Martin Luther King did not say, "I have a nightmare," when he inspired the civil rights movements. He said, "I have a dream." And I have a dream. I have a dream that we can stop thinking that the future will be a nightmare, and this is going to be a challenge, because, if you think of every major blockbusting film of recent times, nearly all of its visions for humanity are apocalyptic. I think this film is one of the hardest watches of modern times, "The Road." It's a beautiful piece of filmmaking, but everything is desolate, everything is dead. And just a father and son trying to survive, walking along the road. And I think the environmental movement of which I am a part of has been complicit in creating this vision of the future.
Martin Luther King sivil haklar hareketine ilham oldugunda, 'Bir kabusum var' dememisti. 'Bir hayalim var' demisti. Benim de bir hayalim var. Gelecegin bir kabus olacagini dusunmeyi birakabilecegimize dair bir hayalim var. Bu zor olacak cunku son zamanlardaki kiyamet fimlerinin en onemlilerini goz onune alirsaniz, cogunlugu insanligin gelecegini felaket olarak gosteriyor. Bence bu film, 'The Road' son zamanlarin izlemesi en zor filmlerinden biri. Cok guzel bir film ama her sey issiz, her sey olu. Sadece hayatta kalmaya calisan, bu yolda yuruyen bir baba ve ogul. Benim de parcasi oldugum cevre hareketi, gelecege dair bu hayalin ortaya cikmasina suc ortakligi etmistir.
For too long, we have peddled a nightmarish vision of what's going to happen. We have focused on the worst-case scenario. We have focused on the problems. And we have not thought enough about the solutions. We've used fear, if you like, to grab people's attention. And any psychologist will tell you that fear in the organism is linked to flight mechanism. It's part of the fight and flight mechanism, that when an animal is frightened -- think of a deer. A deer freezes very, very still, poised to run away. And I think that's what we're doing when we're asking people to engage with our agenda around environmental degradation and climate change. People are freezing and running away because we're using fear. And I think the environmental movement has to grow up and start to think about what progress is.
Cok uzun suredir, neler olacagina dair kabus gibi bir gelecek hayali satiyoruz. En kotu senaryoya odaklandik. Sorunlara odaklandik. Ama cozumleri yeterince dusunmedik. Soyle diyebiliriz, insanlarin dikkatini cekmek icin korkuyu kullandik. Her hangi bir psikologun da soyleyecegi gibi, organizmanin korku hissi kacis mekanizmasina baglidir. Bir hayvan korktugunda ortaya cikan -bir geyigi dusunun- savas ve kacma mekanizmasinin parcasidir. Bir geyik kacmaya hazirken cok, cok hareketsiz bir sekilde donar. Bence insanlardan bizim cevresel bozulma ve iklim degisikligi gundemimize destek vermelerini istedigimizde de tam olarak bunu yapiyoruz. Korkuyu kullandigimiz icin, insanlar donuyor ve kaciyorlar. Bence cevre hareketinin buyumesi ve ilerlemenin ne demek olduguna dair dusunmeye baslamasi gerekiyor.
What would it be like to be improving the human lot? And one of the problems that we face, I think, is that the only people that have cornered the market in terms of progress is a financial definition of what progress is, an economic definition of what progress is -- that somehow, if we get the right numbers to go up, we're going to be better off, whether that's on the stock market, whether that's with GDP and economic growth, that somehow life is going to get better. This is somehow appealing to human greed instead of fear -- that more is better. Come on. In the Western world, we have enough. Maybe some parts of the world don't, but we have enough. And we've know for a long time that this is not a good measure of the welfare of nations. In fact, the architect of our national accounting system, Simon Kuznets, in the 1930s, said that, "A nation's welfare can scarcely be inferred from their national income." But we've created a national accounting system which is firmly based on production and producing stuff. And indeed, this is probably historical, and it had its time. In the second World War, we needed to produce a lot of stuff. And indeed, we were so successful at producing certain types of stuff that we destroyed a lot of Europe, and we had to rebuild it afterwards. And so our national accounting system became fixated on what we can produce.
Insan toplulugunu gelistirmek neye benzerdi? Bence karsilastigimiz problemlerden biri, piyasada hakimiyet kurmus kisilerin ilerlemenin ne olduguna dair bir finansal tanimlama yapiyor olmalari. Ilerlemeyi ekonomiye bagliyorlar. Bir sekilde eger dogru rakamlar yukari yonlu olursa, ister hisse senedi piyasasinda ister GSYIH;da veya ekonomik buyume alaninda daha iyiye gidecegimize, hayatin bir sekilde daha iyi olacagina dair yorumlar yapiyorlar. Daha fazlanin daha iyi oldugu insanlardaki korku yerine acgozluluge cekici geliyor. Hadi ama! Bati dunyasinda, her seye yeterince sahibiz. Belki dunyanin bazi kisimlari degil ama, biz yeterli seye sahibiz. Uzun zamandir biliyoruz ki bu, uluslarin refahinin iyi bir olcusu degil. Aslinda, ulusal muhasebe sistemimizin mimari olan Simon Kuznets 1930'larda soyle demistir: "Bir ulkenin refahi, ulusal gelirlerinden cikarilamaz." Ancak biz uretime ve mal uretmeye siki siki dayanan bir ulusal muhasebe sistemi yarattik. Gercekten de, bu muhtemelen tarihi bir sey ve zamanini doldurdu. Ikinci Dunya Savasi'nda, bir cok sey uretmemiz gerekti. Gercekten de belli tur mallarin uretiminde o kadar basariliydik ki, Avrupa'nin buyuk kismini harap ettik ve sonrasinda da yeniden insa etmek zorunda kaldik. Dolayisiyla ulusal muhasebe sistemimiz uretebildiklerimize bagli hale geldi.
But as early as 1968, this visionary man, Robert Kennedy, at the start of his ill-fated presidential campaign, gave the most eloquent deconstruction of gross national product that ever has been. And he finished his talk with the phrase, that, "The gross national product measures everything except that which makes life worthwhile." How crazy is that? That our measure of progress, our dominant measure of progress in society, is measuring everything except that which makes life worthwhile? I believe, if Kennedy was alive today, he would be asking statisticians such as myself to go out and find out what makes life worthwhile. He'd be asking us to redesign our national accounting system to be based upon such important things as social justice, sustainability and people's well-being.
Ancak 1968 ile birlikte, Robert Kennedy isimli hayalci adam sonu kotu olacak baskanlik kampanyasinin basinda, simdiye dek gayrisafi milli hasilaya yonelik yapilmis en akici elestiriyi getirdi. Konusmasini ise soyle bitirdi: "Gayrisafi milli hasila yasami degerli kilanlar disindaki her seyi olcer." Bu ne kadar cilginca? Bizim gelisme olcumuz, toplumdaki ilerlemenin en baskin olcutu sadece, yasami degerli kilanlar disinda kalanlari mi olcuyor? Inaniyorum ki, eger Kennedy bugun yasiyor olsaydi, benim gibi istatikcilerden disari cikip yasami neyin degerli kildigini bulmamizi isterdi. Bizden, ulusal muhasebe sistemizi sosyal adalet, surdurulebilirlik ve insanlarin refahi gibi daha onemli kavramlara dayanarak yeniden sekillendirmemizi isterdi.
And actually, social scientists have already gone out and asked these questions around the world. This is from a global survey. It's asking people, what do they want. And unsurprisingly, people all around the world say that what they want is happiness, for themselves, for their families, their children, their communities. Okay, they think money is slightly important. It's there, but it's not nearly as important as happiness, and it's not nearly as important as love. We all need to love and be loved in life. It's not nearly as important as health. We want to be healthy and live a full life. These seem to be natural human aspirations. Why are statisticians not measuring these? Why are we not thinking of the progress of nations in these terms, instead of just how much stuff we have? And really, this is what I've done with my adult life -- is think about how do we measure happiness, how do we measure well-being, how can we do that within environmental limits.
Aslinda sosyal bilimciler coktan disari ciktilar ve bu sorulari dunyanin her yerinde sordular. Bunlar kuresel captaki bir anketten. Insanlara, ne istediklerini soruyor. Beklendigi uzere, dunyanin her yanindaki insanlar istedikleri seyin kendileri, aileleri, cocuklari bagli olduklari topluluklari icin mutluluk oldugunu soyluyor. Tamam, paranin da onemli oldugunu dusunuyorlar. Para orada ama mutluluk kadar onemli degil, sevgi kadar da onemli degil. Hepimizin su hayatta sevmeye ve sevilmeye ihtiyacimiz var. Para, saglik kadar da onemli degil. Saglikli olmak ve dolu dolu bir hayat yasamak istiyoruz. Bunlar dogal, insani ozlemler gibi gorunuyor. Istatistikciler neden bunlari olcmuyor? Uluslarin gelisimi dedigimizde neden biraz onceki kavramlar yerine, ne kadar mala sahip oldugumuzu dusunuyoruz? Gercekten de, bu benim yetiskinligim boyunca yaptigim sey - mutlulugu nasil olceriz, refahi nasil olceriz, bunlari cevresel limitler icerisinde nasil yapariz?
And we created, at the organization that I work for, the New Economics Foundation, something we call the Happy Planet Index, because we think people should be happy and the planet should be happy. Why don't we create a measure of progress that shows that? And what we do, is we say that the ultimate outcome of a nation is how successful is it at creating happy and healthy lives for its citizens. That should be the goal of every nation on the planet. But we have to remember that there's a fundamental input to that, and that is how many of the planet's resources we use. We all have one planet. We all have to share it. It is the ultimate scarce resource, the one planet that we share. And economics is very interested in scarcity. When it has a scarce resource that it wants to turn into a desirable outcome, it thinks in terms of efficiency. It thinks in terms of how much bang do we get for our buck. And this is a measure of how much well-being we get for our planetary resource use. It is an efficiency measure. And probably the easiest way to show you that, is to show you this graph.
Benim calistigim New Economics Foundation (Yeni Ekonomi Vakfi) adli kurumda, Happy Planey Index (Mutlu Gezegen Endeksi) dedigimiz bir sey yarattik; cunku insanlar ve gezegenin mutlu olmasi gerektigini dusunuyoruz. Neden bunu gosteren bir gelismislik olcutu yaratmiyoruz? Yaptigimiz sey, soyledigimiz sey, bir ulusun basarisi en nihayetinde vatandaslari icin mutlu ve saglikli yasamlar uretmekte ne kadar basarili oldugu ile ilgilidir. Dunya uzerindeki her ulusun hedefi bu olmalidir. Ancak bu konuda onemli bir girdi var ki bu da dunya kaynaklarinin ne kadarini kullandigimizdir. Sadece bir gezegenimiz var. Hepimiz onu paylasmak zorundayiz. Nihai kit kaynak, paylastigimiz bu gezegendir. Ekonomi bilimi, kit kaynaklar konusuyla yakindan ilgilidir. Arzu edilen bir ciktiya donusturulmek istenen kit bir kaynak oldugunda, verimlilik kavramiyla dusunur. Paramizin karsiligini ne kadar aldigimizi dusunur. MPE, gezegensel kaynak kullanimimiza karsin ne kadar refah elde ettigimize dair bir olcuttur. Bu bir verimlilik olcutudur. Bunu size gostermenin muhtemelen en kolay yolu, sizlere bu grafigi gostermek olabilir.
Running horizontally along the graph, is "ecological footprint," which is a measure of how much resources we use and how much pressure we put on the planet. More is bad. Running vertically upwards, is a measure called "happy life years." It's about the well-being of nations. It's like a happiness adjusted life-expectancy. It's like quality and quantity of life in nations. And the yellow dot there you see, is the global average. Now, there's a huge array of nations around that global average. To the top right of the graph, are countries which are doing reasonably well and producing well-being, but they're using a lot of planet to get there. They are the U.S.A., other Western countries going across in those triangles and a few Gulf states in there actually. Conversely, at the bottom left of the graph, are countries that are not producing much well-being -- typically, sub-Saharan Africa. In Hobbesian terms, life is short and brutish there. The average life expectancy in many of these countries is only 40 years. Malaria, HIV/AIDS are killing a lot of people in these regions of the world.
Grafigin yatay ekseninde "ekolojik iz" var. Bu, ne kadar kaynak kullandigimizi ve dunyaya ne kadar baski yaptigimizi gosteriyor. Bunun artmasi, kotuye isaret ediyor. Dikey eksende ise "mutlu yasam yillari" adli bir olcut var. Uluslarin refahiyla ilgili. Mutluluga gore ayarlanmis beklenen yasam suresi gibi dusunulebilir. Uluslardaki yasamlarin nitelik ve niceligi gibi. Orada gordugunuz sari nokta ise, kuresel ortalama. Simdi, bu kuresel ortalamanin cevresinde buyuk bir uluslar dizisi var. Grafigin sag ust kosesine dogru olan ulkeler, oldukca iyi giden ve refah ureten ulkeler ama o noktaya varmak icin gezegenin kaynaklarini yogun sekilde kullaniyorlar. O ucgenle gosterilenler ABD ve diger Bati ulkeleri, aslinda bir kisim Korfez ulkeleri de burada yer aliyor. Tam tersine, grafigin sol alt kosesinde ise cok fazla refah uretemeyen ulkeler var - ornegin, Sahra colunun guneyindeki ulkeler. Hobbes'in deyimiyle, oralarda yasam kisa ve insanliktan uzak. Bu ulkelerin cogunda ortalama yasam beklentisi, sadece 40 sene. Dunyanin bu kisminda sitma ve AIDS bir cok insani olduruyor.
But now for the good news! There are some countries up there, yellow triangles, that are doing better than global average, that are heading up towards the top left of the graph. This is an aspirational graph. We want to be top left, where good lives don't cost the earth. They're Latin American. The country on its own up at the top is a place I haven't been to. Maybe some of you have. Costa Rica. Costa Rica -- average life expectancy is 78-and-a-half years. That is longer than in the USA. They are, according to the latest Gallup world poll, the happiest nation on the planet -- than anybody; more than Switzerland and Denmark. They are the happiest place. They are doing that on a quarter of the resources that are used typically in [the] Western world -- a quarter of the resources.
Simdi de iyi haberler! Yukaridaki bazi ulkeler, sari ucgenler, kuresel ortalamadan daha iyiler ve grafigin sol ust kosesine dogru gidiyorlar. Bu, ozlemlerimizi dile getiren bir grafik. Sol ust kosede, iyi yasamlarin dunyaya pahaliya mal olmadigi yerde olmak istiyoruz. Bunlar Latin Amerika ulkeleri. Yukarida tek basina duran ulke benim daha once hic gitmedigim bir yer. Belki bazilariniz orada bulunmustur. Kosta Rika. Kosta Rika - ortalama yasam beklentisi 78,5 sene. Bu, ABD'dekinden bile daha uzun. Gallup'un en son dunya anketine gore, dunyadaki en mutlu milletler - Isvicre ve Danimarka'da yasayanlardan bile daha mutlular. En mutlu yer. Bunu, Bati dunyasinda tipik olarak kullanilan kaynaklarin sadece dortte birini kullanarak yapiyorlar
What's going on there? What's happening in Costa Rica? We can look at some of the data. 99 percent of their electricity comes from renewable resources. Their government is one of the first to commit to be carbon neutral by 2021. They abolished the army in 1949 -- 1949. And they invested in social programs -- health and education. They have one of the highest literacy rates in Latin America and in the world. And they have that Latin vibe, don't they. They have the social connectedness. (Laughter) The challenge is, that possibly -- and the thing we might have to think about -- is that the future might not be North American, might not be Western European. It might be Latin American. And the challenge, really, is to pull the global average up here. That's what we need to do. And if we're going to do that, we need to pull countries from the bottom, and we need to pull countries from the right of the graph. And then we're starting to create a happy planet. That's one way of looking at it.
Orada neler oluyor? Kosta Rika'da neler oluyor? Dataya bakalim. Elektriklerinin %99'u, yenilenebilir kaynaklardan geliyor. Hukumetleri 2021 yilinda karbon notr olmaya soz veren ilk hukumetlerden biri. Ordularini, 1949'da lagvettiler. 1949! Sosyal programlara yatirim yaptilar - sagik ve egitim gibi. Latin Amerika'daki ve dunyadaki en yuksek okur-yazarlik oranlarindan birine sahipler. Ayrica o Latin kanina sahipler, degil mi? Sosyal bagliliga sahipler. (kahkahalar) Muhtemelen buradaki zorluk - dusunmeye baslamamiz gereken sey - gelecegin Kuzey Amerikali olmayabilecegi, Bati Avrupali olmayabilecegi. Gelecek Latin Amerikali olabilir. Gercekten de esas zorluk, kuresel ortalamayi buraya tasiyabilmek. Yapmamiz gereken sey bu. Eger bunu yapacaksak, asagidaki ulkeleri ve grafigin sagindaki ulkeleri oradan cekmemiz gerekli. Ancak bundan sonra, mutlu bir gezegen yaratmaya baslayabiliriz. Duruma bakmanin bir yolu bu.
Another way of looking at it is looking at time trends. We don't have good data going back for every country in the world, but for some of the richest countries, the OECD group, we do. And this is the trend in well-being over that time, a small increase, but this is the trend in ecological footprint. And so in strict happy-planet methodology, we've become less efficient at turning our ultimate scarce resource into the outcome we want to. And the point really is, is that I think, probably everybody in this room would like society to get to 2050 without an apocalyptic something happening. It's actually not very long away. It's half a human lifetime away. A child entering school today will be my age in 2050. This is not the very distant future. This is what the U.K. government target on carbon and greenhouse emissions looks like. And I put it to you, that is not business as usual. That is changing our business. That is changing the way we create our organizations, we do our government policy and we live our lives. And the point is, we need to carry on increasing well-being. No one can go to the polls and say that quality of life is going to reduce. None of us, I think, want human progress to stop. I think we want it to carry on. I think we want the lot of humanity to keep on increasing. And I think this is where climate change skeptics and deniers come in. I think this is what they want. They want quality of life to keep increasing. They want to hold on to what they've got. And if we're going to engage them, I think that's what we've got to do. And that means we have to really increase efficiency even more.
Diger yolu ise zaman trendlerine bakmak. Dunyadaki her ulke icin gecmise giden iyi verilerimiz yok, ama bazi en zengin ulkeler icin, OECD icin, bu verilere sahibiz. Bu, zaman icerisindeki refahin trendi, kucuk bir artis, ama bu da ekolojik izimizin trendi. Boylece mutlu-gezegen metodolojisine gore, nihai kit kaynaklarimizi istedigimiz ciktiya donustururken daha az verimli hale gelmisiz. Asil nokta ise, bence asil nokta, bu odadaki herkesin herhangi bir kiyamet habercisi olay yasamadan toplumun 2050 yilina varmasini istemeleri. Aslinda o kadar da uzak bir tarih degil. Sadece, insan omrunun yarisi kadar uzak. Bugun okula baslayan bir cocuk, 2050'de benim yasimda olacak. Cok da uzak bir gelecek degil. Bu, Birlesik Krallik hukumetinin karbon ve sera gazi salinimi hedefi. Bunun siradan bir is olmadigini goz onunde bulundurun. Bu, is dunyamizi degistirmek demek. Organizasyonlarimizi, hukumet politikalarimizi ve hayatimizi yasayis seklimizi degistirmemiz demek. Esas nokta ise, refahi arttirmaya devam etmemiz gerektigi. Kimse secime gidip de yasam kalitesinin dusecegini soylemeyecek. Bence hic birimiz insanligin gelisiminin durmasini istemiyoruz. Bence bunun devam etmesini istiyoruz. Bence beseriyetin artmaya devam etmesini istiyoruz. Ve bence iklim degisikligine suphe veya reddedisle yaklasanlar da, bu noktada resme katiliyor. Bence onlarin istedigi bu. Yasam kalitesinin artmaya devam etmesini istiyorlar. Ellerindekilere sahip cikmak istiyorlar. Eger onlari da dahil edeceksek, yapmamiz gerekenin bu oldugunu dusunuyorum. Bu da, verimlilgi daha da cok arttirmamiz gerektigi anlamina geliyor.
Now that's all very easy to draw graphs and things like that, but the point is we need to turn those curves. And this is where I think we can take a leaf out of systems theory, systems engineers, where they create feedback loops, put the right information at the right point of time. Human beings are very motivated by the "now." You put a smart meter in your home, and you see how much electricity you're using right now, how much it's costing you, your kids go around and turn the lights off pretty quickly. What would that look like for society? Why is it, on the radio news every evening, I hear the FTSE 100, the Dow Jones, the dollar pound ratio -- I don't even know which way the dollar pound ratio should go to be good news. And why do I hear that? Why don't I hear how much energy Britain used yesterday, or American used yesterday? Did we meet our three percent annual target on reducing carbon emissions? That's how you create a collective goal. You put it out there into the media and start thinking about it. And we need positive feedback loops for increasing well-being At a government level, they might create national accounts of well-being. At a business level, you might look at the well-being of your employees, which we know is really linked to creativity, which is linked to innovation, and we're going to need a lot of innovation to deal with those environmental issues. At a personal level, we need these nudges too. Maybe we don't quite need the data, but we need reminders. In the U.K., we have a strong public health message on five fruit and vegetables a day and how much exercise we should do -- never my best thing. What are these for happiness? What are the five things that you should do every day to be happier?
Grafikler cizmek ve benzeri seyler yapmak cok kolay, ama asil nokta bu egrileri cevirmemiz gerektigi. Iste burada geri besleme donguleri yaratan, dogru bilgiyi dogru zamanda isleyen sistem teorisinden, sistem muhendislerinden yardim almamiz gerektigini dusunuyorum. Insanoglu 'simdi' ile motive olur. Evinize akilli bir sayac koyarsiniz, su anda ne kadar elektirik harcadiginizi, size ne kadara mal oldugunu gorursunuz. Cocuklariniz gider ve hizla isiklari sondururler. Bu, toplum icin nasil olurdu peki? Neden her aksam radyodaki haberlerde FTSE 100 endeksini, Dow Jones endeksini, dolar-pound oranini duyuyorum? Dolar-pound orani hangi yonde hareket ederse iyi haber anlamina gelecegini bile bilmiyorum. Bunu neden duyuyorum? Neden dun Britanya'nin ne kadar enerji kullandigini, ABD'nin ne kadar enerji kullandigini duymuyorum? Karbon salinimini her yil yuzde uc azaltmaya dair hedefimizi tutturduk mu? Bu, kollektif bir amac yaratmanin yoludur. Onu medyaya verirsiniz ve hakkinda dusunmeye baslarsiniz. Refahi arttirmak icin pozitif geri besleme dongulerine ihtiyacimiz var. Hukumet seviyesinde, refaha bagli ulusal hesaplar olusturabilirler. Is dunyasi seviyesinde, yaraticiligi ve yenilikciligi tetikleyen iscilerin refah seviyesine bakabilirsiniz. Bunca cevresel sorunla basa cikmak icin bir suru yenilige ihtiyacimiz olacak. Kisisel anlamda da bu durtulere ihtiyacimiz var. Belki verilere cok ihtiyacimiz yok ama hatirlatmalara ihtiyacimiz var. Birlesik Krallik'ta her gun bes meyve ve sebze yemeye, ne kadar egzersiz yapmamiz gerektigine dayali - hic bana gore degil - cok guclu bir kamu sagligi mesajimiz var. Bunlarin mutluluklar ne ilgisi var? Daha mutlu olmak icin her gun yapmaniz gereken bes sey nedir?
We did a project for the Government Office of Science a couple of years ago, a big program called the Foresight program -- lots and lots of people -- involved lots of experts -- everything evidence based -- a huge tome. But a piece of work we did was on: what five positive actions can you do to improve well-being in your life? And the point of these is they are, not quite, the secrets of happiness, but they are things that I think happiness will flow out the side from.
Bir kac yil once Bilim Bakanligi icin bir proje yaptik, Foresight (Ongoru) adinda buyuk bir programdi -- bir cok insan vardi -- uzmanlar dahil olmak uzere -- her sey kanita dayaliydi -- buyuk bir dosyaydi. Isimizin bir kismi suydu: hayatinizdaki refahi arttirmak icin hangi bes pozitif eylemi yapabilirsiniz? Buradaki nokta su ki, bunlar aslinda mutlulugun sirri sayilmazlar; daha cok mutlulugun kenarindan sizacagi seyler.
And the first of these is to connect, is that your social relationships are the most important cornerstones of your life. Do you invest the time with your loved ones that you could do, and energy? Keep building them. The second one is be active. The fastest way out of a bad mood: step outside, go for a walk, turn the radio on and dance. Being active is great for our positive mood. The third one is take notice. How aware are you of things going on around the world, the seasons changing, people around you? Do you notice what's bubbling up for you and trying to emerge? Based on a lot of evidence for mindfulness, cognitive behavioral therapy, [very] strong for our well being. The fourth is keep learning and keep is important -- learning throughout the whole life course. Older people who keep learning and are curious, they have much better health outcomes than those who start to close down. But it doesn't have to be formal learning; it's not knowledge based. It's more curiosity. It can be learning to cook a new dish, picking up an instrument you forgot as a child. Keep learning. And the final one is that most anti-economic of activities, but give. Our generosity, our altruism, our compassion, are all hardwired to the reward mechanism in our brain. We feel good if we give. You can do an experiment where you give two groups of people a hundred dollars in the morning. You tell one of them to spend it on themselves and one on other people. You measure their happiness at the end of the day, those that have gone and spent on other people are much happier that those that spent it on themselves.
Bunlardan ilki baglanmaktir, sosyal iliskileriniz hayatinizin en onemli yapi taslaridir. Sevdiklerinize elinizden geldigi kadar enerji ve zaman harciyor musunuz? Bu iliskileri insa etmeye devam edin. Ikincisi aktif olmaktir. Kotu bir ruh halinden cikmanin en hizli yolu: disariya cikin, yuruyun, radyoyu acin ve dansedin. Aktif olmak, olumlu ruh hali icin onemlidir. Ucuncusu farkinda olmaktir. Dunyada olan bitenden, mevsimlerin degisiminden, cevrenizdeki insanlardan ne kadar haberdarsiniz? Sizi nelerin beklediginin ve su yuzune cikmaya calistiginin farkinda misiniz? Dikkatlilige dair kanitlara gore, bilissel davranis terapisi refahimiz icin cok onemli. Dorduncusu ogrenmeye devam etmektir ve devam etmek onemlidir -- tum hayat boyunca ogrenmek. Ogrenmeye devam eden ve merakli olan yaslilar, kendini kapatmaya baslayanlardan cok daha iyi bir sagliga sahiptirler. Ama bunun formal ogrenim olmasi gerekmiyor; bilgiye dayali degil. Bu daha cok merakla ilgili. Yeni bir yemek yapmayi, cocukken ogrenip de unuttugunuz bir enstrumani yeniden calmaya baslamayi ogrenmek gibi. Ogrenmeye devam edin. Sonuncusu da tum aktivitelerin en ekonomik olmayani, vermek. Comertligimiz, fedakarligimiz. sevecenligimiz, hepsi beynimizdeki odul mekanizmasina siki sikiya baglidir. Birilerine bir sey verdigimizde kendimizi iyi hissederiz. Sabah, iki grup insana yuzer dolar vererek siz de bir deney yapabilirsiniz. Bir gruba bu parayi kendilerine harcamalarini, diger gruba da diger insanlar icin harcamalarini soyleyin. Gun sonunda mutluluklarini olcun, gidip de parayi baskalarina harcayanlarin kendilerine harcayanlardan cok daha mutlu oldugunu gorursunuz.
And these five ways, which we put onto these handy postcards, I would say, don't have to cost the earth. They don't have any carbon content. They don't need a lot of material goods to be satisfied. And so I think it's really quite feasible that happiness does not cost the earth. Now, Martin Luther King, on the eve of his death, gave an incredible speech. He said, "I know there are challenges ahead, there may be trouble ahead, but I fear no one. I don't care. I have been to the mountain top, and I have seen the Promised Land." Now, he was a preacher, but I believe the environmental movement and, in fact, the business community, government, needs to go to the top of the mountain top, and it needs to look out, and it needs to see the Promised Land, or the land of promise, and it needs to have a vision of a world that we all want. And not only that, we need to create a Great Transition to get there, and we need to pave that great transition with good things.
El altindaki kartpostallarin uzerine yazdigimiz bu bes yolun, dunyaya herhangi bir seye mal olmadigini soyleyebilirim. Herhangi bir karbon icerigine sahip degiller. Tatmin edilmeleri icin maddesel seylere gereksinimleri yok. Bence mutlulugun dunyaya bir seye mal olmamasi oldukca makul. Martin Luther King, olmesine yakin, muhtesem bir konusma yapti. Demisti ki, "Ileride zorluklar oldugunu biliyorum, onumuze sorunlar cikabilir, ama hicbirinden korkmuyorum. Umursamiyorum. Daglarin tepesine ciktim ve Vaat Edilmis Topraklari gordum." O bir vaizdi, ama inaniyorum ki cevre hareketi ve aslinda, is dunyasi, hukumet dagin tepesine cikmali ve cevresine bakmali, ve Vaat Edilmis Topraklari gormeli, veya vaatlerin vatanini, hepimizin istedigi dunyaya dair bir hayali olmali. Sadece bu da degil, oraya varmak icin Buyuk Degisimi yaratmamiz lazim ve bu buyuk degisimin yollarini iyi seylerle kaplamaliyiz.
Human beings want to be happy. Pave them with the five ways. And we need to have signposts gathering people together and pointing them -- something like the Happy Planet Index. And then I believe that we can all create a world we all want, where happiness does not cost the earth.
Insanoglu mutlu olmak ister. Onlari bes yolla donatin. Insanlari bir araya toplayan ve onlara Mutlu Gezegen Endeksini gosteren isaret levhalarina ihtiyacimiz var. Sonrasinda inaniyorum ki hepimizin istedigi bir dunyayi, mutlulugun dunyaya hicbir seye mal olmadigi bir yeri beraberce yaratabiliriz.
(Applause)
(Alkislar)