the streets of Paris, he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding. But when he got back home, he saw a miniature of the scaffolding, six inches high, on his study table. This repetition of perception is sometimes called "palinopsia."
Charles Lullin, djeda, vidio je na stotine različitih likova, različite krajolike svih vrsta Jednom prilikom vidio je čovjeka u kućnom ogrtaču kako puši lulu, i shvatio je da je to on sam. To je bio jedini lik kojeg je prepoznao. Jednom prilikom dok je šetao ulicama Pariza, vidio je--zaista--građevinske skele. Ali kad se vratio kući vidio je minijaturne skele visoke petnaest centimetara na svom radnom stolu. Ovo ponavljanje percepcije se ponekad zove palinopsija.
With him and with Rosalie, what seems to be going on -- and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" -- and I said that as you lose vision, as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input, they become hyperactive and excitable, and they start to fire spontaneously. And you start to see things. The things you see can be very complicated indeed.
Kod njega, i kod Rosalie, se izgleda događalo-- i Rosalie je pitala, "Što se dešava?"-- a ja sam joj rekao da kad izgubiš vid, tada vidni dijelovi mozga više ne dobijaju ulazne informacije, i postaju hiperaktivni i podražljivi. I počinju spontano okidati. I počinje vam se priviđati. Stvari koje vidite mogu biti zaista komplicirane.
With another patient of mine who also had some vision, the visions she had could be disturbing. On one occasion, she said she saw a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant. And he turned round, and then he divided into six figures in striped shirts, who started walking towards her. And then the six figures came together, like a concertina. Once, when she was driving, or rather, her husband was driving, the road divided into four and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.
Kod jednog mog pacijenta, koja je, (poput Charles Lullina) imala neka priviđenja, priviđenja koja mogu biti uznemirujuća. Jednom prilikom je rekla da je vidjela čovjeka u prugastoj majici u restoranu. I on se okrenuo. Tada se podijelio u šest identičnih likova u prugastim majicama, koji su krenuli prema njoj. I tada su se šest figura opet spojila u jednu. jednom, dok je vozila, ili bolje, dok je vozio njen muž, cesta se podijelila u četiri ceste. I osjetila je kako istovremeno ide preko svih četiri.
She had very mobile hallucinations as well. A lot of them had to do with a car. Sometimes she would see a teenage boy sitting on the hood of the car. He was very tenacious, and he moved rather gracefully when the car turned. And then when they came to a stop, the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff, 100 foot in the air, and then disappear.
Imala je također, vrlo pokretne halucinacije. I većina je imala veze s autom. Ponekad bi vidjela adolescentnog dječaka kako sjedi na poklopcu motora automobila. Bio je vrlo uporan i kretao se prilično graciozno kad je auto skrenuo. I kad su se zaustavili, dječak je iznenada uzletio, 30 metara u zrak, i zatim nestao.
Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination. This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes but the visual parts of her brain, a little tumor in the occipital cortex. And, above all, she would see cartoons. And these cartoons would be transparent, and would cover half the visual field, like a screen. And especially, she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.
Jedan drugi moj pacijent je imao drugačiju vrstu halucinacija. To je bila žena koja nije imala poteškoća s očima, nego s vidnim dijelovima mozga. Maleni tumor u zatiljnom dijelu kore mozga. I, iznad svega, ona bi vidjela crtiće. Ovi crtići bi bili prozirni i prekrivali bi polovicu vidnog polja, poput ekrana. i naročito je vidjela crtiće s žapcem Kermitom.
(Laughter)
(smijeh)
Now, I don't watch Sesame Street, but she made a point of saying, "Why Kermit?" she said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me." You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants: Why Kermit? "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
ja ne gledam Ulicu Sezam. Ali imala je pravo kad je govorila, "Zašto Kermit?" Pitala je, "Žabac Kermit mi ništa ne znači. Znate, razmišljao sam oko Freudovskih odrednica. Zašto Kermit? Žabac Kermit mi ništa ne znači."
She didn't mind the cartoons too much. But what did disturb her was she got very persistent images or hallucinations of faces, and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed, with very large teeth or very large eyes. And these frightened her. Well, what is going on with these people? As a physician, I have to try and define what's going on and to reassure people, especially to reassure them that they're not going insane.
Nije baš marila za crtiće. Ali ono što ju je uznemirilo je to što je imala stalne slike ili halucinacije lica i kao i kod Rosalie, lica su često bila deformirana, s veoma velikim zubima, ili veoma velikim očima. I to ju je plašilo. Dakle, što se događalo ovim ljudima? Kao liječnik, morao sam se potruditi i definirati što se događa, i uvjeriti ljude. Naročito ih uvjeriti da neće poludjeti.
Something like 10 percent, as I said, of visually impaired people get these. But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them, because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something. And if they do mention them to their own doctors, they may be misdiagnosed.
Oko 10 posto, kako sam rekao, ljudi s oštećenjem vida imaju ovakve halucinacije. Ali ne više od jedan posto ljudi ih priznaje. Jer se boje da će ih smatrati luđacima ili nešto slično. I ako ih spominju svojim liječnicima mogu biti krivo dijagnosticirani.
In particular, the notion is that if you see things or hear things, you're going mad. But the psychotic hallucinations are quite different. Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal, they address you. They accuse you, they seduce you, they humiliate you, they jeer at you. You interact with them. There is none of this quality of being addressed with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations. There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you -- or that's how people think about it.
Uglavnom, smatra se da ako vidite stvari ili čujete stvari, da gubite razum. Ali psihotične halucinacije su nešto sasvim drugo. psihotične halucinacije, bilo da su vidne ili slušne, obraćaju se vama. Optužuju vas. Zavode vas. Ponižavaju vas. Rugaju vam se. Vi sudjelujete u njima. Nijedne od ovih karakteristika nema u halucinacijama Charlesa Bonneta. Imate film. Gledate film koji nema veze s vama. Tako ljudi misle o tome.
There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy, and sometimes, if one has this, one may feel oneself transported back to a time and place in the past. You're at a particular road junction. You smell chestnuts roasting. You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved. And you're waiting for your girl. And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982. The temporal lobe hallucinations are all sense hallucinations, full of feeling, full of familiarity, located in space and time, coherent, dramatic. The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different.
Također postoji rijetko stanje koje se zove epilepsija sljepoočnog režnja. i ponekad, ako netko to ima, može se osjećati transportiran natrag u vremenu i prostoru u prošlost. Nalazite se na posebnom raskrižju cesta. Mirišete pečene kestene. Čujete prometnu gužvu. Sva osjetila su uključena. I vi čekate svoju djevojku. I utorak je navečer u 1982.g. I halucinacije sljepoočnog režnja su sve multisenzorne halucinacije, prepune osjećaja, prepuna poznatog, smještena u prostoru i vremenu, usklađena, dramatična. Halucinacije Charlesa Bonneta su sasvim drugačije.
In the Charles Bonnet hallucinations, you have all sorts of levels, from the geometrical hallucinations -- the pink and blue squares the woman had -- up to quite elaborate hallucinations with figures and especially faces. Faces, and sometimes deformed faces, are the single commonest thing in these hallucinations. And one of the second commonest is cartoons.
Tako u halucinacijama Charles Bonneta, imate sve vrste razina, od geometrijskih halucinacija, ružičastih i plavih kvadrata koje je gospođa imala, do posebno razrađenih halucinacija s likovima i posebno licima. Lica, i ponekad deformirana lica, su najčešće stvari u ovim halucinacijama. A druge najčešće su crtići.
So, what is going on? Fascinatingly, in the last few years, it's been possible to do functional brain imagery, to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating, and, in fact, to find that different parts of the visual brain are activated as they are hallucinating. When people have these simple, geometrical hallucinations, the primary visual cortex is activated. This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns. You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.
Pa, što se događa? Fascinatno je, zadnjih nekoliko godina, je moguće učiniti funkcijske prikaze mozga, napraviti funkcijsku magnetnu rezonancu (fMRI) ljudima koji haluciniraju. I u stvari, pronaći te različite dijelove vidnog dijela mozga koji su aktivirani dok oni haluciniraju. Kad ljudi imaju ove jednostavne geometrijske halucinacije, aktivirana je primarna vidna kora. To je dio mozga koji opaža rubove i uzorke. Ne stvarate slike pomoću primarne vidne kore.
When images are formed, a higher part of the visual cortex is involved, in the temporal lobe. And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe is called the fusiform gyrus. And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus, they may lose the ability to recognize faces. But if there's an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus, they may hallucinate faces, and this is exactly what you find in some of these people. There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus where teeth and eyes are represented, and that part of the gyrus is activated when people get the deformed hallucinations.
Kada su slike stvorene, viši dio vidne kore u sljepoočnom režnju je uključen. I posebno, jedno područje sljepoočnog režnja koje se zove fuziformna vijuga. I poznato je da ukoliko ljudi imaju oštećenje u fuziformnoj vijuzi, mogu izgubiti sposobnost prepoznavanja lica. Ali ako postoji abnormalna aktivnost u fuziformnoj vijuzi, mogu halucinirati lica. I to je točno ono što se može pronaći kod ovih ljudi. U prednjem dijelu ove vijuge nalazi se područje gdje su zubi i oči reprezentirani. I taj dio vijuge je aktiviran kad ljudi imaju deformirane halucinacije.
There is another part of the brain which is especially activated when one sees cartoons. It's activated when one recognizes cartoons, when one draws cartoons and when one hallucinates them. It's very interesting that that should be specific. There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved with the recognition and hallucination of buildings and landscapes.
Postoji još jedan dio mozga koji je posebno aktivan kad netko vidi crtiće. On je aktivin kad netko prepoznaje crtiće, kad netko crta crtiće, i kad ih halucinira. Jako je zanimljivo da bi to trebalo biti specifično. Postoje i drugi dijelovi mozga koji su posebno uključeni u prepoznavanje i halucinacije
Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain,
zgrada i pejzaža.
but particular cells. "Face cells" were discovered around 1970. And now we know that there are hundreds of other sorts of cells, which can be very, very specific. So you may not only have "car" cells, you may have "Aston Martin" cells.
Oko 1970.g. je otkriveno da nisu samo uključeni posebni dijelovi mozga, već posebne stanice. "Stanice za lice" su otkrivene oko 1970.g. I sada znamo da postoje i stotine drugih vrsta stanica, koje mogu biti vrlo, vrlo specifične. Tako da ne samo da imate stanice za "auto" možete imati i "Aston Martin" stanice.
(Laughter)
(smijeh)
I saw an Aston Martin this morning. I had to bring it in.
Vidio sam Aston Martin jutros.
(Laughter)
morao sam ga donijeti.
And now it's in there, somewhere. So --
i sad je tu negdje. (smijeh)
(Laughter)
Sada, na ovoj razini, u onome što se zove inferotemporalna kora,
now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex, there are only visual images, or figments or fragments. It's only at higher levels that the other senses join in and there are connections with memory and emotion. And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome, you don't go to those higher levels. You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex, where you have thousands and tens of thousands and millions of images, or figments or fragmentary figments, all neurally encoded in particular cells or small clusters of cells.
nalaze se samo vizualne slike, ili maštanja ili fragmenti. Samo na višim razinama kad se ostala osjetila priključe i kad se spoje s pamćenjem i osjećajima. U sindromu Charlesa Bonneta ne idete na ove više razine. Vi ste na ovim razinama inferiorne vidne kore gdje imate tisuće i desetke tisuća i milijuna slika, ili maštanja, ili fragmentiranih maštanja, sva neuronalno šifrirana, u posebnim stanicama ili malim nakupinama stanica.
Normally, these are all part of the integrated stream of perception, or imagination, and one is not conscious of them. It is only if one is visually impaired or blind that the process is interrupted. And instead of getting normal perception, you're getting an anarchic, convulsive stimulation, or release, of all of these visual cells in the inferotemporal cortex. So, suddenly, you see a face. Suddenly, you see a car. Suddenly this and suddenly that. The mind does its best to organize and to give some sort of coherence to this, but not terribly successfully.
Normalno su one dio integriranog snopa percepcije ili maštanja. I pojedinac ih nije svjestan. Samo ako je netko oštećenog vida, ili slijep, tad je proces prekinut. I umjesto normalne percepcije, dobijete anarhičnu, konvulzivnu stimulaciju, ili otpuštanje, ovih vidnih stanica, u inferotemporalnoj kori. Tako da iznenada vidite lice. Iznenada vidite auto. Iznenada ovo, i iznenada ono. Um daje sve od sebe da organizira, i daje tome neku vrstu suvislosti. Ali ne strašno uspješno.
When these were first described, it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams. But, in fact, people say, "I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations. Kermit means nothing to me." You don't get anywhere, thinking of them as dreams.
Kada je ovo bilo prvi put opisano mislilo se da se mogu interpretirati poput snova. Ali u stvari ljudi kažu, "Ne mogu prepoznati ljude. Ne mogu imati asocijacije." "Kermit mi ništa ne znači." Ne misle svi da su to snovi.
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted. I think I just want to recapitulate and say this is common. Think of the number of blind people. There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people who have these hallucinations but are too scared to mention them. So this sort of thing needs to be brought into notice, for patients, for doctors, for the public. Finally, I think they are infinitely interesting and valuable, for giving one some insight as to how the brain works.
Dakle, rekao sam više, manje što sam želio. Mislim da želim samo ponoviti i reći da je ovo često. Pomislite koliko ima slijepih ljudi. Mora biti na stotine tisuća slijepih ljudi koji imaju ovakve halucinacije, ali koji se boje spominjati ih. Tako da se o ovoj stvari treba obznaniti i pacijentima, i liječnicima, i javnosti. konačno, mislim da su beskrajno zanimljive, i vrijedne, za dati nekome neki uvid kako mozak radi.
Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago -- he wondered how, thinking of these hallucinations, how, as he put it, the theater of the mind could be generated by the machinery of the brain. Now, 250 years later, I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done. Thanks very much.
Charles Bonnet je rekao prije 250 godina-- pitao se kako, razmišljajući o ovm halucinacijama, kako, kao što je on to nazvao, teatar uma može biti stvoren mašinerijom mozga. Sada, 250 godina kasnije, Mislim da počinjemo spoznavati kako to nastaje. Hvala vam puno.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
Chris Anderson: That was superb. Thank you so much. You speak about these things with so much insight and empathy for your patients. Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about?
Chris Anderson: Ovo je bilo sjajno. Puno vam hvala. Govorite o ovim stvarima s toliko uvida i empatije za svoje pacijente. Jeste li kad sami imali neke od sindroma o kojima pišete?
Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you would ask that.
Oliver Sacks: Bojao sam se da ćete to pitati.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
Well, yeah, a lot of them. And, actually, I'm a little visually impaired myself. I'm blind in one eye and not terribly good in the other. And I see the geometrical hallucinations. But they stop there.
Da, puno njih. i zapravo i sam imam manje oštećenje vida. Slijep sam na jedno oko, a ni na drugo ne vidim strašno dobro. I ja vidim geometrijske halucinacije. Ali one stanu tamo.
CA: And they don't disturb you? Because you understand what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried?
C.A.; I ne smetaju vam? Zato što razumijete što se dešava. To vas ne zabrinjava?
OS: Well, they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus, which I ignore. They occasionally interest me, and I have many pictures of them in my notebooks. I've gone and had an fMRI myself, to see how my visual cortex is ticking over. And when I see all these hexagons and complex things, which I also have, in visual migraine, I wonder whether everyone sees things like this and whether things like cave art or ornamental art may have been derived from them a bit.
O.S.: pa, ne smeta mi ništa više nego moje zujanje u ušima. Koje ignoriram. Ponekad me zainteresiraju. I imam puno njihovih slika u notesu. I sam sam išao na funkcijsku magnetnu rezonancu (FMRI) da vidim kako moja vidna kora preuzima. i kad vidim sve ove šesterokute i složene stvari, koje također imam, u vidnoj migreni, Pitam se da li svi vide stvari poput ovih, bilo da su to stvari kao špiljska umjetnost ili ornamentalna umjetnost mogu nastati bar malo iz njih.
CA: That was an utterly, utterly fascinating talk. Thank you so much for sharing.
C.A.:Ovo je bio krajnje, krajnje, fascinatno predavanje. hvala vam puno što ste ga podijelili.
OS: Thank you. Thank you.
O.S.: Hvala vama. Hvala vama.
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(Pljesak)