We see with the eyes, but we see with the brain as well. And seeing with the brain is often called imagination. And we are familiar with the landscapes of our own imagination, our inscapes. We've lived with them all our lives. But there are also hallucinations as well. And hallucinations are completely different. They don't seem to be of our creation. They don't seem to be under control. They seem to come from the outside and to mimic perception.
Begiekin ikusten dugu baina garunarekin ere ikusten dugu. Eta garunarekin ikusteari irudimena deitzen zaio. Ondo ezagutzen ditugu gure irudimenaren paisaiak, barne paisaiak. Bizitza osoa daramagu elkarrekin. Baina badira haluzinazioak ere, eta haluzinazioak guztiz desberdinak dira. Ez dirudite guk sortutakoak. Ez dirudite gure kontrolpekoak. Kanpotik datozela ematen du,
So I am going to be talking about hallucinations
eta pertzepzioa imitatzen dutela.
and a particular sort of visual hallucination, which I see among my patients. A few months ago, I got a phone call from a nursing home where I work. They told me that one of their residents, an old lady in her 90s, was seeing things, and they wondered if she'd gone bonkers or, because she was an old lady, whether she'd had a stroke, or whether she had Alzheimer's.
Beraz, haluzinazioei buruz arituko naiz eta baita ikusmen-haluzinazio mota berezi bati buruz ere, nire pazienteengan ikusten dudana. Orain dela hilabete batzuk dei bat jaso nuen lan egiten dudan zahar-etxe batetik. Esan zidaten bertako zahar batek, 90 urteko andrea batek, gauzak ikusten zituela eta burua galdu zuela uste zutela edo, adineko andrea zenez, beharbada apoplexia jasan zuela edo Alzheimerra izango zela.
And so they asked me if I would come and see Rosalie, the old lady. I went in to see her. It was evident straightaway that she was perfectly sane and lucid and of good intelligence, but she'd been very startled and very bewildered, because she'd been seeing things. And she told me -- the nurses hadn't mentioned this -- that she was blind, that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years. But now, for the last few days, she'd been seeing things.
Beraz, bertara joatea eta Rosalie ikustea eskatu zidaten, Rosalie, adineko andrea. Bera ikustera joan nintzen. Berehala ikusi nuen osasun oneko pertsona zela, zuhurra eta inteligentzia finekoa, baina guztiz izututa eta zurtuta zegoen gauzak ikusten zituelako. Eta esan zidan (erizainek ez zuten hori aipatu) itsua zela, azkenengo bost urteotan ikusmena guztiz galdu zuela, makula degenerazioa pairatu zuela eta. Baina orain, azken egunotan, gauzak ikusten zituen.
So I said, "What sort of things?" And she said, "People in Eastern dress, in drapes, walking up and down stairs. A man who turns towards me and smiles, but he has huge teeth on one side of his mouth. Animals too. I see a white building. It's snowing, a soft snow. I see this horse with a harness, dragging the snow away. Then, one night, the scene changes. I see cats and dogs walking towards me. They come to a certain point and then stop. Then it changes again. I see a lot of children. They're walking up and down stairs. They wear bright colors, rose and blue, like Eastern dress."
Esan nion: "Zer nolako gauzak?" Erantzun zidan: "Ekialdeko arropaz jantzitako jendea, jantzietan, eskaileretan gora eta behera. Gizon bat, nigana biratu eta irri egiten didana. Ahoaren alde batean hortz itzelak ditu. Animaliak ere bai. Etxe zuri bat ikusten dut. Elurra ari du, elur leuna. Arnesdun zaldia ikusten dut, elurra arrastatzen. Orduan, gau batean, eszena aldatzen da. Nigana datozen katuak eta txakurrak ikusten ditut. Puntu batera heltzerakoan, gelditu egiten dira. Orduan, berriz ere aldatzen da. Ume pila ikusten dut. Eskaileretan gora eta behera doaz. Kolore biziez jantzita daude, arrosa eta urdina, ekialdeko arropen antzera".
Sometimes, she said, before the people come on, she may hallucinate pink and blue squares on the floor, which seem to go up to the ceiling. I said, "Is this like a dream?" And she said, "No, it's not like a dream. It's like a movie." She said, "It's got color. It's got motion. But it's completely silent, like a silent movie." And she said it's a rather boring movie.
Batzuetan, zioen, jendea heldu baino lehen haluzinazioetan karratu arrosa eta urdinak ikusten zituen lurrean sabairano heltzen zirela ziruditenak. Esan nion: "Amets baten modukoa da?" Eta andreak: "Ez, ez da ametsetan bezala. Film baten antzerakoa da" Esan zuen: "Kolorea eta mugimendua ditu. Baina guztiz isila da, film mutuen antzerakoa". Film oso aspergarria zela zioen.
(Laughter)
Esan zuen: "Ekialdeko arropa zeraman jende hau guztia
She said, "All these people with Eastern dress, walking up and down, very repetitive, very limited."
gora eta behera zebilela, behin eta berriro errepikatzen zen, oso pobrea zen".
(Laughter)
(Barreak)
And she had a sense of humor. She knew it was a hallucination, but she was frightened. She had lived 95 years, and she'd never had a hallucination before. She said that the hallucinations were unrelated to anything she was thinking or feeling or doing, that they seemed to come on by themselves, or disappear. She had no control over them. She said she didn't recognize any of the people or places in the hallucinations, and none of the people or the animals -- well, they all seemed oblivious of her. And she didn't know what was going on. She wondered if she was going mad or losing her mind.
Andreak umore-sena du. Bazekien haluzinazioa zela. Baina beldur zen. 95 urtez bizi izan zen eta ordura arte ez zuen inoiz haluzinaziorik izan. Esan zuen haluzinazioek ez zutela zerikusirik pentsatzen, sentitzen edo egiten ari zenarekin, berez agertu eta desagertzen zirela. Ez zituen inolaz ere kontrolatzen. Esan zuen ez zituela ezagutzen haluzinazioetan agerturiko pertsonak edo lekuak. Halaber, pertsona eta animaliak ez ziren beraz ohartzen. Ez zekien zer ari zen gertatzen. Zoratzen ari zela uste zuen edo burua galtzen.
Well, I examined her carefully. She was a bright old lady, perfectly sane. She had no medical problems. She wasn't on any medications which could produce hallucinations. But she was blind. And I then said to her, "I think I know what you have." I said, "There is a special form of visual hallucination which may go with deteriorating vision or blindness. This was originally described," I said, "right back in the 18th century, by a man called Charles Bonnet. And you have Charles Bonnet syndrome. There's nothing wrong with your brain. There's nothing wrong with your mind. You have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Ondo aztertu nuen andrea. Adineko andre bizkorra zen, bere senean. Ez zuen inolako osasun arazorik. Ez zuen haluzinazioak eragin ahal zituen botikarik hartzen. Baina itsua zen. Eta esan nion: "Uste dut badakidala zer gertatzen zaizun". Bada ikusmen-haluzinazio forma berezi bat itsutasun edo ikusmen arazoekin etorri ahal dena. XVIII. mendean lehenegoz deskribatu zena, Charles Bonnet-en eskutik. Zuk Charles Bonnet sindromea daukazu. Ez da zure garunean edo zure buruan ezer gertatzen ari. Zuk Charles Bonnet sindromea daukazu".
And she was very relieved at this, that there was nothing seriously the matter, and also rather curious. She said, "Who is this Charles Bonnet?" She said, "Did he have them himself?" And she said, "Tell all the nurses that I have Charles Bonnet syndrome."
Asko lasaitu zen orduan, gertatzen ari zitzaiona larria ez zelako, bitxia baizik. Galdetu zuen: "Nor da Charles Bonnet hori? Berak ere haluzinazioak izan al zituen?" Esan zuen: "Esaiezu erizainei
(Laughter)
Charles Bonnet sindromea dudala".
"I'm not crazy. I'm not demented. I have Charles Bonnet syndrome." Well, so, I did tell the nurses.
(Barreak) "Ez nago zoratuta, ez nago demente. Charles Bonnet sindromea dut". Tira, erizainei esan nien.
Now this, for me, is a common situation. I work in old-age homes, largely. I see a lot of elderly people who are hearing-impaired or visually impaired. About 10 percent of the hearing-impaired people get musical hallucinations. And about 10 percent of the visually impaired people get visual hallucinations. You don't have to be completely blind, only sufficiently impaired.
Zera, hau, niretzako eguneroko kontua da. Batik bat zahar-etxeetan aritzen naiz. Adineko jende asko ikusten dut entzumen edo ikusmen arazoak ditzutenak. Entzumen urrikoen %10k musika-haluzinazioak izaten ditu. Eta ikusmen urriko jendearen %10k ikusmen-haluzinazioak izaten ditu. Ez gara guztiz itsu izan behar; ikusmen urrikoa izatea nahikoa da.
Now, with the original description in the 18th century, Charles Bonnet did not have them. His grandfather had these hallucinations. His grandfather was a magistrate, an elderly man. He'd had cataract surgery. His vision was pretty poor. And in 1759, he described to his grandson various things he was seeing.
Baina XVIII. mendeko deskribapenari dagokionez, Charles Bonnetek ez zuen horrelakorik izan. Bere aitonak izan zituen haluzinazioak. Aitona epailea zen, adineko gizona. Kataraten ebakuntza izan zuen. Bere ikusmena nahiko urria zen. Eta 1759an, bere ilobari deskribatu zizkion ikusten zituen hainbat gauza.
The first thing he said was he saw a handkerchief in midair. It was a large blue handkerchief with four orange circles. And he knew it was a hallucination. You don't have handkerchiefs in midair. And then he saw a big wheel in midair. But sometimes he wasn't sure whether he was hallucinating or not, because the hallucinations would fit in the context of the visions. So on one occasion, when his granddaughters were visiting them, he said, "And who are these handsome young men with you?"
Esan zuen lehengo gauza airean sudur-zapi bat ikusten zuela izan zen. Sudur-zapi handia eta urdina zen lau zirkulu laranja zituena. Bazekien haluzinazioa zela. Ez dago sudur-zapirik airean. Gero, gurpil handi bat ikusi zuen airean. Baina batzuetan ez zekien haluzinazioak ziren ala ez, haluzinazioak ondo egokitzen zirelako ikusten zuenaren kontestuan. Behin, bere ilobak bera ikustera etorri ziren eta esan zien:" Nortzuk dira zurekin datozen mutil goapo hauek?"
(Laughter)
Eta ilobek :"Tamalez, ez dago inolako mutil goaporik, aitona."
And they said, "Alas, Grandpapa, there are no handsome young men." And then the handsome young men disappeared. It's typical of these hallucinations that they may come in a flash and disappear in a flash. They don't usually fade in and out. They are rather sudden, and they change suddenly.
Orduan mutil goapoak desagertu egin ziren. Normala da haluzinazio horietan une batez agertuetzea eta hurrengoan desagertzea. Ez dira normalean pixkanaka agertzen eta desagertzen. Bat-batekoak dira, eta bat-batean aldatzen dira.
Charles Lullin, the grandfather, saw hundreds of different figures, different landscapes of all sorts. On one occasion, he saw a man in a bathrobe smoking a pipe, and realized it was himself. That was the only figure he recognized. On one occasion, when he was walking in the streets of Paris, he saw -- this was real -- a scaffolding. But when he got back home, he saw a miniature of the scaffolding, six inches high, on his study table. This repetition of perception is sometimes called "palinopsia."
Charles Lullinek, aitonak, ehunka irudi ezberdin ikusi zituen, mota guztietako paisaiak. Behin, gizon bat ikusi zuen bainu-batan pipa erretzen eta bera zela konturatu zen. Hori izan zen ezagutu zuen irudi bakarra. Behin, Parisen zehar zihoala aldamioa ikusi zuen (egiazkoa zen). Baina etxera bueltatzean, aldamio-miniatura ikusi zuen 15 zentimetroko altuerakoa, idazmahaiaren gainean. Pertzepzioaren errepikapen horri palipnosia deitzen zaio batzuetan.
With him and with Rosalie, what seems to be going on -- and Rosalie said, "What's going on?" -- and I said that as you lose vision, as the visual parts of the brain are no longer getting any input, they become hyperactive and excitable, and they start to fire spontaneously. And you start to see things. The things you see can be very complicated indeed.
Berari eta Rosalieri gertatzen zitzaiena. Eta Rosaliek esan zuen: Zer gertatzen ari da? esan nion ikusmena galtzean, burmuinean ikusmenaren atalakinolako input-ik jasotzen ez dutenez hiperaktibo eta kitzikakor egiten direla, eta berez jartzen direla abian. Eta gauzak ikusten hasten zara. Ikusten dituzun gauzak konplikatuak izan daitezke benetan.
With another patient of mine who also had some vision, the visions she had could be disturbing. On one occasion, she said she saw a man in a striped shirt in a restaurant. And he turned round, and then he divided into six figures in striped shirts, who started walking towards her. And then the six figures came together, like a concertina. Once, when she was driving, or rather, her husband was driving, the road divided into four and she felt herself going simultaneously up four roads.
Nire beste paziente baten kasuan, zertxobait ikusi ahal zuena ere, irudipenak kezkagarriak izan zitekeen. Behin, esan zuen marradun alkandora zeraman gizon bat jatetxe baten ikusi zuela. Buelta eman zuen. Eta orduan marradun alkandora zeramaten sei gizonetan bihurtu zen eta seiak beregana ibiltzen hasi ziren. Gero sei gizonak berriz elkartu ziren, akordeoiaren eran. Behin, autoa gidatzen ari zela, hobeto esanda, senarra gidatzen ari zela, bidea lau zatitan banatu zen eta lau bideetan zehar aldi berean zihoala sentitu zuen.
She had very mobile hallucinations as well. A lot of them had to do with a car. Sometimes she would see a teenage boy sitting on the hood of the car. He was very tenacious, and he moved rather gracefully when the car turned. And then when they came to a stop, the boy would do a sudden vertical takeoff, 100 foot in the air, and then disappear.
Haluzinazio oso mugikorrak izaten zituen ere. Askok autoekin zerikusia zuten. Batzuetan mutil gazte bat ikusten zuen autoaren kapotaren gainean eserita. Nekaezina zen eta sotilki mugitzen zen autoa biratu zenean. Eta gelditu zirenean mutilak 30 metroko jauzia egin zuen bat-batean airean gora eta desagertu zen.
Another patient of mine had a different sort of hallucination. This was a woman who didn't have trouble with her eyes but the visual parts of her brain, a little tumor in the occipital cortex. And, above all, she would see cartoons. And these cartoons would be transparent, and would cover half the visual field, like a screen. And especially, she saw cartoons of Kermit the Frog.
Beste paziente batek beste haluzinazio mota bat zuen. Andre honek ez zuen begietan arazorik, baina bai garunaren ikusmenaren atalean, tumore txiki bat kortex okzipitalean baitzeukan. Marrazki bizidunak ikusten zituen batez ere. Marrazki hauek gardenak izan ziren eta ikus-eremuaren erdia hartzen zuten, pantaila baten antzera. Gustavo igelaren marrazkiak ikusten zituen batez ere.
(Laughter)
(Barreak)
Now, I don't watch Sesame Street, but she made a point of saying, "Why Kermit?" she said, "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me." You know, I was wondering about Freudian determinants: Why Kermit? "Kermit the Frog means nothing to me."
Nik ez dut "Sesamo kalea" ikusten, baina berak hura azpimarratu zuen: "Zergatik Gustavo? Bost axola dit niri Gustavo igelak". Ni Freudiar eragileei buruz hausnartzen hasi nintzen. Zer dela eta Gustavo? "Bost axola dit niri Gustavo igelak".
She didn't mind the cartoons too much. But what did disturb her was she got very persistent images or hallucinations of faces, and as with Rosalie, the faces were often deformed, with very large teeth or very large eyes. And these frightened her. Well, what is going on with these people? As a physician, I have to try and define what's going on and to reassure people, especially to reassure them that they're not going insane.
Marrazkiek ez zuten gehiegi kezkatzen. Kezkatzen zuena, askotan irudi edo aurpegien haluzinazioak ikusten zituela izan zen eta Rosalien antzera, aurpegiak askotan deformatuta zeuden, hortz edo begi handiekin. Eta horrek beldurtzen zuen. Zer gertatzen ari zaio jende honi? Medikua naizenez gero, gertatzen dena frogatu eta zehaztu behar dut eta gaixoak lasaitu behar ditut, burua galtzen ez daudela azalduz batez ere.
Something like 10 percent, as I said, of visually impaired people get these. But no more than one percent of the people acknowledge them, because they are afraid they will be seen as insane or something. And if they do mention them to their own doctors, they may be misdiagnosed.
Ikusmen urrikoen %10k haluzinazioak izaten ditu. Baina %1ek baino ez ditu aitortzen burutik jota daudela esango dutelaren beldur. Eta euren medikuei haluzinazioak aipatuz gero diagnostiko okerra jaso ahal dute.
In particular, the notion is that if you see things or hear things, you're going mad. But the psychotic hallucinations are quite different. Psychotic hallucinations, whether they are visual or vocal, they address you. They accuse you, they seduce you, they humiliate you, they jeer at you. You interact with them. There is none of this quality of being addressed with these Charles Bonnet hallucinations. There is a film. You're seeing a film which has nothing to do with you -- or that's how people think about it.
Normalean, uste dugu zoratzen ari garela gauzak ikusten edo entzuten baditugu. Baina haluzinazio psikotikoak oso bestelakoak dira. Haluzinazio psikotikoek, ikusmenezkoak edo ahozkoak, zuri egiten dizute hitz, zalatzen zaituzte. Zu limurtzen zaituzte, umiliatu. Burla egiten dizute. Elkarri eragiten diozue. Arazo horietako batek ere ez du zerikusirik Charles Bonnet haluzinazioekin. Film bat dago. Zurekin zerikusirik ez duen film bat ikusten zaude edo horrela uste du jendeak.
There is also a rare thing called temporal lobe epilepsy, and sometimes, if one has this, one may feel oneself transported back to a time and place in the past. You're at a particular road junction. You smell chestnuts roasting. You hear the traffic. All the senses are involved. And you're waiting for your girl. And it's that Tuesday evening back in 1982. The temporal lobe hallucinations are all sense hallucinations, full of feeling, full of familiarity, located in space and time, coherent, dramatic. The Charles Bonnet ones are quite different.
Bada beste gauza arraro bat, lobulu tenporaleko epilepsia deritzona, eta batzuetan, hau jasanez gero, norberak bere burua ikusten du iraganeko leku batean. Bidegurutze jakin batean zaude. Gaztaina erreen usaina etortzen zaizu. Trafikoa entzuten duzu. Zentzu guztiak daude lanean. Zure neskaren zain zaude. 1982 urteko astearte gaua da. Eta lobulu tenporaleko haluzinazioak zentzumen guztien haluzinazioak dira, sentsazioz eta gauza ezagunez beteak, espazioan eta denboran kokatuak, koherenteak, dramatikoak. Charles Bonnet haluzinazioak oso desberdinak dira.
In the Charles Bonnet hallucinations, you have all sorts of levels, from the geometrical hallucinations -- the pink and blue squares the woman had -- up to quite elaborate hallucinations with figures and especially faces. Faces, and sometimes deformed faces, are the single commonest thing in these hallucinations. And one of the second commonest is cartoons.
Charles Bonnet haluzinazioetan mota guztietako mailak daude, haluzinazio geometrikoetatik (andre haren karratu arrosa eta urdinak) haluzinazio konplexuetaraino, zenbakiz eta bereziki aurpegiz beteta. Aurpegiak, deformatuak batzuetan, haluzinazio horien ohiko gauza bakarrak dira. Maiz agertzen den bigarren gauza marrazki bizidunak dira.
So, what is going on? Fascinatingly, in the last few years, it's been possible to do functional brain imagery, to do fMRI on people as they are hallucinating, and, in fact, to find that different parts of the visual brain are activated as they are hallucinating. When people have these simple, geometrical hallucinations, the primary visual cortex is activated. This is the part of the brain which perceives edges and patterns. You don't form images with your primary visual cortex.
Zer gertatzen ari da? Modu liluragarrian, azken urteotan garunaren funtzionamenduaren irudiak egitea posiblea izan da, haluzinazioak gertatzen diren bitartean erresonantzia magnetiko funtzionalak egitea. Halaber, garunaren ikusmen-gune desberdinak aktibatzen direla aurkitu da, haluzinazioak izaten ditzuten uneetan. Jendeak haluzinazio geometriko sinple hauek dituenean, ikusmen-kortex primarioa aktibatzen da. Hau da ertzak eta diseinuak hautematen dituen garunaren zatia. Ikusmen-kortex primarioan ez dira irudiak eratzen.
When images are formed, a higher part of the visual cortex is involved, in the temporal lobe. And in particular, one area of the temporal lobe is called the fusiform gyrus. And it's known that if people have damage in the fusiform gyrus, they may lose the ability to recognize faces. But if there's an abnormal activity in the fusiform gyrus, they may hallucinate faces, and this is exactly what you find in some of these people. There is an area in the anterior part of this gyrus where teeth and eyes are represented, and that part of the gyrus is activated when people get the deformed hallucinations.
Irudiak eratzen direnean, ikusmen-kortexaren goragoko zati bat jarduten da lobulu tenporalean. Bereziki, lobulu tenporaleko eremu bat zirkunboluzio fusiformea deritzona. Ezaguna da norbaitek zirkunboluzio fusiformean kalterik izanez gero aurpegiak ezagutzeko gaitasuna gal dezakeela. Baina zirkunboluzio fusiformean ezohizko aktibitatea egonez gero, aurpegien haluzinazioak izan ditzakeela eta hori da zehazki jende horrengan batzuetan aurkitzen duguna. Zirkunboluzio honen aurreko zatian bada eremu bat zeinetan hortzak eta begiak irudikatzen diren, eta zirkunboluzioaren zati hori aktibatzen da jendeak haluzinazio deformatuak dituenean.
There is another part of the brain which is especially activated when one sees cartoons. It's activated when one recognizes cartoons, when one draws cartoons and when one hallucinates them. It's very interesting that that should be specific. There are other parts of the brain which are specifically involved with the recognition and hallucination of buildings and landscapes.
Bada garunaren beste zati bat bereziki aktibatzen dena norbaitek marrazki bizidunak ikusten dituenean. Marrazkiak igartzean aktibatzen da, marrazkiak marraztean eta marrazkiekin haluzinazioak izatean. Oso interesgarria da hori hain zehatza izatea. Badira garunaren beste zati batzuk bereziki jarduten direnak eraikin eta paisaien
Around 1970, it was found that there were not only parts of the brain,
ezagupen eta haluzinazioekin.
but particular cells. "Face cells" were discovered around 1970. And now we know that there are hundreds of other sorts of cells, which can be very, very specific. So you may not only have "car" cells, you may have "Aston Martin" cells.
1970 inguruan aurkitu zen ez zeudela bakarrik garunaren zatiak, baizik eta zelula bereziak ere. "Aurpegien zelulak" 1970. urtean aurkitu zituzten. Gaur egun badakigu ehunka zelula mota desberdin dagoela, oso zehatzak izan daitezkeenak. Beraz, izan ditzakezu "auto" zelulez gain "Aston Martin" zelulak ere.
(Laughter)
(Barreak)
I saw an Aston Martin this morning. I had to bring it in.
Aston Martin bat ikusi dut gaur goizean.
(Laughter)
Hitzaldian aipatu behar nuen.
And now it's in there, somewhere. So --
Eta orain hemen dago nonbait. (Barreak)
(Laughter)
Maila honetan, azpiko kortex tenporala deritzon eremuan,
now, at this level, in what's called the inferotemporal cortex, there are only visual images, or figments or fragments. It's only at higher levels that the other senses join in and there are connections with memory and emotion. And in the Charles Bonnet syndrome, you don't go to those higher levels. You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex, where you have thousands and tens of thousands and millions of images, or figments or fragmentary figments, all neurally encoded in particular cells or small clusters of cells.
ikuste-irudiak daude bakarrik, edo irudipenak edo pusketak. Goragoko mailetan bakarrik elkartzen dira beste zentzumenak eta konexioak daude memoria eta emozioarekin. Charles Bonnet sindromean ez zara goragoko mailetara heltzen. Azpiko ikusmen-kortex honetan zaude eta hor milaka eta ehun milaka eta milioika irudi dituzu, edo irudipenak edo irudipen pusketak, denak neuronen mailan kodetuta zelula berezietan edo zelula talde txikietan.
Normally, these are all part of the integrated stream of perception, or imagination, and one is not conscious of them. It is only if one is visually impaired or blind that the process is interrupted. And instead of getting normal perception, you're getting an anarchic, convulsive stimulation, or release, of all of these visual cells in the inferotemporal cortex. So, suddenly, you see a face. Suddenly, you see a car. Suddenly this and suddenly that. The mind does its best to organize and to give some sort of coherence to this, but not terribly successfully.
Normalean hauek pertzepzioaren korronte integratuaren edo irudimenaren parte dira, eta norbera ez da horietaz ohartzen. Ikusmen-urriko edo itsua zarenean bakarrik mozten da prozesua. Eta ohizko pertzepzioa izan beharrean, azpiko kortex tenporaleko ikusmen-zelula hauen askapen edo estimulazio anarkikoa daukazu. Beraz, bat-batean aurpegi bat ikusten duzu. Gero auto bat ikusten duzu. Orain hau, gero beste hura. Burua ahalegintzen da hau antolatzen eta honi koherentzia pixka bat ematen, baina ez du ondoegi lortzen.
When these were first described, it was thought that they could be interpreted like dreams. But, in fact, people say, "I don't recognize the people. I can't form any associations. Kermit means nothing to me." You don't get anywhere, thinking of them as dreams.
Haluzinazioak lehengoz deskribatu zirenean ametsen moduan interpretatu liratekeela uste izan zuten. Baina jendeak esaten zuena izan zen: "Ez dut jendea hau ezagutzen. Ezin dut inolako asoziaziorik egin". "Bost axola dit niri Gustavo igelak". Amets gisa ikusten badituzu ez zara inora heltzen.
Well, I've more or less said what I wanted. I think I just want to recapitulate and say this is common. Think of the number of blind people. There must be hundreds of thousands of blind people who have these hallucinations but are too scared to mention them. So this sort of thing needs to be brought into notice, for patients, for doctors, for the public. Finally, I think they are infinitely interesting and valuable, for giving one some insight as to how the brain works.
Tira, esan dut esan nahi nuena. Laburbilduz esan nahi nuke hau arrunta dela. Pentsa zenbat itsu dagoen. Ehun milaka itsu egon behar dute haluzinazio hauek dituztenak, baina aipatzeko beldurra dutenak. Honelako gauzak jakitera eman behar dira pazienteentzat, medikuentzat, jendearentzat. Amaitzeko, uste dut infinituki interesgarri eta baliotsuak direla, buruaren funtzionamenduari buruzkoideia batzuk ematen dituztelako.
Charles Bonnet said, 250 years ago -- he wondered how, thinking of these hallucinations, how, as he put it, the theater of the mind could be generated by the machinery of the brain. Now, 250 years later, I think we're beginning to glimpse how this is done. Thanks very much.
Charles Bonnetek esan zuen duela 250 urte, bere buruari galdetu ziola, haluzinazio horietaz hausnartuz, nola, buruaren teatroa, bere hitzetan, sortu ahal zuen burmuinaren makineriak. Orain, 250 urte geroago, nola egiten den sumatzen hasi garela uste dut. Eskerrik asko.
(Applause)
(Txaloak)
Chris Anderson: That was superb. Thank you so much. You speak about these things with so much insight and empathy for your patients. Have you yourself experienced any of the syndromes you write about?
Chris Anderson: Zoragarria izan da. Eskerrik asko. Gauza hauetaz zorroztasun handiz eta zure gaixoenganako enpatiaz aritzen zara. Jasan izan duzu deskribatu duzun sindrome horietarikoren bat?
Oliver Sacks: I was afraid you would ask that.
Oliver Sacks: Hori galdetuko zenuenaren beldur nintzen.
(Laughter)
(Barreak)
Well, yeah, a lot of them. And, actually, I'm a little visually impaired myself. I'm blind in one eye and not terribly good in the other. And I see the geometrical hallucinations. But they stop there.
Tira, bai, horietako asko. Egiaz ni neu ikusmen urrikoa naiz. Ez dut begi batetik ikusten,eta bestea ez dago oso ondo. Eta haluzinazio geometrikoak ikusten ditut. Baina hor gelditzen dira.
CA: And they don't disturb you? Because you understand what's doing it, it doesn't make you worried?
CA: Eta ez zaituzte kezkatzen? Gertatzen ari dena ulertzen duzunez, ez zaituzte kezkatzen?
OS: Well, they don't disturb me any more than my tinnitus, which I ignore. They occasionally interest me, and I have many pictures of them in my notebooks. I've gone and had an fMRI myself, to see how my visual cortex is ticking over. And when I see all these hexagons and complex things, which I also have, in visual migraine, I wonder whether everyone sees things like this and whether things like cave art or ornamental art may have been derived from them a bit.
OS: Ez naute nire akufenoak baino gehiago molestatzen, kontutan hartzen ez ditudanak. Noizean behin interesatzen naute eta nire koadernoetan horien irudi asko dago. Erresonantzia magnetiko funtzionala egin didate nire ikusmen-kortexanola nola moldatzen den ikusteko. Eta hexagono guzti horiek ikusten ditudanean eta beste gauza konplexuak, ikusten ditudanak ere, ikusmen-migrainian, jakin nahiko nuke jendeak horrelako gauzak ikusten dituen eta kobazuloetako artea edo ornamentazio-artea nolabait euretatik etorri diren.
CA: That was an utterly, utterly fascinating talk. Thank you so much for sharing.
CA: Hitzaldi erabat zoragarria izan da benetan. Eskerrik asko hitzaldia emateagatik.
OS: Thank you. Thank you.
Eskerrik asko.
(Applause)
(Txaloak)