2014, July 5, the Ukrainian army entered Sloviansk city in eastern Ukraine. They gathered all the locals in Lenin Square. Then, they organized the public crucifixion of the son of a pro-Russia militant. He was only three years old. Refugee Galina Pyshnyak told this story to Russia's First TV channel.
2014 年 7 月 5 日, 烏克蘭軍隊進入了 東烏克蘭的斯拉維揚斯克。 他們把所有當地人 集合到列寧廣場上。 接著,他們安排 將一名親俄激進分子的 兒子公開釘上十字架。 他才三歲。 難民葛琳娜皮希納克在俄國的 First TV 頻道說出了這個故事。
In fact, this incident never happened. I visited Sloviansk. There is no Lenin Square. In reality, Galina's husband was an active pro-Russia militant in Donbass.
事實上,這個事件從來沒有發生過。 我造訪了斯拉維揚斯克。 那裡沒有列寧廣場。 現實中,葛琳娜的先生是 在頓巴斯的活躍親俄激進分子。
This is just one of many examples. Ukraine has been suffering from Russian propaganda and fake news for four years now, but Russia is not the only player in this space. Fake news is happening all around the world. We all know about fake news. We see it and read it all the time. But the thing about fake news is that we don't always know what is fake and what is real, but we base our decisions on facts we get from the press and social media. When facts are false, decisions are wrong.
這只是一個例子,還有很多其他的。 烏克蘭受到俄國的宣傳 及假新聞所苦, 至今已有四年之久, 但俄國並不是唯一的這類玩家。 假新聞在全世界都有發生。 我們都知道假新聞。 我們常常都在看它們、讀它們。 但關於假新聞,重點在於, 我們無法每次都知道 什麼是假的,什麼是真的, 但我們卻根據平面媒體和社交媒體 所得到的事實來做我們的決策。 若事實是假的, 決策就會是錯的。
A lot of people stop believing anyone at all and this is even more dangerous. They easily become prey to populists in elections, or even take up arms. Fake news is not only bad for journalism. It's a threat for democracy and society.
許多人完全不再相信任何人了, 這狀況可能更危險。 在選舉中,他們很容易 就變成民粹派的獵物, 甚至會拿起武器。 假新聞不只對新聞業不好。 假新聞也是對民主和社會的威脅。
Four years ago, unmarked soldiers entered the Crimean Peninsula, and at the same time, Russian media was going crazy with fake news about Ukraine. So a group of journalists, including me, started a website to investigate this fake news. We called it StopFake. The idea was simple: take a piece of news, check it with verifiable proof like photos, videos and other strong evidence. If it turns out to be fake, we put it on our website. Now, StopFake is an informational hub which analyzes propaganda in all its phases. We have 11 language versions, we have millions of views, We have taught more than 10,000 people how to distinguish true from false. And we teach fact checkers all around the world.
四年前,沒人注意到的士兵 進入了克里米亞半島, 同時, 俄國媒體把焦點通通 放在烏克蘭的假新聞上。 所以,有一群記者,包括我在內, 我們建立了一個網站來調查假新聞。 取名為 StopFake(停止作假)。 想法很簡單: 選一則新聞,用可以 驗證的證據來查核它, 比如照片、影片,及其他強力證據。 如果結果發現它是假的, 就把它放上我們的網站。 現在,StopFake 是 一個提供消息的中心, 它會分析宣傳活動, 每個階段都不漏掉。 我們有 11 種語言的版本, 點閱人次已經有數百萬。 我們教導了超過一萬人 如何區別真假。 我們也教導世界各地的事實查核者。
StopFake has uncovered more than 1,000 fakes about Ukraine. We've identified 18 narratives created using this fake news, such as Ukraine is a fascist state, a failed state, a state run by a junta who came to power as a result of a coup d'état. We proved that it's not bad journalism; it's a deliberate act of misinformation.
StopFake 已經發現了 超過一千則關於烏克蘭的假新聞。 我們也確認有 18 則故事, 是用這些假新聞所創造出來的, 比如烏克蘭是法西斯國家、 失敗的國家、 由一個軍人集團主導的國家, 這個集團能取得權力是因為政變。 我們證明了那些新聞 並不是沒做好的新聞; 而是蓄意提供錯誤資訊的行為。
Fake news is a powerful weapon in information warfare, but there is something we can do about it. We all have smartphones. When we see something interesting, it's often automatic. We just click and pass it along. But how can you not be a part of fake news? First, if it's too dramatic, too emotional, too clickbait, then it's very likely that it isn't true. The truth is boring sometimes.
在資訊戰當中, 假新聞是很強大的武器, 但對此,我們還是有可以盡的心力。 我們都有智慧手機。 當我們看見覺得有趣的東西時, 通常都是完全自動的, 我們會點選它,然後傳出去。 但,你要如何不成為 假新聞的一部分? 第一,如果新聞太戲劇性、 太情緒化、太像是要誘使人點選, 那就很可能不是真的。 有時,真相是很無聊的。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Manipulations are always sexy. They are designed to captivate you. Do your research. This is the second point, very simple. Look at other sites. Check out alternative news sources. Google names, addresses, license plates, experts and authors. Don't just believe, check. It's the only way to stop this culture of fake news.
操弄總是很性感的。 操弄就是設計來蠱惑你的。 你自己要做研究。 這是第二點,非常簡單。 看其他網站。 查核其他的新聞來源。 用 Google 搜尋姓名、地址、 牌照、專家,以及提議。 別直接相信,要查核。 那是能阻止這種 假新聞文化的唯一方式。
This information warfare is not only about fake news. Our society depends on trust: trust in our institutions, in science, trust in our leaders, trust in our news outlets. And it's on us to find a way to rebuild trust, because fake news destroys it.
這場資訊戰並不只和假新聞有關係。 我們的社會要依賴信任: 信任我們的制度、 信任科學、 信任我們的領導人、 信任我們的新聞通路。 要靠我們來找到方式,重建信任, 因為假新聞會摧毀信任。
So ask yourself, what have you lost your faith in? Where has trust been ruined for you? And what are you going to do about it?
所以,問問你自己, 你在什麼事情上失去了你的信念? 你的信任在哪裡被摧毀了? 對此,你打算怎麼辦?
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)