This man is wearing what we call a bee beard. (Laughter) A beard full of bees.
Ovaj čovek nosi ono što mi zovemo bradom od pčela. (Smeh) Bradu punu pčela.
Now, this is what many of you might picture when you think about honeybees, maybe insects, or maybe anything that has more legs than two. And let me start by telling you, I gotcha. I understand that. But, there are many things to know, and I want you to open your minds here, keep them open, and change your perspective about honeybees.
Ovo je ono što bi mnogi od vas mogli da zamisle kada mislite o pčelama, možda insektima, ili možda o bilo čemu što ima više od dve noge. Dozvolite mi da počnem govoreći vam: "razumem vas". Razumem to. Ali postoje mnoge stvari koje treba znati i želim da vam ovde otvorim umove, držim ih otvorenim i promenim vaš pogled na pčele.
Notice that this man is not getting stung. He probably has a queen bee tied to his chin, and the other bees are attracted to it. So this really demonstrates our relationship with honeybees, and that goes deep back for thousands of years. We're very co-evolved, because we depend on bees for pollination and, even more recently, as an economic commodity.
Primetite kako ovaj čovek ne biva uboden. Verovatno mu je matica vezana za bradu i druge pčele su privučene njome. Ovo zaista demonstrira našu vezu sa pčelama koja se proteže na hiljade godina u prošlost. Mi smo zajedno evoluirali, zato što zavisimo od pčela zbog polinacije i od skora, zbog ekonomskih pogodnosti.
Many of you may have heard that honeybees are disappearing, not just dying, but they're gone. We don't even find dead bodies. This is called colony collapse disorder, and it's bizarre. Researchers around the globe still do not know what's causing it, but what we do know is that, with the declining numbers of bees, the costs of over 130 fruit and vegetable crops that we rely on for food is going up in price.
Mnogi od vas su možda čuli da pčele nestaju, ne samo da umiru, već su nestale. Čak ne nalazimo ni mrtva tela. Ovo se zove poremećaj kolapsa kolonije i bizaran je. Istraživači širom planete i dalje ne znaju šta ga uzrokuje, ali ono što znamo jeste da, sa opadajućim brojem pčela, cena preko 130 vrsta voća i povrća, na koje se oslanjamo za našu ishranu, raste.
So honeybees are important for their role in the economy as well as in agriculture. Here you can see some pictures of what are called green roofs, or urban agriculture. We're familiar with the image on the left that shows a local neighborhood garden in the South End. That's where I call home. I have a beehive in the backyard. And perhaps a green roof in the future, when we're further utilizing urban areas, where there are stacks of garden spaces.
Dakle, pčele su bitne zbog njihove uloge u ekonomiji podjednako kao i u poljoprivredi. Ovde možete videti neke slike onoga što zovemo zeleni krovovi ili urbana poljoprivreda. Poznata nam je leva slika, koja prikazuje baštu u lokalnom susedstvu, u Saut Endu. Tu je i moj dom. Imam jednu košnicu u zadnjem dvorištu. Možda i zeleni krov u budućnosti, kada budemo više iskorišćavali urbane delove, gde imamo gomilu baštenskog prostora.
Check out this image above the orange line in Boston. Try to spot the beehive. It's there. It's on the rooftop, right on the corner there, and it's been there for a couple of years now. The way that urban beekeeping currently operates is that the beehives are quite hidden, and it's not because they need to be. It's just because people are uncomfortable with the idea, and that's why I want you today to try to think about this, think about the benefits of bees in cities and why they really are a terrific thing.
Pogledajte ovu sliku iznad linije metroa u Bostonu. Pokušajte da uočite košnicu. Tu je. Na krovu je, tačno u uglu, a tu je već nekoliko godina. Način na koji urbano pčelarstvo danas funkcioniše je da su košnice sasvim sakrivene, ali ne zato što tako treba da bude. Tako je zato što je ljudima ta ideja neprijatna, a zato želim da danas pokušate da razmislite o tome, razmislite o prednostima pčela u gradovima i zašto su zaista izvanredna stvar.
Let me give you a brief rundown on how pollination works. So we know flowers, we know fruits and vegetables, even some alfalfa in hay that the livestock for the meats that we eat, rely on pollinators, but you've got male and female parts to a plant here, and basically pollinators are attracted to plants for their nectar, and in the process, a bee will visit some flowers and pick up some pollen, or that male kind of sperm counterpart, along the way, and then travel to different flowers, and eventually an apple, in this case, will be produced. You can see the orientation. The stem is down. The blossom end has fallen off by the time we eat it, but that's a basic overview of how pollination works.
Dozvolite mi da vam dam mali uvid u to kako polinacija funkcioniše. Znamo da se cveće, voće i povrće, pa čak i neka alfalfa u senu stoke koju koristimo u ishrani, oslanjaju na oprašivače, ali imate muške i ženske delove biljaka ovde i u osnovi, oprašivače privlače biljke zbog njihovog nektara i u tom procesu, pčela će posetiti neke cvetove i usput sakupiti nešto polena, ili tu mušku vrstu odgovarajuće zamene za spermu, a onda će odleteti do drugih cvetova i konačno, u ovom slučaju, nastaće jabuka. Vidite položaj. Peteljka je dole. Do vremena kada je pojedemo, cvetni deo je već otpao, ali to je osnovni prikaz načina na koji oprašivanje radi.
And let's think about urban living, not today, and not in the past, but what about in a hundred years? What's it gonna look like? We have huge grand challenges these days of habitat loss. We have more and more people, billions of people, in 100 years, God knows how many people, and how little space there will be to fit all of them, so we need to change the way that we see cities, and looking at this picture on the left of New York City today, you can see how gray and brown it is. We have tar paper on the rooftops that bounces heat back into the atmosphere, contributing to global climate change, no doubt. What about in 100 years, if we have green rooftops everywhere, and gardening, and we create our own crops right in the cities? We save on the costs of transportation, we save on a healthier diet, and we also educate and create new jobs locally. We need bees for the future of our cities and urban living.
Hajde da razmislimo o urbanom životu, ne sada, ne u prošlosti, nego za sto godina. Kako će da izgleda? Danas imamo ogromne izazove u gubicima prirodnog staništa. Imamo sve više i više ljudi, milijarde ljudi, a za 100 godina bog zna koliko ljudi, a biće jako malo prostora da ih sve smestimo, tako da treba da promenimo način na koji vidimo gradove i gledajući na ovu sliku današnjeg Njujorka, možete da vidite kako je sav siv i braon. Imamo katran na krovovima koji odbija toplotu nazad u atmosferu, doprinoseći globalnim klimatskim promenama. Šta će biti za 100 godina, ako svuda budemo imali zelene krovove i baštovanstvo i ako stvaramo naše sopstvene useve upravo u gradovima? Uštedeli bismo na troškovima transporta, uštedeli bismo na zdravijoj ishrani, a takođe bismo i edukovali i otvarali nova radna mesta, lokalno.
Here's some data that we collected through our company with Best Bees, where we deliver, install and manage honeybee hives for anybody who wants them, in the city, in the countryside, and we introduce honeybees, and the idea of beekeeping in your own backyard or rooftop or fire escape, for even that matter, and seeing how simple it is and how possible it is.
Trebaju nam pčele za budućnost naših gradova i urbano življenje. Evo nekih podataka koje smo sakupili kroz našu kompaniju sa Best Biz gde mi dostavljamo, postavljamo i upravljamo košnicama za svakoga ko ih želi, u gradu, na selu i predstavljamo pčele i ideju o pčelarstvu u vašem dvorištu ili krovu ili protivpožarnom stepeništu,
There's a counterintuitive trend that we noticed in these numbers. So let's look at the first metric here, overwintering survival. Now this has been a huge problem for many years, basically since the late 1980s, when the varroa mite came and brought many different viruses, bacteria and fungal diseases with it. Overwintering success is hard, and that's when most of the colonies are lost, and we found that in the cities, bees are surviving better than they are in the country. A bit counterintuitive, right? We think, oh, bees, countryside, agriculture, but that's not what the bees are showing. The bees like it in the city. (Laughter)
i vidimo kako je to jednostavno i kako je to moguće. Postoji kontraintuitivan trend koji smo primetili u ovim brojkama. Pogledajmo prvu brojku ovde, stopu prezimljavanja. Ovo je veliki problem tokom mnogo godina, u osnovi, od kasnih 1980-ih kada je došla Varoa Destruktor i donela mnoštvo različitih virusa, bakterija i gljivičnih oboljenja sa sobom. Uspešno prezimljavanje je teško i to je vreme kada se većina kolonija izgubi, a otkrili smo da u gradovima pčele preživljavaju bolje nego u seoskim područjima. Pomalo kontraintuitivno, zar ne? Mislimo, oh, pčele, selo, poljoprivreda, ali to nije ono što nam pčele pokazuju.
Furthermore, they also produce more honey. The urban honey is delicious. The bees in Boston on the rooftop of the Seaport Hotel, where we have hundreds of thousands of bees flying overheard right now that I'm sure none of you noticed when we walked by, are going to all of the local community gardens and making delicious, healthy honey that just tastes like the flowers in our city. So the yield for urban hives, in terms of honey production, is higher as well as the overwintering survival, compared to rural areas. Again, a bit counterintuitive.
Pčelama se dopada u gradu. (Smeh) Dalje, one takođe proizvode više meda. Urbani med je izvrstan. Pčele u Bostonu, na vrhu Siport hotela, gde imamo stotine hiljada pčela koje sada nečujno lete i koje, siguran sam, niko od vas nije primetio dok ste prolazili, idu u lokalne zajedničke bašte i prave izvrstan, zdrav med koji je ukusa cveća iz našeg grada. Dakle, prinos urbanih košnica je, u smislu proizvodnje meda, viši, kao i prezimljavanje, u poređenju sa ruralnim područjima.
And looking back historically at the timeline of honeybee health, we can go back to the year 950 and see that there was also a great mortality of bees in Ireland. So the problems of bees today isn't necessarily something new. It has been happening since over a thousand years ago, but what we don't really notice are these problems in cities.
Ponovo, malo kontraintuitivno. Kada, unazad kroz vreme, gledamo na zdravlje pčela, možemo se vratiti unazad do 950. godine i videti da je tada takođe bilo velike smrtnosti pčela u Irskoj. Problemi pčela današnjice nisu nešto novo. To se događa još od pre hiljadu godina,
So one thing I want to encourage you to think about is the idea of what an urban island is. You think in the city maybe the temperature's warmer. Why are bees doing better in the city? This is a big question now to help us understand why they should be in the city. Perhaps there's more pollen in the city. With the trains coming in to urban hubs, they can carry pollen with them, very light pollen, and it's just a big supermarket in the city. A lot of linden trees live along the railroad tracks. Perhaps there are fewer pesticides in the cities than there are in [rural] areas. Perhaps there are other things that we're just not thinking about yet, but that's one idea to think about, urban islands.
ali ono što baš i ne primećujemo su ovi problemi u gradovima. Jedna stvar o kojoj bih vas ohrabrio da razmislite je ideja o tome šta je urbano ostrvo. Mislite da je u gradovima temperatura možda viša. Zašto pčele bolje uspevaju u gradovima? Ovo je veliko pitanje, pomoći će nam da razumemo zašto bi one trebale biti u gradovima. Možda u gradu ima više polena. Vozovi koji dolaze u urbana čvorišta mogu doneti polen sa sobom, veoma lagan polen, a to je samo jedan veliki supermarket u gradu. Mnogo je stabala lipe duž pruga. Možda u gradovima ima manje pesticida nego u ruralnim krajevima. Možda ima i drugih stvari o kojima sada ni ne razmišljamo,
And colony collapse disorder is not the only thing affecting honeybees. Honeybees are dying, and it's a huge, huge grand challenge of our time. What you can see up here is a map of the world, and we're tracking the spread of this varroa mite.
ali to je jedna ideja o kojoj treba da razmišljamo, urbana ostrva. Poremećaj kolapsa kolonije nije jedina stvar koja utiče na pčele. Pčele umiru, a to je ogroman, ogroman izazov našeg vremena. Ono što možete videti ovde je mapa sveta, a pratimo razvoj ove Varoe Destruktorke.
Now, the varroa mite is what changed the game in beekeeping, and you can see, at the top right, the years are changing, we're coming up to modern times, and you can see the spread of the varroa mite from the early 1900s through now. It's 1968, and we're pretty much covering Asia. 1971, we saw it spread to Europe and South America, and then, when we get to the 1980s, and specifically to 1987, the varroa mite finally came to North America and to the United States, and that is when the game changed for honeybees in the United States.
Sada, Varoa Destruktor je ono što je promenilo pčelarstvo, i možete da vidite, gore desno, kako godine prolaze, dolazimo do savremenog doba i možete videti širenje Varoe Destruktorke od ranih 1900-ih do danas. Godina je 1968. i poprilično smo pokrili Aziju. 1971, vidimo da se raširila Evropom i Južnom Amerikom, a onda, kada dođemo u 1980, a posebno u 1987, Varoa Destruktor je konačno došla do Severne Amerike i Sjedinjenih Država i tada se igra promenila za pčele u Sjedinjenim Državama.
Many of us will remember our childhood growing up, maybe you got stung by a bee, you saw bees on flowers. Think of the kids today. Their childhood's a bit different. They don't experience this. The bees just aren't around anymore. So we need bees and they're disappearing and it's a big problem.
Mnogi od nas će se sećati svog detinjstva, odrastanja, možda vas je nekada ubola pčela, videli ste pčele na cveću. Pomislite na današnju decu. Njihovo detinjstvo je malo drugačije. Oni ovo ne doživljavaju. Pčela jednostavno više nema. Dakle, pčele su nam neophodne, one nestaju i to je veliki problem.
What can we do here? So, what I do is honeybee research. I got my Ph.D. studying honeybee health. I started in 2005 studying honeybees. In 2006, honeybees started disappearing, so suddenly, like, this little nerd kid going to school working with bugs — (Laughter) — became very relevant in the world. And it worked out that way.
Šta možemo da uradimo povodom toga? Ja se bavim istraživanjem pčela. Dobio sam svoj doktorat proučavajući zdravlje pčela. Započeo sam da ih proučavam 2005. Tokom 2006. pčele su počele da nestaju, iznenada je, kao, ovaj mali štreber ide u školu, radi na bubama - (Smeh) - postao veoma bitan u svetu. Tako se ispostavilo.
So my research focuses on ways to make bees healthier. I don't research what's killing the bees, per se. I'm not one of the many researchers around the world who's looking at the effects of pesticides or diseases or habitat loss and poor nutrition on bees. We're looking at ways to make bees healthier through vaccines, through yogurt, like probiotics, and other types of therapies in ways that can be fed orally to bees, and this process is so easy, even a 7-year-old can do it. You just mix up some pollen, sugar and water, and whatever active ingredient you want to put in, and you just give it right to the bees. No chemicals involved, just immune boosters.
Moje istraživanje se fokusira na načine na koje možemo da učinimo pčele zdravijim. Ja ne istražujem šta ubija pčele. Ja nisam jedan od mnogih istraživača širom sveta koji gledaju na efekte pesticida ili bolesti ili gubitka prirodnog staništa ili loše ishrane na pčele. Mi tražimo načine da pčele učinimo zdravijim kroz vakcine, kroz jogurte, kao probiotike, i druge vrste terapija koje se pčelama mogu dati oralno, a ovaj proces je tako jednostavan da bi čak i sedmogodišnjak znao kako da ga uradi. Pomešate nešto polena, šećera i vode, i bilo koji aktivni sastojak koji želite da dodate, i to samo date pčelama.
Humans think about our own health in a prospective way. We exercise, we eat healthy, we take vitamins. Why don't we think about honeybees in that same type of way? Bring them to areas where they're thriving and try to make them healthier before they get sick.
Nema hemikalija, samo pojačivača imuniteta. Ljudi razmišljaju o svom zdravlju na prospektivan način. Mi vežbamo, hranimo se zdravo, uzimamo vitamine. Zašto ne bi o pčelama razmišljali na isti način? Donesite ih u sredine u kojima bujaju
I spent many years in grad school trying to poke bees and do vaccines
i pokušajte da ih učinite zdravijim pre nego što se razbole.
with needles. (Laughter) Like, years, years at the bench, "Oh my gosh, it's 3 a.m. and I'm still pricking bees." (Laughter) And then one day I said, "Why don't we just do an oral vaccine?" It's like, "Ugh," so that's what we do. (Laughter)
Mnogo sam godina proveo na fakultetu, pokušavajući da ubodem pčele i dam im vakcine pomoću igli. (Smeh) Godine i godine na klupi: "O moj bože, već je tri ujutro a ja i dalje ubadam pčele". (Smeh) A onda sam jednog dana rekao: "Zašto im jednostavno ne damo oralne vakcine"? To je bilo kao: "Naravno", i to je ono što radimo. (Smeh)
I'd love to share with you some images of urban beehives, because they can be anything. I mean, really open your mind with this. You can paint a hive to match your home. You can hide a hive inside your home. These are three hives on the rooftop of the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel, and they're beautiful here. I mean, we matched the new color of the inside of their rooms to do some type of a stained wood with blue for their sheets, and these bees are terrific, and they also will use herbs that are growing in the garden. That's what the chefs go to to use for their cooking, and the honey -- they do live events -- they'll use that honey at their bars. Honey is a great nutritional substitute for regular sugar because there are different types of sugars in there.
Voleo bih da sa vama podelim neke slike urbanih košnica, zato što one mogu biti bilo šta. Mislim zaista otvorite vaše umove ovim. Košnicu možete ofarbati tako da vam se slaže sa kućom. Možete je sakriti u svojoj kući. Ovo su tri košnice na krovu Fermont Kapli Plaza hotela i prelepe su. Mislim, uklopili smo novu boju unutrašnjosti njihovih soba sa bojom bojenog drveta i plavom bojom njihovih posteljina i ove pčele su fantastične i takođe će koristiti bilje koje raste u bašti. To je ono čemu odlaze kuvari i što koriste u njihovim jelima i med - rade događaje uživo - taj med će iskoristiti u svojim barovima. Med je odlična nutritivna zamena za obični šećer zato što u njemu ima različitih tipova šećera.
We also have a classroom hives project, where -- this is a nonprofit venture -- we're spreading the word around the world for how honeybee hives can be taken into the classroom or into the museum setting, behind glass, and used as an educational tool.
Takođe imamo i projekat košnica u učionicama, gde - ovo je neprofitni poduhvat - širimo znanje kroz svet kako košnice mogu biti unete u učionice ili u postavke muzuja, iza stakla i upotrebljene kao obrazovno sredstvo.
This hive that you see here has been in Fenway High School for many years now. The bees fly right into the outfield of Fenway Park. Nobody notices it. If you're not a flower, these bees do not care about you. (Laughter) They don't. They don't. They'll say, "S'cuse me, flying around." (Laughter) Some other images here in telling a part of the story that really made urban beekeeping terrific is in New York City, beekeeping was illegal until 2010. That's a big problem, because what's going to pollinate all of the gardens and the produce locally? Hands? I mean, locally in Boston, there is a terrific company called Green City Growers, and they are going and pollinating their squash crops by hand with Q-Tips, and if they miss that three day window, there's no fruit. Their clients aren't happy, and people go hungry. So this is important.
Košnica koju ovde vidite je u Fenvej srednjoj školi već godinama. Pčele lete pravo u polje Fenvej parka. Niko ih ne primećuje. Ako niste cvet, pčele ne mare za vas. (Smeh) One ne mare. Ne mare. Reći će: "Izvin'te, samo da proletim." (Smeh) Neke od ostalih slika ovde nam kazuju deo priče koja je urbani uzgoj pčela učinila izuzetnim je da je u Njujorku, uzgoj pčela bio ilegalan do 2010. Ovo je veliki problem, zato što, šta će da nam oprašuje sve bašte i lokalne proizvode? Ruke? Mislim, lokalno u Bostonu, postoji izvanredna kompanija nazvana Grin Siti Grouers, oni oprašuju svoje bundeve ručno, koristeći pamučne štapiće i ako propuste taj trodnevni vremenski period, nema ploda. Njihovi klijenti nisu srećni, a ljudi ostaju gladni. Dakle, ovo je bitno.
We have also some images of honey from Brooklyn. Now, this was a mystery in the New York Times where the honey was very red, and the New York State forensics department came in and they actually did some science to match the red dye with that found in a maraschino cherry factory down the street. (Laughter) So you can tailor your honey to taste however you want by planting bee-friendly flowers.
Takođe imamo i neke fotografije meda iz Bruklina. Ovo je bila misterija opisana u Njujork Tajmsu, gde je med bio jarko crven i predstavnici kriminalističkog odeljenja države Njujork su došli i primenili nauku da bi našli poklapanje crvene nijanse sa onom koja je nađena u jednoj fabrici likera od višnje niže niz ulicu. (Smeh) Dakle, možete skrojiti vaš med da bude onog ukusa koji želite sadnjom cveća koje pčele vole.
Paris has been a terrific model for urban beekeeping. They've had hives on the rooftop of their opera house for many years now, and that's what really got people started, thinking, "Wow, we can do this, and we should do this." Also in London, and in Europe across the board, they're very advanced in their use of green rooftops and integrating beehives, and I'll show you an ending note here.
Pariz je izvanredan model urbanog uzgoja pčela. Imaju košnice na krovu zgrade opere već mnogo godina i to je nateralo ljude na razmišljanje, "Oho, mi ovo možemo i treba da uradimo." Takođe, u Londonu i Evropi svuda, jako su napredni u iskorišćavanju njihovih zelenih krovova i integraciji košnica i ovde ću vam pokazati jednu oproštajnu poruku.
I would like to encourage you to open your mind. What can you do to save the bees or to help them or to think of sustainable cities in the future? Well, really, just change your perspective. Try to understand that bees are very important. A bee isn't going to sting you if you see it. The bee dies. Honeybees die when they sting, so they don't want to do it either. (Laughter) It's nothing to panic about. They're all over the city. You could even get your own hive if you want. There are great resources available, and there are even companies that will help get you set up and mentor you and it's important for our educational system in the world for students to learn about agriculture worldwide such as this little girl, who, again, is not even getting stung. Thank you. (Applause)
Voleo bih da vas ohrabrim da otvorite vaše umove. Šta vi možete uraditi da biste sačuvali pčele ili im pomogli ili da mislite o održivim gradovima u budućnosti? Pa, zaista, samo promenite vašu perspektivu. Pokušajte da razumete da su pčele veoma bitne. Pčela vas neće ubosti ako je vidite. Ta pčela umire. Pčele umiru kada ubodu, tako da ni one to ne žele da urade. (Smeh) To nije nešto oko čega treba paničiti. One su svuda po gradu. Ukoliko želite, možete čak nabaviti i sopstvenu košnicu. Dostupni su nam veliki izvori, a čak postoje i kompanije koje će vam pomoći da ih postavite i učiće vas, a to je bitno za naš obrazovni sistem u svetu, da bi učenici učili o poljoprivredi širom sveta kao ova mala devojčica, koja, ponovo, ne biva ubodena. Hvala vam. (Aplauz)