I want to talk today about -- I've been asked to take the long view, and I'm going to tell you what I think are the three biggest problems for humanity from this long point of view. Some of these have already been touched upon by other speakers, which is encouraging. It seems that there's not just one person who thinks that these problems are important.
Waxan rabaa inan ka hadlo maanta-- Waxa lay warsaday inaan qaaddo aragtida dheer, waxaan rabaa inaan wax idiinka sheego wax aan u arko sadexda dhibaato ee ugu waawayn ee binidaamka haysta anoo ka duulaya aragtida dheer. Qaar kamid ah waxaa taabtay dadkii kalee hadlay taasoo dhiirigelin ah. Waxayna u muqaataa inaanu qof keliya ahayn cida filaysa in dhibatooyinkani ay miisaankooda leeyihiin.
The first is -- death is a big problem. If you look at the statistics, the odds are not very favorable to us. So far, most people who have lived have also died. Roughly 90 percent of everybody who has been alive has died by now. So the annual death rate adds up to 150,000 -- sorry, the daily death rate -- 150,000 people per day, which is a huge number by any standard. The annual death rate, then, becomes 56 million. If we just look at the single, biggest cause of death -- aging -- it accounts for roughly two-thirds of all human people who die. That adds up to an annual death toll of greater than the population of Canada. Sometimes, we don't see a problem because either it's too familiar or it's too big. Can't see it because it's too big. I think death might be both too familiar and too big for most people to see it as a problem.
Ta koowaad--geeridu waa dhibaatada ugu wayn. Hadaad eegtid istaastiistakada Tiradu ma wanaagsana. Ilaa hada, dhamaan dadkii noolaa(soo jiray) way dhinteen. Ugu dhowaan 90 boqolkiiba qof kastoo noolaa (soo jiray) hada wuu dhintay. Sidaa awgeed tirada sanadkii ee dhimasadu waa-- cafwan, tirada dhimashada maalinlaha ahi waa --150,000 qof maalin kasta, taasoo ah tiro aad u wayn xajmi ahaan. Tirada dhimashada sanadkii, marka, waxay noqonay 56 million Hadaynu eegno sababta koowaad ee dhimashada--gabaywga-- waxay galaafataa sadex meelood labba dadka dhinta. Taasi waxay ina siinaysaa tiro dhimasho sanadkii oo ka badan tirada dadka ku nool Kanada. Mararka qaar, dhibaato uma aragno waayo waa laba mid uun ama waa muctarif ama waa wayntahay. Lama arki karo waayo waa wayn tahay. Waxan qabaa in geeridu ay macruuf u tahay ama ku wayntahay dadka badankiisa si ay ugu aqoonsadaan dhibaato.
Once you think about it, you see this is not statistical points; these are -- let's see, how far have I talked? I've talked for three minutes. So that would be, roughly, 324 people have died since I've begun speaking. People like -- it's roughly the population in this room has just died. Now, the human cost of that is obvious, once you start to think about it -- the suffering, the loss -- it's also, economically, enormously wasteful. I just look at the information, and knowledge, and experience that is lost due to natural causes of death in general, and aging, in particular.
Markaad ka fikirtid waad arkaysa inaanu arinku istaatitik kaliya ahayn; Bal hada aan eego inta aan hadlay? Waxan hadlay 3 minute. Taasi markaa waxa weeye ugu dhowaan 324 ayaa dhinta tan iyo intaan hadalka bilaabay. Wax ku dhow dadka hoolkan fadhiya ayaa dhintay. Hadaba, kharashka biniaadamka ka galaa waa cadyahay, markaad ka yara fekertid--dhibaatada iyo khasaaraha-- dhaqaale ahaan aad bay u kharash qub badantahay. Waxan ka wadaa macluumaadka, cilmiga, iyo khibrada taasoo la luminayo iyadoo ay u wacantahay sababaha dabiiciga ah ee dhimashada, gabowga, gaar ahaan.
Suppose we approximated one person with one book? Now, of course, this is an underestimation. A person's lifetime of learning and experience is a lot more than you could put into a single book. But let's suppose we did this. 52 million people die of natural causes each year corresponds, then, to 52 million volumes destroyed. Library of Congress holds 18 million volumes. We are upset about the burning of the Library of Alexandria. It's one of the great cultural tragedies that we remember, even today. But this is the equivalent of three Libraries of Congress -- burnt down, forever lost -- each year.
Kasoo qaad inaan qof kasta kusoo hagaajinay hal buug? Dabcan tani waa qiyaas hoosaad. Qofka cimrigiisa guud ahaan cilmigiisii iyo khibradiisii oo dhan hal buug waa ka badantahay wax lagu soo koobo. Kaba soo qaadse sidaas inaan samaynay. 52 million oo qof oo u dhinta sababa dabiiciya sanad kasta waxay u dhigantaa 52 million oo majaladood oo la burburiyay. Maktabada Kongreeska waxa yaala 18 million oo mujalo. Waan ka xunahay gubidii Maktabadii Alexadandira Masiibo xadaaradeed oo wayn bay ahayd. Waynu xusuusana taa ilaa hada. Laakiin tani waxay u dhigantaa sadex maktabadood oo ta Kongreska ah-- oo la gubo, si aan soo noqod lahayn --sanad kasta.
So that's the first big problem. And I wish Godspeed to Aubrey de Grey, and other people like him, to try to do something about this as soon as possible. Existential risk -- the second big problem. Existential risk is a threat to human survival, or to the long-term potential of our species. Now, why do I say that this is a big problem? Well, let's first look at the probability -- and this is very, very difficult to estimate -- but there have been only four studies on this in recent years, which is surprising. You would think that it would be of some interest to try to find out more about this given that the stakes are so big, but it's a very neglected area.
Hadaba taasi waa dhibaatada wayn ee koowaad. Waxan ku calool san ahay in Aubrey de Grey, iyo dadka kalee lamid ahi, ay arinkan wax ka qaban doonaan sida ugu macquulsan. Khatar jiritaan--waa dhibaatada wayn ee labbaad. Khatar jiritaan waa halista ku wajahan badbaada biniaadamka ama ubadkooda. Hada, maxaan u leeyahay taniw aa dhibaato wayn? Hagaag, bal aan ixtimaalka eegno-- waase qiyaas aaad iyo aad u adag-- laakiin sadex cilmibaadhiseed kaliya ayaa lagu sameeyay sanadadii tagay, taasoo cajiib ah. Waxad filaysaan inay muhiimad leedahay arinkan ah in laysku dayo in la helo wax badan oo ku saabsan ujeedkan balse waa hawl la dayacay.
But there have been four studies -- one by John Lesley, wrote a book on this. He estimated a probability that we will fail to survive the current century: 50 percent. Similarly, the Astronomer Royal, whom we heard speak yesterday, also has a 50 percent probability estimate. Another author doesn't give any numerical estimate, but says the probability is significant that it will fail. I wrote a long paper on this. I said assigning a less than 20 percent probability would be a mistake in light of the current evidence we have. Now, the exact figures here, we should take with a big grain of salt, but there seems to be a consensus that the risk is substantial. Everybody who has looked at this and studied it agrees.
Laakiin waxa jiray afar daraasadood, mid uu leeyahay John Lesley, oo buug ka qoray. Wuxuu qiimeeyay ixtimaalka inay ku guul daraysano inay badbaadno qarnigan: 50 boqolkiiba. Sidoo kale, maluugbaadh Royal, oo aan shalay dhagaysanay wuxuu sidoo kale sheegay ixtimaal ah 50 boqolkiiba. Qoraa kalena wax qiyaas tiro ah ma bixin, laakiin wuxuu sheegay in ixtimalka guuldaradu badanyahay. Waraaq dheer baan ka qoray tan. Waxann iri in wax ka yar 20 boqolkiiba oo ixtimaala loo sheegaa waa khalad marka lagu eego cadaynta hadda aan hayno. Hada, tiradan cad ee halkan, waa inaan gabigeedba sax u wada qaadan laakiin waxay jira isku waafaqsanaan guud inay khatartu tahay mid jirta. Qof kasta oo tan arkay ama daraaseeyay wuu garawsanyahay.
Now, if we think about what just reducing the probability of human extinction by just one percentage point -- not very much -- so that's equivalent to 60 million lives saved, if we just count the currently living people, the current generation. Now one percent of six billion people is equivalent to 60 million. So that's a large number. If we were to take into account future generations that will never come into existence if we blow ourselves up, then the figure becomes astronomical. If we could eventually colonize a chunk of the universe -- the Virgo supercluster -- maybe it will take us 100 million years to get there, but if we go extinct we never will. Then, even a one percentage point reduction in the extinction risk could be equivalent to this astronomical number -- 10 to the power of 32.
Hada, hadaan eegno dhimida ixtimaalka dabar go'a biniaadmaka kaliya hal boqokiiba-- wax badan maaha-- markaa waxay la mid tahay 60 million oo nafood oo la badbaaday. Hadaynu tirino dadka hadda nool, jiilka hadda. Hal boqolkiiba oo lix bilyan waxay uga dhigantaa 60 milyan. Marka taasi waa tirada wayn. Hadaan xisaabta ku darsano jiilasha mustaqbalka taasi marna ma iman karto hadaan is kharibno arintu waxay noqonaysaa mid aad u saraysa. Hadaynu ugu danbayn aynu qabsan karo qayb ka mid ah kownka- sida ururada laxaha oo kale-- oo inagu qaadan karta 100 milyan inay gaadhno laakiin dabar go'no ma dhici doonto. Markaa xataa hal boqolkiiba oo dhimis ah khatarta dabar go'u waxay u dhigmi kartaa tiradan aadka u saraysa- 10 ku jibaaran 32.
So if you take into account future generations as much as our own, every other moral imperative of philanthropic cost just becomes irrelevant. The only thing you should focus on would be to reduce existential risk because even the tiniest decrease in existential risk would just overwhelm any other benefit you could hope to achieve. And even if you just look at the current people, and ignore the potential that would be lost if we went extinct, it should still have a high priority. Now, let me spend the rest of my time on the third big problem, because it's more subtle and perhaps difficult to grasp. Think about some time in your life -- some people might never have experienced it -- but some people, there are just those moments that you have experienced where life was fantastic.
Laakiin hadaad xisaabsatid jiilka mustaqbalka sida kuweena kharash kasta oo kale oo laga hadlaa wuxuu noqonayaa midaan aad usii jirin. Waxa kaliya ee aad u baahantahay inaad eegtid waxay noqonayda dhimista khatarta dabar go'a sababtoo ah xitaa hoos u dhaca yar ee ku yimaada khatarta dabar go'u waxay ka badan kartaa faaiido kasta oo aad is lahayd gaadh. Markaa xitaa hadaad eegtid dadka maanta iskana qarisid ixtimaalka la waayayo hadaan dabar go'no waa inay wali leedahay muhiimad sarre. Hadabba, hada aan waqtigayga intiisa kale ku qaato dhibaatada sadexaad ee wayn. waayo waxa laga yaabba inay tahay mid qarsoon ayna adagtahay in lagu baraarugo. Ka feker waqti noloshaada ka mid ah dadka qaar waxa laga yaaba inaanay soo marin- laakiin dadka qaar waxa jira waqtiyo kusoo maray oo ay noloshu ahayd mid xiiso leh.
It might have been at the moment of some great, creative inspiration you might have had when you just entered this flow stage. Or when you understood something you had never done before. Or perhaps in the ecstasy of romantic love. Or an aesthetic experience -- a sunset or a great piece of art. Every once in a while we have these moments, and we realize just how good life can be when it's at its best. And you wonder, why can't it be like that all the time? You just want to cling onto this. And then, of course, it drifts back into ordinary life and the memory fades. And it's really difficult to recall, in a normal frame of mind, just how good life can be at its best. Or how bad it can be at its worst.
Waxay laga yaaba inay ahayd waqti dhiirigelin halabuur wayn oo aad heshay markii aad gashay xaaladdaa. Ama markii aad fahantay wax aanad horu u samayn. Ama macqul ahaan waqti aad gashay xaalad jacayl. Ama xaalad qurux la xidhiidha--sida gabal dhaca ama farshaxan heer sare ah Marka ay waqtiyadaasi ina soo maraaan waxaynu garawsannaa sida noloshu u qurux badantahay. Waxadna is waydiisaa, maxay sidaas u ahaan wayday noloshu mar kasta? waxaad rabtaa inaad ku dhegtid waqtigaas. Dabcana waxay dib ugu noqotaa waqtigii caadiga ahaa, xaaladaasina way suurtaa. Xaqiiqdiina way adkaadaa in dib loo xusuusto, xaalada maskaxeed ee nolol maalmeedka caadiga ah, sida noloshu u macaantahay waqtiga wanaaga. ama sida ay u qadhaadhahay waqtiga dhibta.
The third big problem is that life isn't usually as wonderful as it could be. I think that's a big, big problem. It's easy to say what we don't want. Here are a number of things that we don't want -- illness, involuntary death, unnecessary suffering, cruelty, stunted growth, memory loss, ignorance, absence of creativity. Suppose we fixed these things -- we did something about all of these. We were very successful. We got rid of all of these things. We might end up with something like this, which is -- I mean, it's a heck of a lot better than that. But is this really the best we can dream of? Is this the best we can do?
Dhibaatada sadexaad waa inaanay noloshu inta badan u wanaagsansanayn sida ahayd inay ahaato. Waxan filayaa inay tahay dhibaato wayn, wayn. Way fududahay inan sheegno waxaynaan rabin. Halkan waa tiro wax ah oo aynaan rabin-- xanuun, dhimasho degdeg ah, dhibaato aan loo baahnayn, xumaan, koritaan xumo, xusuus lun, jahli, halabuur daro. Kasoo qaad inaan xalinay waxaaso dhan--waxbaan ka qabanay dhamaantood. Waxaynu nahay kuwa guulaystay markaa. Dhaman waxyabaaha oo dhan baan iska qubnay, Waxaan soo baxaynaa wax sidatan oo kale ah, kaasoo ah--aana filayo inay sidaa ka wanaagsanaan karto, Laakiin tani ma tahay sida ugu wanaagsan an ku riyoon karo? Ma tahay sida ugu wanaagsan an samayn karo?
Or is it possible to find something a little bit more inspiring to work towards? And if we think about this, I think it's very clear that there are ways in which we could change things, not just by eliminating negatives, but adding positives. On my wish list, at least, would be: much longer, healthier lives, greater subjective well-being, enhanced cognitive capacities, more knowledge and understanding, unlimited opportunity for personal growth beyond our current biological limits, better relationships, an unbounded potential for spiritual, moral and intellectual development.
Mise waa suurta gal inaan helo hawl kale oo ka yare yididiilo badan? Hadaan ka fakaro taas, Waa cadahay inay jiraan wadiiqooyin aynu ku badali karo waxyaabahaas, kaliya inagoon waxa tabban ka saarayn, laaakiin wax togana ku darayna. Liiskayga rajada, ugu yaraa, wuxu noqonayaa: nolo dheer, caafimaad leh, samaan wayn oo toos ah, garashada oo kor loo qaaday, cilmi iyo fahan fara badan fursado aan xadi lahayn oo koriinka shakhsiga ah oo ka shisheeya xadkeena biyooliyeed ee ah, xidhiidho wanaagsan, xadi aan caadi ahayn oo ah horumar ruuxi, mooral iyo garaad ba ah.
If we want to achieve this, what, in the world, would have to change? And this is the answer -- we would have to change. Not just the world around us, but we, ourselves. Not just the way we think about the world, but the way we are -- our very biology. Human nature would have to change. Now, when we think about changing human nature, the first thing that comes to mind are these human modification technologies -- growth hormone therapy, cosmetic surgery, stimulants like Ritalin, Adderall, anti-depressants, anabolic steroids, artificial hearts. It's a pretty pathetic list. They do great things for a few people who suffer from some specific condition, but for most people, they don't really transform what it is to be human. And they also all seem a little bit -- most people have this instinct that, well, sure, there needs to be anti-depressants for the really depressed people. But there's a kind of queasiness that these are unnatural in some way.
Hadaynu rabno inaan tan ku guulaysano, maxaa loo baahanyahay inay caalamka iska badalaan? Tana waa jawaabta--waan inaan badallaa. Kaliya maaha caalamka inagu hareeraysan balse , inaga lafteena. Kaliya maaha sida an caalamka u aragno, balse sida aynu nahay--biyoolijakadeena. Dabeecadane aadane waa inay is bedeshaa. Hada, waa inaan ka fekeraa badalida dabeecada aadanaha. waxa ina hor imanaya markaba waa tiknoolijayada bedelida biniaadamka-- daawaynta dheecanka koriinka, qaliinka qurxinta, cariyayaasha Ritalin, Adderall, anti-depressants, istroydhada anobooliga, wadnayaasha samayska ah. Waa liis caloolyow leh. Wax badan way u tari karaan dad yar kuwaaso ka cabanaya xaalado gaar ah, laakiin dadka badankiisa, xaqiiqdii ma bedellaan sababta loo noqdo biniaadam. waxayna u yara eegyihiin xoogay-- dadka badankiisu inay yara hubaan inay jirto baahida anti-depressants u haysata dadka murugaysan. laakiin waxa jira yalaalugo ah in qaababkani aanay si u yare dabicii ahayn.
It's worth recalling that there are a lot of other modification technologies and enhancement technologies that we use. We have skin enhancements, clothing. As far as I can see, all of you are users of this enhancement technology in this room, so that's a great thing. Mood modifiers have been used from time immemorial -- caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, immune system enhancement, vision enhancement, anesthetics -- we take that very much for granted, but just think about how great progress that is -- like, having an operation before anesthetics was not fun. Contraceptives, cosmetics and brain reprogramming techniques -- that sounds ominous,
Waxa muhiima inaan dib u xuusuano waxyaabo farabadan oo tiknoolijayada bedelka iyo kor u qaadista oo aan isticmaalo. Waxaan leenahay kor u qaadayaal jidhka ah, dharka. Ilaa inta aan arki karo, dhamaantiin waxaad tihiin isticmaalayashaad tiknooliyadaa kor uqaadista ah, marka taasi waa arin wanaagsan. Hagaajiyayaasha hiyiga ayaa la isticmaalayay ilaa waqti aan la xusuusan-- Kafiin, Alkahool, Nikootiin, kor u qaadayaasha difaaca jidhka, kor u qaadayaasha aragga, suuxiyayaasha. waxan oo dhan hada waan garawsannay laakiin bal u yara u fiirso taasi sida ay u tahay horumar wayn-- sida waqtigii aan suuxiyaha la haysan uu qaliinku ahaa. Dhalma-joojiyaasha, qurxinta iyo farsamada barnaamijaynta maskaxda-- taaso u yara muuqata cibaaro,
but the distinction between what is a technology -- a gadget would be the archetype -- and other ways of changing and rewriting human nature is quite subtle. So if you think about what it means to learn arithmetic or to learn to read, you're actually, literally rewriting your own brain. You're changing the microstructure of your brain as you go along. So in a broad sense, we don't need to think about technology as only little gadgets, like these things here, but even institutions and techniques, psychological methods and so forth. Forms of organization can have a profound impact on human nature.
laakiin kalasoocida u dhaxaysa tiknoolajiyada- sida mashiinada yaryar-- iyo sida loo badali karo dibna loogu qori karo dabeecada biniaadamka oo ah mid qarsoon. Hadaba hadaad doonayso inaad ka fekerto waxay tahay sida loo barto ariitmaatika ama sida wax loo qoro loona akhriyo, xaqiiqdii markaas, asal ahaan waxaad dib u qoraysa maskaxdaadii. Waxaad badalaysaa qaab hoosaadka maskaxdaada markaad socotidba. Marka qaab balaadhan, uma baahnin inaan uga fekero tiknoolijayada keliya inay yihiin mashiino yaryar, laakiin waa inay noqdaan qaabab, farsamooyin, xitaa kuwa qaabab nafsi ah iwm. Qaab dhismeedka (urur) wuxu saamayn qoto dheer ku yeelan karaa dabeecada insaanka.
Looking ahead, there is a range of technologies that are almost certain to be developed sooner or later. We are very ignorant about what the time scale for these things are, but they all are consistent with everything we know about physical laws, laws of chemistry, etc. It's possible to assume, setting aside a possibility of catastrophe, that sooner or later we will develop all of these. And even just a couple of these would be enough to transform the human condition.
Hadaan sii saadalino waxa jira tiknoolijiyad farabadan kuwaasoo ay cadahay in la soo saari doono waqtiyada soo socda. Ma ogin waxyaabaha iyo qadarka ay koobsan karaan waxyaabani laakiin wax kastoo aynu garan karo waa soo gali karaan sida xeerarka fisiska, sharciga, kimistariga, iwm. Waxa suurtagal ah in la qiyaaso, iyadoo dhinac layska dhigayo suurtagalnimada masiibo dhacda, in waqtiga dhow dhamaan waxyaabahan aan soo saari doono. Ugu yaraana koox kuwaas ka tirsan ayaa ku filaan doonta inay bedesho dabeecada insaanka.
So let's look at some of the dimensions of human nature that seem to leave room for improvement. Health span is a big and urgent thing, because if you're not alive, then all the other things will be to little avail. Intellectual capacity -- let's take that box, which falls into a lot of different sub-categories: memory, concentration, mental energy, intelligence, empathy. These are really great things. Part of the reason why we value these traits is that they make us better at competing with other people -- they're positional goods. But part of the reason -- and that's the reason why we have ethical ground for pursuing these -- is that they're also intrinsically valuable. It's just better to be able to understand more of the world around you and the people that you are communicating with, and to remember what you have learned. Modalities and special faculties. Now, the human mind is not a single unitary information processor, but it has a lot of different, special, evolved modules that do specific things for us. If you think about what we normally take as giving life a lot of its meaning -- music, humor, eroticism, spirituality, aesthetics, nurturing and caring, gossip, chatting with people --
Hada aan yare eegno docaha abuurta biniaadamka taasoo kor u qaadid u baahan. Cimriga caafimaadka waa baahi degdeg ah oo wayn, waayo hadii aanad nolol haysan, wixii kaleba waa waxaan naf lahayn Heerka garaadka--aan qodobkaa soo qaadano, kaasoo isuu kalla baxaya qodob hoosaadyo kala duwan: xusuusta,dhuuxida, tamarta maskaxda, garaadka, fahanka. Dhamaan waxyaabahaasi waa arimo waawayn. Qayb kamid ah sababta ay waxyaabahani qiimaha inuugu leeyihiin waa iyagoo ina siiyo awood anaa kula barateno dadka kale-- waa hanti waxtar leh. laakiin qayb ka mid ah sababta-- taasina waa sababta aynu u haysano sees akhlaaqi ah oo inoo ogolanaaya wadida arinka-- taasina waa faaiidadeeda heerka sare ah. Waxa wanaagsan inaad awoodid inaad aad u fahanto aduunka kugu wareegsan, dadka aad la xidhiidhaysid, iyo inaad xusuusatid wixii aad ka baratay. Noocyada iyo qeybaha gaarka ah. Haa, maskaxda biniaadamku maaha iskudubaride macluumaad oo keliyaale ah, laakiin waxay leedahay qayba kala duwan oo ku shaqa leh inay inoo qabtaan waxyaabo gaar ah. Kasoo qaad waxyaabaha aynu aaminsanahay inay nolosha micna u yeelaan-- muusiga, kaftanka, shahwada, ruuxiyada, quruxda, daryeelka, dhowrista, xanta, la sheekaysiga dadka kale--
all of these, very likely, are enabled by a special circuitry that we humans have, but that you could have another intelligent life form that lacks these. We're just lucky that we have the requisite neural machinery to process music and to appreciate it and enjoy it. All of these would enable, in principle -- be amenable to enhancement. Some people have a better musical ability and ability to appreciate music than others have. It's also interesting to think about what other things are -- so if these all enabled great values, why should we think that evolution has happened to provide us with all the modalities we would need to engage with other values that there might be?
dhamaan waxyaabahaas oo dhan wax isku duba rida qaybo gaar ah oo biniaadamku leeyahay, laakiin waxaad yeelan kartaa qaab nololeed kale oo waxgarad ah oo waxaasoo dhan la'. Waan nasiib badanahay inaan leenahay mashiinka niyuuroon ahaaneed ee loo baahanyahay si loo nidaamiyo muusikada kadibna aan ugu muraaqoono. Dhamaan kuwani waxay awood u siiye u yihiin, mabda ahaan ku qancida horumarinta. Dadka qaar waxay leeyihiin awood muusikeed oo wanaagsan iyo awood lagu mahadiyo muusikada marka kuwa kale loo eego. Waxa kale oo cajiiba in laga fekero waxa waxyaabaha kale yihiin-- hadii dhaman waxyabahis qiima fara badan keensadeen, maxaynu u filaynaa in tadawur inagu dhacay si uu waxas oo dhan inoo siiyo iyadoo leh dhamaan qaybihii aan u baahnayn inaan kula falgalo qiimaysanyaasha kalle ee jiir kara?
Imagine a species that just didn't have this neural machinery for processing music. And they would just stare at us with bafflement when we spend time listening to a beautiful performance, like the one we just heard -- because of people making stupid movements, and they would be really irritated and wouldn't see what we were up to. But maybe they have another faculty, something else that would seem equally irrational to us, but they actually tap into some great possible value there. But we are just literally deaf to that kind of value. So we could think of adding on different, new sensory capacities and mental faculties. Bodily functionality and morphology and affective self-control. Greater subjective well-being. Be able to switch between relaxation and activity -- being able to go slow when you need to do that, and to speed up. Able to switch back and forth more easily would be a neat thing to be able to do -- easier to achieve the flow state, when you're totally immersed in something you are doing. Conscientiousness and sympathy. The ability to -- it's another interesting application that would have large social ramification, perhaps. If you could actually choose to preserve your romantic attachments to one person, undiminished through time, so that wouldn't have to -- love would never have to fade if you didn't want it to. That's probably not all that difficult. It might just be a simple hormone or something that could do this.
Ka feker noole aan lahayn wadaha nuyuuroon ee haga muusikada. Way inagu dhaygagi lahaayeen iyagoo yaabban waqtig aan dhagaysanayno qaraacis muusig oo qurux badan sida ka aynu hada maqalay--dadka samaynayaa dhaqdhaaqyada doqoniimada ah, markaa way xanaaqi lahaayen iyagoo aan garanayn waxa aynu samaynayno. Laakiin waxa laga yaabba inay leeyihiin qaybo kale, waxyaabo kale taaso inoogu muuqata si lamid ah mid aan caqli gal ahayn, laakiin xaqiiqdii waxay u leeyihiin qiime wayn oo suurtagal ah. Laakiin waynu ka dhaga la'anahay qiimahas noocaas ah. Marka waxaynu ka fekeri karaa ku darida awood dareeme oo cusub iyo awood maskaxeed. Jidh ahaan shaqaynaysa, qaab ahaan wax tar maamul shakhsiyadeed leh. Saamayn wanaag oo wayn. Awood u yeelasho u kala dabqaadid nasasho iyo shaqo-- awood u yeelasho markaad rabtid gaabi markaad rabtidna dheeree. Awood u yeelasho u kala dabqaadida si fudud dib iyo hore. wax toosan bay noqon lahayd hadii la awood-- si fudud in loogu guulaysto xaalada irmaanaanta marka aad xoog u dhex gashid wax aad qabanaysid. garashada iyo fahanka. awood u yeelashada--iyana waa qaab kale oo xiisa leh taasoo yeelan karta faaiido kale oo bulsheed, suurtagal ahaan. Hadaad awood u leedahay inaad dooran kartid ilaalinta dabarka jacayl ee qof kuu haya, kaasoo aan isla badalayn waqtiga, marka waxaa dhacaysa--inaan jacaylku isbedelin ilaa iyo inta ad ka rabto. Taso suurtagal ahaan aad uma adka. Waxa laga yaabba inay ku xidhantahay hoormoon ama wax kale oo shaqadan qaban kara.
It's been done in voles. You can engineer a prairie vole to become monogamous when it's naturally polygamous. It's just a single gene. Might be more complicated in humans, but perhaps not that much. This is the last picture that I want to -- now we've got to use the laser pointer. A possible mode of being here would be a way of life -- a way of being, experiencing, thinking, seeing, interacting with the world. Down here in this little corner, here, we have the little sub-space of this larger space that is accessible to human beings -- beings with our biological capacities. It's a part of the space that's accessible to animals; since we are animals, we are a subset of that.
waxa lagu sameeyay jiirka. Waxaad farsamayn kartaa jiir godeedka si u noqdo hal xaasleh iyadoo dabci ahaan uu xaas badane yahay. Kaliya waa hal hida-side keliya. Laga yaabe in ay biniaadamka yare ka kanaato laakiin saa uma badna. Tani waa sawirka ugu danbeeyay ee aan raba aan isticaamlo tilmaamaha laysarka. Dareen suurtagal ah oo halkan lagu tagaa waxay noqon kartaa dariiq nololeled- qaab jiritan, la kulmid, ka fekerid, arkid la falgelid aduunka. Halkan hoose waxa ah koone yar, halkan, waxan haysanaa baaxad hoosad yar oo ka tirsan baaxada wayn ee biniaadamka suurtagalka u ah-- inagoo leh awoodeheena biyooloji. Waa qaybta u furan xayaawanka maadaamo aan xayaawan nahayna, waxaynu nahay qaybhoosaad taa ka tirsan.
And then you can imagine some enhancements of human capacities. There would be different modes of being you could experience if you were able to stay alive for, say, 200 years. Then you could live sorts of lives and accumulate wisdoms that are just not possible for humans as we currently are. So then, you move off to this larger sphere of "human +," and you could continue that process and eventually explore a lot of this larger space of possible modes of being.
Markaasna waxaad ka fekeri kartaa horumarin awoodaha biniaadamka. Waxa jira noocyo kala duwan oo jiritaan oo aad arki kartid kasoo qaad hadad awoodid inaad noolaatid, dhehba, 200 sano Markaa waxaad noolaan kartaa nololo kala duwan, khibradana waad kasban kartaa taasoo aan suurtagal u ahayn biniaadamka hada nool Markaa, waxaad u dhaqaaqday qaybta wayn ee ''biniaadam +'' waxadna sii wadi kartaa habkaas ilaa aad ugu danbayn heshid qaybaha sii balaadhan ee qaababka jiritaan ee suurtagalka ah.
Now, why is that a good thing to do? Well, we know already that in this little human circle there, there are these enormously wonderful and worthwhile modes of being -- human life at its best is wonderful. We have no reason to believe that within this much, much larger space there would not also be extremely worthwhile modes of being, perhaps ones that would be way beyond our wildest ability even to imagine or dream about. And so, to fix this third problem, I think we need -- slowly, carefully, with ethical wisdom and constraint -- develop the means that enable us to go out in this larger space and explore it and find the great values that might hide there. Thanks.
Hadaba, maxay arintaasi u tahay wax wanaagsan oo in la qabto istaahisha? Hagaag, waxaan ognahay in meertadan biniaadam ee yar ee halkan inay jiraan qaababkaa nololeed ee cajiibka iyo qiimaha badan ee jiritaan-- nolosha biniaadmku markay ugu cajiibsantahay. Ma jirto sabab ina aaminsiinaysa in gudaha baaxada wayni aanay ku jririn sidoo kale qaabab nololeed kale oo qiima leh, suurtagal ahaan mid ka shisheys awoodeena ugu saraysa ee an wax ku malawaalo ama ugu riyoono. Hada, si loo xaliyo dhibaatadan sadexaad, waxan filayaa inaan u baahanahay- si degan, taxadar leh, akhlaaqiyedkeeda iyo xigmadeedana leh-- inaan horumarino qaabkii awood inoo siin inaan baaxadaa wayn aan galo, sahamino, soona helo qiimaha wayn ee halkaa ku qarsoonaan kara. Mahadsanidiin.