Just over a mile away from here, in Edinburgh's Old Town, is Panmure House. Panmure House was the home of the world-renowned Scottish economist Adam Smith. In his important work "The Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith argued, amongst many other things, that the measurement of a country's wealth was not just its gold and silver reserves. It was the totality of the country's production and commerce. I guess it was one of the earliest descriptions of what we now know today as gross domestic product, GDP.
離這裡大約一英里, 在愛丁堡的舊城裡, 有一間房子叫潘穆爾之家。 潘穆爾之家 是世界知名的 蘇格蘭經濟學家亞當史密斯的故居。 在他的重要著作《國富論》當中, 亞當史密斯的主張之一就是 國家財富的衡量標準 並不只是它所保有的金子和銀子。 國家的生產及商業全都包含在內。 我想,這是關於現在所謂的 國內生產總值(GDP) 最早的描述之一。
Now, in the years since, of course, that measurement of production and commerce, GDP, has become ever more important, to the point that today -- and I don't believe this is what Adam Smith would have intended -- that it is often seen as the most important measurement of a country's overall success. And my argument today is that it is time for that to change.
當然,從那之後開始, 生產和商業的衡量標準, 即國內生產總值, 就變得更加重要了, 重要的程度到了——我並不認為 這是亞當史密斯的本意—— 現在它通常都被視為是 國家整體成功的最重要衡量標準。 今天,我的論點是: 該是改變的時候了。
You know, what we choose to measure as a country matters. It really matters, because it drives political focus, it drives public activity. And against that context, I think the limitations of GDP as a measurement of a country's success are all too obvious. You know, GDP measures the output of all of our work, but it says nothing about the nature of that work, about whether that work is worthwhile or fulfilling. It puts a value, for example, on illegal drug consumption, but not on unpaid care. It values activity in the short term that boosts the economy, even if that activity is hugely damaging to the sustainability of our planet in the longer term.
要知道,我們選擇用來衡量 國家的測量標準是很重要的。 真的很重要,因為 它會影響政治的焦點, 影響公眾活動。 在這樣的情況下, 我認為,用國內生產總值 來衡量國家的成功, 很明顯是非常局限的。 要知道,國內生產總值 測量的是我們所有工作的產出, 但它完全沒有提到 那些工作的本質是什麼、 那些工作是否值得或讓人滿足。 比如,它賦予非法毒品的消費價值, 但不給無報酬的照護價值。 它重視能夠促進經濟的短期活動, 即使那些活動會大大損害 長期來看的地球永續性。
And we reflect on the past decade of political and economic upheaval, of growing inequalities, and when we look ahead to the challenges of the climate emergency, increasing automation, an aging population, then I think the argument for the case for a much broader definition of what it means to be successful as a country, as a society, is compelling, and increasingly so.
我們反思過去十年 在政治和經濟上的動蕩、 越來越嚴重的不平等, 當我們看向未來的挑戰, 如氣候的緊急狀況、 自動化增加、 人口老化, 我認為贊同擴大 國家社會成功之定義的論點 越來越引人注目。
And that is why Scotland, in 2018, took the lead, took the initiative in establishing a new network called the Wellbeing Economy Governments group, bringing together as founding members the countries of Scotland, Iceland and New Zealand, for obvious reasons. We're sometimes called the SIN countries, although our focus is very much on the common good. And the purpose of this group is to challenge that focus on the narrow measurement of GDP. To say that, yes, economic growth matters -- it is important -- but it is not all that is important. And growth in GDP should not be pursued at any or all cost. In fact, the argument of that group is that the goal, the objective of economic policy should be collective well-being: how happy and healthy a population is, not just how wealthy a population is.
那就是為什麼在 2018 年蘇格蘭 帶頭建立一個新的互聯組織, 叫做安康經濟政府團體, 創始會員國包括 蘇格蘭、冰島、紐西蘭,原因很明顯。 我們有時會被稱為是 SIN (罪,三國的字首)國家, 不過我們聚焦於共同的利益。 這個團體的目的是要挑戰 將焦點放在國內生產總值的 狹隘測量方式的現況。 是的,經濟成長是很要緊—— 它很重要—— 但重要的不只是它。 不應該不計代價來追求 國內生產總值的成長。 事實上,該團體的論點是, 經濟政策的目標、方針 應該是集體的安康: 人民有多快樂、健康, 而不只是人民有多富裕。
And I'll touch on the policy implications of that in a moment. But I think, particularly in the world we live in today, it has a deeper resonance. You know, when we focus on well-being, we start a conversation that provokes profound and fundamental questions. What really matters to us in our lives? What do we value in the communities we live in? What kind of country, what kind of society, do we really want to be? And when we engage people in those questions, in finding the answers to those questions, then I believe that we have a much better chance of addressing the alienation and disaffection from politics that is so prevalent in so many countries across the developed world today.
我等一下就會談到政策的意涵。 但,我認為,特別是在 我們現今的世界上, 它還有更深的反響。 要知道,當我們 把焦點放在安康上, 我們就開始了對談, 這對談能夠激起 深刻且根本的問題。 在我們的人生中,重要的是什麼? 在我們所居住的社區中, 我們重視的是什麼? 我們真正想要成為的國家、社會, 是什麼樣子的? 當我們讓大家去想那些問題, 試圖得到那些問題的答案時, 我相信我們就更有機會 處理對政治疏離、不滿的議題, 那些議題在已開發世界中的 許多國家都很普遍。
In policy terms, this journey for Scotland started back in 2007, when we published what we call our National Performance Framework, looking at the range of indicators that we measure ourselves against. And those indicators are as varied as income inequality, the happiness of children, access to green spaces, access to housing. None of these are captured in GDP statistics, but they are all fundamental to a healthy and a happy society.
在政策方面,蘇格蘭的 這趟旅程始於 2007 年, 當時我們推出了所謂的國家表現框架, 透過許多不同的指標 來衡量我們自己。 那些指標很多樣化, 比如收入不平等、 孩童的快樂程度、 能否取得綠地、能否取得住房。 國內生產總值的統計 並未納入這些指標, 但這些是健康快樂社會的根本指標。
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那種更廣泛的...
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And that broader approach is at the heart of our economic strategy, where we give equal importance to tackling inequality as we do to economic competitiveness. It drives our commitment to fair work, making sure that work is fulfilling and well-paid. It's behind our decision to establish a Just Transition Commission to guide our path to a carbon zero economy. We know from economic transformations of the past that if we're not careful, there are more losers than winners. And as we face up to the challenges of climate change and automation, we must not make those mistakes again.
那種更廣泛的方法, 是我們經濟策略的核心, 在核心,我們對於 處理不平等的重視程度 和經濟競爭力的 重視程度是相同的。 它會驅使我們做出 公平工作的承諾, 且確保那工作能夠 實現抱負、有適當報償。 它是我們決定要建立 公正轉型委員會的背後支柱, 引領我們的路, 朝向零碳經濟邁進。 從過去的經濟轉型中我們可以知道, 如果我們不夠小心, 輸家會比贏家還多。 在我們勇敢對付氣候變遷 和自動化的挑戰時, 我們不能再犯同樣的錯誤。
The work we're doing here in Scotland is, I think, significant, but we have much, much to learn from other countries. I mentioned, a moment ago, our partner nations in the Wellbeing network: Iceland and New Zealand. It's worth noting, and I'll leave it to you to decide whether this is relevant or not, that all three of these countries are currently led by women.
我認為,我們在蘇格蘭 所做的努力是非常重要的, 但我們還有很多很多 要向其他國家學習的地方。 我剛才有提到, 我們在安康網路上的夥伴國: 冰島和紐西蘭。 有一點值得注意的,且我想讓各位 自行判斷它是否有重要性: 那就是,這三個國家 目前的領導人都是女性。
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They, too, are doing great work.
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New Zealand, in 2019, publishing its first Wellbeing Budget, with mental health at its heart; Iceland leading the way on equal pay, childcare and paternity rights -- not policies that we immediately think of when we talk about creating a wealthy economy, but policies that are fundamental to a healthy economy and a happy society.
他們也都在做很棒的事。 2019 年,紐西蘭公佈了 其第一份安康預算, 預算的核心是心理健康; 冰島在薪水平等、兒童照護, 和父親權利上帶頭打先鋒—— 這些都不是我們在談論 創造富裕經濟時 會立即想到的政策, 卻是對於健康經濟與快樂社會而言 很重要的基本政策。
I started with Adam Smith and "The Wealth of Nations." In Adam Smith's earlier work, "The Theory of Moral Sentiments," which I think is just as important, he made the observation that the value of any government is judged in proportion to the extent that it makes its people happy. I think that is a good founding principle for any group of countries focused on promoting well-being. None of us have all of the answers, not even Scotland, the birthplace of Adam Smith. But in the world we live in today, with growing divides and inequalities, with disaffection and alienation, it is more important than ever that we ask and find the answers to those questions and promote a vision of society that has well-being, not just wealth, at its very heart.
我用亞當史密斯的 《國富論》當作開頭。 在亞當史密斯更早的作品 《道德情操論》中, 我認為這部作品也同等重要, 他觀察到,任何政府的價值 都可以根據該政府讓其人民 快樂的程度來依比例推斷出來。 我認為,對於著重推動安康的 任何國家團體而言, 這都是一條很好的成立原則。 沒有人擁有所有的答案, 連亞當史密斯的出生地 蘇格蘭也沒有。 但,在現今我們所居住的世界上, 隨著分裂和不平等加劇, 隨著不滿和疏遠發生, 比以往更重要的是, 我們要問那些問題,並找到答案, 我們推動的願景是以安康 而非僅僅以富裕為核心的社會。
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You are right now in the beautiful, sunny capital city ...
現在,各位在一個美麗、 陽光普照的首都城市……
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of the country that led the world in the Enlightenment, the country that helped lead the world into the industrial age, the country that right now is helping to lead the world into the low carbon age. I want, and I'm determined, that Scotland will also be the country that helps change the focus of countries and governments across the world to put well-being at the heart of everything that we do. I think we owe that to this generation. I certainly believe we owe that to the next generation and all those that come after us. And if we do that, led here from the country of the Enlightenment, then I think we create a better, healthier, fairer and happier society here at home. And we play our part in Scotland in building a fairer, happier world as well.
這個國家在啟蒙運動中領導世界, 這個國家協助引領 世界進入工業時代, 這個國家現在正協助引領世界 進入低碳時代。 我希望且確信蘇格蘭也會 協助全世界的國家與政府改變焦點, 將安康放在我們所有作為的核心。 我認為,為了當代人 我們應該這樣做; 我也確信,為了下一代人 和以後的世世代代, 我們也應該這樣做。 如果我們能夠以啟蒙運動的 領導國家之姿來領導, 那麼,我認為我們可以 在我們的家園上創造出一個更好、 更健康、更公平、且更快樂的社會。 我們在蘇格蘭扮演我們的角色, 也要建立一個更公平、 更快樂的世界。
Thank you very much.
非常謝謝。
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