It was an incredible surprise to me to find out that there was actually an organization that cared about both parts of my life. Because, basically, I work as a theoretical physicist. I develop and test models of the Big Bang, using observational data. And I've been moonlighting for the last five years helping with a project in Africa. And, I get a lot of flak for this at Cambridge. People wonder, you know, "How do you have time to do this?" And so on. And so it was simply astonishing to me to find an organization that actually appreciated both those sides.
Bilo mi je nevjerojatno iznenađenje saznati da stvarno postoji organizacija koja se bavi dvama dijelovima moga života. Zato što u osnovi radim kao teoretski fizičar. Razvijam i testiram modele velikog praska koristeći podatke dobivene opažanjima. Uz to, posljednjih pet godina pomažem na jednom projektu u Africi. I zbog toga me često kritiziraju u Cambridgeu. Ljudi se pitaju kako imam vremena za to. I tako dalje. I zato mi je bilo naprosto zapanjujuće pronaći organizaciju koja cijeni obje moje strane.
So I thought I'd start off by just telling you a little bit about myself and why I lead this schizophrenic life. Well, I was born in South Africa and my parents were imprisoned for resisting the racist regime. When they were released, we left and we went as refugees to Kenya and Tanzania. Both were very young countries then, and full of hope for the future.
Mislio sam početi s tim da vam kažem malo o sebi i zašto vodim ovaj shizofrenični život. Pa, rodio sam se u Južnoafričkoj Republici i moji su roditelji bili zatvoreni zbog otpora rasističkom režimu. Kada su bili oslobođeni, otišli smo kao izbjeglice u Keniju i Tanzaniju. Obje su bile vrlo mlade države tada i pune nade u budućnost.
We had an amazing childhood. We didn't have any money, but we were outdoors most of the time. We had fantastic friends and we saw the wonders of the world, like Kilimanjaro, Serengeti and the Olduvai Gorge. Well, then we moved to London for high school. And after that -- there's nothing much to say about that. It was rather dull. But I came back to Africa at the age of 17, as a volunteer teacher to Lesotho, which is a tiny country, surrounded at that time by apartheid South Africa.
Imali smo nevjerojatno djetinjstvo. Nismo imali nimalo novca, ali smo bili vani većinu vremena. Imali smo fantastične prijatelje i vidjeli smo čuda svijeta, poput Kilimandžara, Serengetija i klanca Olduvaija. Onda smo se preselili u London zbog srednje škole. I poslije toga, nemam mnogo za reći o tome. Bilo je prilično dosadno. Ali sam se vratio u Afriku sa sedamnaest godina, kao učitelj volonter u Lesotho, to je mala država, tada je bila okružena apartheidnom Južnom Afrikom.
Well, 80 percent of the men in Lesotho worked in the mines over the border, in brutal conditions. Nevertheless, I -- as I'm sure -- as a rather irritating young, white man coming into their village, I was welcomed with incredible hospitality and warmth. But the kids were the best part. The kids were amazing: extremely eager and often very bright. And I'm just going to tell you one story, which got through to me.
80 posto muškaraca u Lesothu radilo je u rudnicima preko granice, u brutalnim uvjetima. Ipak sam -- u što sam uvjeren -- kao prilično iritantan bijelac koji je došao u njihovo selo, bio primljen s iznimnom gostoljubivosti i toplinom. Ali djeca su bila najbolji dio. Bili su odlični, izuzetno željni znanja i često vrlo bistri. Ispričat ću vam samo jednu priču koja me dirnula.
I used to try to take the kids outside as often as possible, to try to connect the academic stuff with the real world. And they weren't used to that. But I took them outside one day and I said, "I want you to estimate the height of the building." And I expected them to put a ruler next to the wall, size it up with a finger, and make an estimate of the height. But there was one little boy, very small for his age. He was the son of one of the poorest families in the village. And he wasn't doing that. He was scribbling with chalk on the pavement. And so, I said -- I was annoyed -- I said, "What are you doing? I want you to estimate the height of the building." He said, "OK. I measured the height of a brick. I counted the number of bricks and now I'm multiplying." Well -- (Laughter) -- I hadn't thought of that one.
Nastojao sam izvoditi djecu van što je češće moguće kako bih povezao teoriju sa stvarnim svijetom. I nisu bili naviknuti na to. Izveo sam ih van jednom i rekao: „Želim da procijenite visinu ove zgrade.“ Očekivao sam da stave ravnalo uz zid, naprave omjer u odnosu na prst i tako odrede visinu. Ali bio je jedan mali dječak, vrlo malen za svoju dob. Bio je sin jedne od najsiromašnijih obitelji u selu. I on to nije radio. Šarao je kredom po pločniku. Rekao sam mu, bio sam naživciran, rekao sam: „Što radiš? Želim da procijeniš visinu zgrade.“ Rekao mi je: „OK. Izmjerio sam visinu cigle. Izbrojao sam koliko ima cigala i sada množim.“ Pa -- (Smijeh) -- ja se nisam toga sjetio.
And many experiences like this happened to me. Another one is that I met a miner. He was home on his three-month leave from the mines. Sitting next to him one day, he said, "There's only one thing that I really loved at school. And you know what it was? Shakespeare." And he recited some to me. And these and many similar experiences convinced me that there are just tons of bright kids in Africa -- inventive kids, intellectual kids -- and starved of opportunity. And if Africa is going to get fixed, it's by them, not by us. Well, after -- (Applause) -- that's the truth.
Imao sam mnoga takva iskustva. Drugo mi je bilo kad sam upoznao jednog rudara. Bio je kod kuće na tromjesečnom godišnjem odmoru iz rudnika. Kada sam jednog dana sjedio pored njega, rekao mi je: „Ima samo jedna stvar koju sam doista volio u školi. Znaš koja? Shakespeare.“ I recitirao mi je malo. Ova i mnoga slična iskustva uvjerila su me da postoji mnogo bistre djece u Africi -- kreativne djece, djece intelektualaca – željni prilike. I ako će se Afrika popraviti, oni će ju popraviti, ne mi. To je -- (Pljesak) -- istina.
Well, after Lesotho, I traveled across Africa before returning to England -- so gray and depressing, in comparison. And I went to Cambridge. And there, I fell for theoretical physics. Well, I'm not going to explain this equation, but theoretical physics is really an amazing subject. We can write down all the laws of physics we know in one line. And, admittedly, it's in a very shorthand notation. And it contains 18 free parameters, OK, which we have to fit to the data.
Poslije Lesotha, putovao sam po Africi prije povratka u Englesku, tako sivu i deprimirajuću u usporedbi s njim. Otišao sam na Cambridge. I ondje sam se zaljubio u teoretsku fiziku. Neću vam objašnjavati ovu jednadžbu, ali teoretska fizika je stvarno odličan predmet. Možemo zapisati sve zakone fizike koje znamo u jednom redu. I, priznajem, vrlo je sažeta. Sadrži 18 nezavisnih parametara. OK, koje moramo pridružiti podatcima.
So it's not the final story, but it's an incredibly powerful summary of everything we know about nature at the most basic level. And apart from a few very important loose ends, which you've heard about here -- like dark energy and dark matter -- this equation describes, seems to describe everything about the universe and what's in it.
To, dakle, nije konačna priča, ali je to nevjerojatno snažan sažetak svega što znamo o prirodi na najosnovnijoj razini. I izuzev nekoliko važnih neriješenih problema o kojima ste slušali ovdje -- poput tamne energije i tamne tvari -- ova jednadžba opisuje -- ili se čini da opisuje, sve o svemiru i onome što je u njemu.
But there's one big puzzle remaining, and this was most succinctly put to me by my primary school math teacher in Tanzania, who's a wonderful Scottish lady who I still stay in touch with. And she's now in her 80s. And when I try to explain my work to her, she waved away all the details, and she said, "Neil, there's only one question that really matters. What banged?" (Laughter) "Everyone talks about the Big Bang. What banged?"
Ali postoji još jedna zagonetka koja ostaje, i nju mi je predstavila moja učiteljica matematike iz Tanzanije, koja je jedna prekrasna Škotkinja s kojom se i dalje čujem. Sada je u osamdesetima. Kada joj pokušam objasniti svoj rad, odmahne i kaže: „Neil, samo je jedno pitanje doista važno. Što je prasnulo?" (Smijeh) "Svi pričaju o velikom prasku. Što je prasnulo?“
And she's right. It's a question we've all been avoiding. The standard explanation is that the universe somehow sprang into existence, full of a strange kind of energy -- inflationary energy -- which blew it up. But the puzzle of why the universe emerged in that peculiar state is completely unsolved. Now, I worked on that theory for a while, with Stephen Hawking and others. But then I began to explore another alternative. The alternative is that the Big Bang wasn't the beginning. Perhaps the universe existed before the bang, and the bang was just a violent event in a pre-existing universe.
I u pravu je. To je pitanje koje svi izbjegavamo. Standardno objašnjenje je da je svemir nekako iskočio u postojanje, puno neobične vrste energije – rastuće energije -- koja ga je raznijela. Ali pitanje zašto je svemir proizašao u takvom neobičnom stanju je potpuno nerazjašnjeno. Radio sam na toj teoriji jedno vrijeme, sa Stevenom Hawkingom i drugima. Ali tada sam počeo istraživati drugu mogućnost. Alternativa je da veliki prasak nije bio početak. Možda je svemir postojao prije praska i prasak je bio samo nasilan događaj u prethodno postojećem svemiru.
Well, this possibility is actually suggested by the latest theories, the unified theories, which try to explain all those 18 free parameters in a single framework, which will hopefully predict all of them. And I'll just share a cartoon of this idea here. It's all I can convey. According to these theories, there are extra dimensions of space, not just the three we're familiar with, but at every point in the room there are more dimensions. And in particular, there's one rather strange one, in the most elegant unified theories we have. The strange one looks likes this: that we live in a three-dimensional world. We live in one of these worlds, and I can only show it as a sheet, but it's really three-dimensional.
Ova se mogućnost sugerira u najnovijim teorijama, ujedinjenim teorijama koje nastoje objasniti svih onih 18 parametara u jednom radu koji bi ih sve predvidio. Pokazat ću vam animaciju ove ideje. To je sve što vam mogu prenijeti. Prema ovim teorijama, postoje dodatne dimenzije u svemiru, ne samo tri na koje smo navikli, nego u svakoj točki u ovoj sobi postoji više dimenzija. Posebice, postoji jedna prilično neobična u najelegantnijoj ujedinjenoj teoriji koju imamo. Ta neobična izgleda ovako: živimo u trodimenzionalnom svijetu. Živimo u jednom od ovih svjetova, mogu vam ga samo pokazati kao plahtu, ali je doista trodimenzionalno.
And a tiny distance away, there's another sheet, also three-dimensional, and they're separated by a gap. The gap is very tiny, and I've blown it up so you can see it. But it's really a tiny fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus. I won't go into the details of why we think the universe is like this, but it comes out of the math and trying to explain the physics that we know. Well, I got interested in this because it seemed to me that it was an obvious question. Which is, what happens if these two, three-dimensional worlds should actually collide? And if they collide, it would look a lot like the Big Bang. But it's slightly different than in the conventional picture. The conventional picture of the Big Bang is a point. Everything comes out of a point; you have infinite density. And all the equations break down. No hope of describing that.
I na maloj udaljenosti od njega postoji druga plahta, također trodimenzionalna i odvojene su prazninom. Praznina je vrlo mala i povećao sam ju da ju možete vidjeti. Ali ona je doista velika kao samo mali dio jezgre atoma. Neću ulaziti u detalje zašto mislimo da je svijet ovakav, ali to proizlazi iz matematike i pokušaja objašnjavanja fizike koju znamo. Počeo sam se zanimati za to jer mi se to učinilo kao očito pitanje. A to je, što bi se dogodilo ako bi se ova dva trodimenzionalna svijeta sudarila? I kad bi se sudarili, to bi uvelike izgledalo kao veliki prasak. Ali malo je drugačije nego u konvencionalnom prikazu. Konvencionalni prikaz velikog praska je točka. Sve proizlazi iz točke; imate beskrajnu gustoću. I sve jednadžbe prestanu vrijediti. Nema nade da bismo to mogli opisati.
In this picture, you'll notice, the bang is extended. It's not a point. The density of matter is finite, and we have a chance of a consistent set of equations that can describe the whole process. So, to cut a long story short, we've explored this alternative. We've shown that it can fit all of the data that we have about the formation of galaxies, the fluctuations in the microwave background. Furthermore, there's an experimental way to tell this theory, apart from the inflationary explanation that I told you before. It involves gravitational waves.
U ovom prikazu, primijetit ćete, prasak je proširen. Nije točka. Gustoća tvari je krajnja i imamo mogućnost da s nizom jednadžbi opišemo cijeli proces. Da skratim priču, istražili smo alternativu. Pokazali smo da može pristajati u sve podatke koje imamo o formiranju galaksija, fluktuacija u mikrovalnoj pozadini. Nadalje, postoji eksperimentalan način koji će odvojiti ovu teoriju od rastućeg objašnjenja kojeg sam vam prije iznio. Uključuje gravitacijske valove.
And in this scenario, not only was the Big Bang not the beginning, as you can see from the picture, it can happen over and over again. It may be that we live in an endless universe, both in space and in time. And there've been bangs in the past, and there will be bangs in the future. And maybe we live in an endless universe. Well, making and testing models of the universe is, for me, the best way I have of enjoying and appreciating the universe. We need to make the best mathematical models we can, the most consistent ones. And then we scrutinize them, logically and with data. And we try to convince ourselves -- we really try to convince ourselves they're wrong. That's progress: when we prove things wrong. And gradually, we hopefully move closer and closer to understanding the world.
U ovom modelu, ne samo da veliki prasak nije bio početak, kao što možete vidjeti na slici, nego se može dogoditi ponovno i ponovno. Moguće je da živimo u beskrajnom svemiru, i u prostoru i u vremenu. Bilo je prasaka u prošlosti i bit će prasaka u budućnosti. I možda živimo u beskrajnom svemiru. Pravljenje je i testiranje modela svemira za mene najbolji način za uživanje i cijenjenje svemira. Moramo napraviti najbolje matematičke modele koje možemo, najdosljednije. I zatim ih temeljito proučimo, logički i s podatcima. I pokušamo se uvjeriti, zaista se pokušamo uvjeriti da nisu točni. Napredak je kada dokažemo za nešto da nije točno. I postupno se, nadamo se, bližimo razumijevanju svijeta.
As I pursued my career, something was always gnawing away inside me. What about Africa? What about those kids I'd left behind? Instead of developing, as we'd all hoped in the '60s, things had gotten worse. Africa was gripped by poverty, disease and war. This is very graphically shown by the Worldmapper website and project. And so the idea is to represent each country on a map, but scale the area according to some quantity.
Dok sam se bavio karijerom, nešto me uvijek izjedalo. Što s Afrikom? Što je s djecom koju sam ostavio za sobom? Umjesto razvitka kojem smo se svi nadali u 60-ima, stvari su se pogoršale. Afriku je stisnulo siromaštvo, bolest i rat. To je grafički pokazano na Worldmapper stranici i projektu. Cilj je da se svaka zemlja prikaže na karti, ali da se omjeri naprave s obzirom na neku veličinu.
So here's just the standard area map of the world. By the way, Africa is very large. And the next map now shows Africa's GDP in 1960, around the time of independence for many African states. Now, this is 1990, and then 2002. And here's a projection for 2015. Big changes are happening in the world, but they're not helping Africa.
Evo samo standardna karta svijeta. Usput, Afrika je prilično velika. I sljedeća karta pokazuje Afrički BDP 1960., u vrijeme uspostavljanja nezavisnosti mnogih afričkih zemalja. Ovo je 1990. i zatim 2002. Evo predviđanja za 2015. Velike se promjene događaju u svijetu, ali one ne pomažu Africi.
What about Africa's population? The population isn't out of proportion to its area, but Africa leads the world in deaths from often preventable causes: malnutrition, simple infections and birth complications. Then there's HIV/AIDS. And then there are deaths from war. OK, currently there are 45,000 people a month dying in the Congo, as a consequence of the war there over coltan and diamonds and other things. It's still going on.
Što s afričkom populacijom? Populacija nije izvan omjera u odnosu na prostor, ali Afrika vodi u broju smrti koje se inače mogu spriječiti: loša prehrana, jednostavne infekcije i komplikacije u porodu. I onda imamo HIV/AIDS. I onda evo smrti zbog rata. Trenutno 45.000 ljudi mjesečno umire u Kongu kao posljedica rata zbog koltana, dijamanata i drugih stvari. Još uvijek traje.
What about Africa's capacity to do something about these problems? Well, here's the number of physicians in Africa. Here's the number of people in higher education. And here -- most shocking to me -- the number of scientific research papers coming out of Africa. It just doesn't exist scientifically. And this was very eloquently argued at TED Africa: that all of the aid that's been given has completely failed to put Africa onto its own two feet.
Što je s mogućnošću Afrike da nešto učini oko ovih problema? Evo broj liječnika u Africi. Evo broj ljudi u visokom obrazovanju. I evo -- najšokantnije za mene -- broj znanstvenih radova koji proizlaze iz Afrike. Jednostavno znanstveno ne postoji. O svemu se ovome vrlo rječito raspravljalo na TED-u Africa: o tome kako je sva pomoć koja je bila dana potpuno zakazala u postavljanju Afrike na vlastite noge.
Well, the transition to democracy in South Africa in 1994 was literally a dream come true for many of us. My parents were both elected to the first parliament, alongside Nelson and Winnie Mandela. They were the only other couple. And in 2001, I took a research leave to visit them. And while I was busy working -- I was working on these colliding worlds, in the day. But I learned that there was a desperate shortage of skills, especially mathematical skills, in industry, in government, in education.
Prijelaz na demokraciju u Južnoj Africi u 1994. bio je kao ostvarenje sna za mnoge od nas. Oba su moja roditelja bila izabrana za prvi parlament, uz Nelsona i Winnie Mandelu bili su jedini par. 2001. godine uzeo sam znanstveni dopust da ih posjetim. I dok sam bio zauzet radom -- radio sam na ovim sudarajućim svjetovima po danu. I naučio sam da postoji očajan manjak vještina, posebice matematičkih vještina u industriji, vladi i obrazovanju.
The ability to make and test models has become essential, not only to every single area of science today, but also to modern society itself. And if you don't have math, you're not going to enter the modern age. So I had an idea. And the idea was very simple. The idea was to set up an African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, or AIMS. And let's recruit students from the whole of Africa, bring them together with lecturers from all over the world, and we'll try to give them a fantastic education.
Sposobnost pravljenja i testiranja modela postala je nužna, ne samo u svakom području znanosti, nego i u samom modernom društvu. I ako nemate matematiku, nećete ući u moderno doba. Zato sam dobio ideju. I bila je vrlo jednostavna. Ideja je bila da osnujem Afrički institut za matematičke znanosti, ili AIMS. I da „unovačimo“ studente iz cijele Afrike, spojimo ih s predavačima iz cijelog svijeta i pokušamo im dati izvrsno obrazovanje.
Well, as a Cambridge professor, I had many contacts. And to my astonishment, they backed me 100 percent. They said, "Go and do it, and we'll come and lecture." And I knew it would be amazing fun to bring brilliant students from these countries -- where they don't have any opportunities -- together with the best lecturers in the world -- who I knew would come, because of the interest in Africa -- and put them together and just let the sparks fly. So we bought a derelict hotel near Cape Town. It's an 80-room Art Deco hotel from the 1920s. The area was kind of seedy, so we got an 80-room hotel for 100,000 dollars. It's a beautiful building. We decided we would refurbish it and then put out the word: we're going to start the best math institute in Africa in this hotel.
Kao profesor s Cambridgea imao sam mnogo kontakata. I na moje čuđenje, podržali su me 100 posto. Rekli su: „Napravi to i doći ćemo predavati.“ I znao sam da će biti vrlo zabavno dovesti izvrsne studente iz ovih zemalja gdje nemaju nikakve mogućnosti i spojiti ih s najboljim predavačima na svijetu za koje sam znao da će doći zbog zanimanja za Afriku. Spojiti ih i pustiti da iskre lete. Kupili smo zapušteni hotel blizu Cape Towna. To je Art Deco hotel s 80 soba iz 1920-ih. To je područje bilo neugledno pa smo dobili hotel sa 80 soba za 100.000 dolara. To je prekrasna zgrada. Odlučili smo da ćemo ga obnoviti i onda razglasiti da u ovom hotelu otvaramo najbolji matematički institut u Africi.
Well, the new South Africa is a very exciting country. And those of you who haven't been there, you should go. It's very, very interesting what's happening. And we recruited wonderful staff, highly motivated staff. The other thing that's happened, which was good for us, is the Internet. Even though the Internet is very expensive all over Africa, there are Internet cafes everywhere. And bright young Africans are desperate to join the global community, to be successful -- and they're very ambitious. They want to be the next Einstein.
Nova Južna Afrika vrlo je zanimljiva država. I oni koji nisu bili ondje trebaju otići. Vrlo je zanimljivo to što se događa. Zaposlili smo prekrasno osoblje, vrlo motivirano. Druga stvar koja se dogodila, a dobra je za nas, je internet. Iako je internet prilično skup diljem Afrike, postoje internet kafići posvuda. I bistri mladi Afrikanci očajnički se žele uključiti u globalnu zajednicu, biti uspješni -- i prilično su ambiciozni. Žele biti budući Einstein.
And so when word came out that AIMS was opening, it spread very quickly via e-mail and our website. And we got lots of applicants. Well, we designed AIMS as a 24-hour learning environment, and it was fantastic to start a university from the beginning. You have to rethink, what is the university for? And that's really exciting. So we designed it to have interactive teaching. No droning on at the chalkboard. We emphasize problem-solving, working in groups, every student discovering and maximizing their own potential and not chasing grades.
I kad se pročulo da se AIMS otvara, vijest se proširila vrlo brzo putem e-maila i naše stranice. I dobili smo mnogo kandidata. Osmislili smo AIMS kao 24-satno okružje učenja, i bilo je fantastično pokrenuti sveučilište iz početka. Morate se zamisliti, za što služi sveučilište? I to je vrlo uzbudljivo. Osmislili smo ga da ima interaktivno učenje. Bez monotonog govora pred pločom. Stavljamo naglasak na rješavanje problema, rad u grupama, svaki student otkriva i maksimalizira svoj potencijal, i ne lovi ocjene.
Everyone lives together in this hotel -- lecturers and students -- and it's not surprising at all to find an impromptu tutorial at 1 a.m. The students don't usually leave the computer lab till 2 or 3 a.m. And then they're up again at eight in the morning. Lectures, problem-solving and so on. It's an extraordinary place. We especially emphasize areas of great relevance to Africa's development, because, in those areas, scientists working in Africa will have a competitive advantage. They'll publish, be invited to conferences. They'll do well. They'll have successful careers.
Svi žive zajedno u ovom hotelu, predavači i studenti i nije neobično naići na improvizirano predavanje u 1:00 sat ujutro. Studenti obično ne napuštaju informatičku učionicu do 2:00 ili 3:00 ujutro. I onda se ustaju u osam ujutro. Zbog predavanja, rješavanja problema i tako dalje. To je izuzetno mjesto. Posebice naglašavamo područja izuzetno važna za razvoj Afrike, jer će upravo u tim područjima znanstvenici koji budu radili u Africi imati konkurentsku prednost. Objavljivat će, biti pozivani na konferencije. Dobro će uspjeti; imat će uspješne karijere.
And AIMS has done extremely well. Here is a list of last year's graduates, graduated in June, and what they're currently doing -- 48 of them. And where they are is indicated over here. And where they've gone. So these are all postgraduate students. And they've all gone on to master's and Ph.D. degrees in excellent places. Five students can be educated at AIMS for the cost of educating one in the U.S. or Europe. But more important, the pan-African student body is a continual source of strength, pride and commitment to Africa. We illustrate AIMS' progress by coloring in the countries of Africa.
I AIMS je izvrsno napredovao. Evo popisa prošlogodišnjih diplomiranih studenata koji su diplomirali u lipnju i onoga što trenutno rade, njih 48. I ono gdje su sada je prikazano ovdje. I kamo su otišli. Svi su oni postdiplomci. I svi su otišli na magistarske i doktorske studije na izvrsnim mjestima. Pet se studenata može obrazovati u AIMS-u za cijenu jednog studenta u SAD-u ili Europi. Ali još je važnije da je pan-Afričko studentsko tijelo kontinuiran izvor snage, ponosa i vezanosti za Afriku. Ilustriramo napredak AIMS-a bojenjem zemalja Afrike.
So here you can see behind this list. When a county is colored yellow, we've received an application; orange, we've accepted an application; and green, a student has graduated. So here is where we were after the first graduation in 2004. And we set ourselves a goal of turning the continent green. So there's 2005, -6, -7, -8. (Applause) We're well on the way to achieving our initial goal.
Možete vidjeti iza popisa. Kada je zemlja obojana žuto: primili smo prijavnicu; narančasto: prihvatili smo prijavu; i zeleno: student je diplomirao. Evo gdje smo nakon prve generacije koja je diplomirala 2004. I zadali smo si cilj bojenja cijelog kontinenta u zeleno. Evo 2005., -6., -7., -8. (Pljesak) Na putu smo postizanja svog inicijalnog cilja.
We had some of the students filmed at home before they came to AIMS. And I'll just show you one. Tendai Mugwagwa: My name is Tendai Mugwagwa. I have a Bachelor of Science with an education degree. I will be attending AIMS. My understanding of the course is that it covers quite a lot. You know, from physics to medicine, in particular, epidemiology and also mathematical modeling. Neil Turok: So Tendai came to AIMS and did very well. And I'll let her take it from there.
Snimili smo neke studente doma prije nego što su došli u AIMS. Pokazat ću vam jedan film. Tendai Mugwagwa: Moje je ime Tendai Mugwagwa. Prvostupnica sam Znanosti s edukacijom. Pohađat ću AIMS. Moje shvaćanje ovog studija je da pokriva prilično mnogo toga. Od fizike do medicine, posebno epidemiologije i matematičkog modeliranja. Neil Turok: Tendai je došla na AIMS i išlo joj je vrlo dobro. Dopustit ću da ona nastavi.
TM: My name is Tendai Mugwagwa and I was a student at AIMS in 2003 and 2004. After leaving AIMS, I went on to do a master's in applied mathematics at the University of Cape Town in South Africa. After that, I came to the Netherlands where I'm now doing a Ph.D. in theoretical immunology.
TM: Moje ime je Tendei Mugwagwa i bila sam student na AIMS-u 2003. i 2004. Nakon odlaska s AIMS-a, otišla sam na magisterij iz primijenjene matematike na Sveučilištu Cape Towna u Južnoj Africi. Nakon toga došla sam u Nizozemsku gdje sada radim na doktoratu iz teoretske imunologije.
Professor: Tendai is working very independently. She communicates well with the immunologists at the hospital. So all in all I have a very good Ph.D. student from South Africa. So I'm happy she's here.
Profesor: Tendai radi vrlo samostalno. Komunicira vrlo dobro s imunolozima u bolnici. Sve u svemu, imam jako dobrog studenta doktorskog studija iz Južne Afrike. Sretan sam što je ovdje.
NT: Another student in the first year of AIMS was Shehu. And he's shown here with his favorite high school teacher. And then entering university in northern Nigeria. And after AIMS, Shehu wanted to do high-energy physics, and he came to Cambridge. He's about to finish his Ph.D., and he was filmed recently with someone you all know.
NT: Još jedan student prve generacije na AIMS-u je Shehu. Ovdje je prikazan sa svojim omiljenim srednjoškolskim profesorom. I zatim na upisu na sveučilište u sjevernoj Nigeriji. I nakon AIMS-a, Shehu je poželio raditi visoko-energijsku fiziku pa je došao na Cambridge. Uskoro će završiti svoj doktorat i nedavno je snimljen s nekim koga svi poznajete.
Shehu: And from there we will be able to, hopefully, make better predictions and then we compare it to the graph and also make some predictions.
Shehu: I odatle ćemo moći, nadajmo se, napraviti bolja predviđanja i onda ćemo ih usporediti s grafom i opet napraviti neka predviđanja.
Stephen Hawking: That is nice.
Stephen Hawking: To je lijepo.
NT: Here are the current students at AIMS. There are 53 of them from 20 different countries, including 20 women. So now I'm going to get to my TED business. Well, we had a party. This is Africa -- we have good parties in Africa. And last month, they threw a surprise party for me. Here's somebody you've seen already. (Applause) I want to point out a few other exceptional people in this picture. So, we were having a party, as you can see they're completely eclipsing me at this point. This is Ezra. She's from Darfur. She's a physicist, and somehow stays smiling, in spite of everything going on back home. But she wants to continue in physics, and she's doing extremely well. This is Lydia. Lydia is the first ever woman to graduate in mathematics in the Central African Republic. And she's now at AIMS. (Applause)
NT: Evo trenutnih studenata na AIMS-u. Ima ih 53 iz 20 zemalja, uključujući 20 žena. Sada ću početi s TED poslom. Imali smo zabavu. Ovo je Afrika, imamo dobre zabave u Africi. I prošli mjesec, napravili su mi zabavu iznenađenja. Evo nekoga koga ste već vidjeli. (Pljesak) Istaknuo bih još nekoliko iznimnih ljudi na ovoj slici. Imali smo zabavu, kao što možete vidjeti, kruže oko mene ovdje. Ovo je Ezra. Ona je iz Darfura. Fizičarka je i nekako se uspijeva smješkati usprkos svemu što se događa kod kuće. Ali želi nastaviti bavit se fizikom i ide joj vrlo dobro. Ovo je Lydia. Lydia je prva žena koja je diplomirala matematiku u Centralnoj Afričkoj Republici. Sada je na AIMS-u. (Pljesak)
So now let me get to our TED wish. Well, it's not my TED wish; it's our wish, as you've already gathered. And our wish has two parts: one is a dream and the other's a plan. OK. Our TED dream is that the next Einstein will be African. (Applause) In striving for the heights of creative genius, we want to give thousands of people the motivation, the encouragement and the courage to obtain the high-level skills they need to help Africa. Among them will be not only brilliant scientists -- I'm sure of that from what we've seen at AIMS -- they'll also be the African Gates, Brins and Pages of the future.
Dopustite mi da sad dođem do svoje TED želje. To nije moja TED želja; to je naša želja kao što ste već zaključili. Naša želja ima dva dijela: jedan je san, a drugi je plan. OK. Naš TED san je da sljedeći Einstein bude Afrikanac. (Pljesak) U težnji za visinama kreativnih genija, želimo tisućama ljudi dati motivaciju, poticaj i hrabrost da dobiju vještine na visokoj razini koje su potrebne da pomognu Africi. Među njima neće biti samo briljantni znanstvenici, siguran sam u to zbog onog što smo vidjeli u AIMS-u, bit će i afrička vrata, stupovi i stranice budućnosti.
Well, I said we also have a plan. And our plan is quite simple. AIMS is now a proven model. And what we need to do is to replicate it. We want to roll out 15 AIMS centers in the next five years, all over Africa. Each will have a pan-African student body, but specialize in a different area of science. We want to use science to overcome the national and cultural barriers, as it does at AIMS. And we want to add elements to the curriculum. We want to add entrepreneurship and policy skills.
Rekao sam da imamo i plan. Naš je plan prilično jednostavan. AIMS je dokazan model. Sada ga trebamo replicirati. Želimo napraviti 15 AIMS centara u sljedećih pet godina po cijeloj Africi. Svaki će imati pan-Afričko studentsko tijelo, ali će se specijalizirati za drugo znanstveno područje. Želimo uz znanost nadvladati nacionalne i kulturne prepreke, što se i događa na AIMS-u. I želimo dodati nove dijelove u program. Želimo dodati poduzetništvo i političke vještine.
The expanded AIMS will be a coherent pan-African institution, and its graduates will form a powerful network, working together for peace and progress across the continent. Over the last year, we've been visiting sites in Africa, looking at potential sites for new AIMS centers. And here are the ones we've selected. And each of these centers has a strong local team, each is in a beautiful place, an interesting place, which international lecturers will be happy to visit. And our partners across Africa are extremely enthusiastic about this. Everyone wants an AIMS center in their country.
Prošireni AIMS bit će koherentna pan-Afrička institucija i njeni će diplomirani studenti činiti moćnu mrežu radeći zajedno za mir i napredak po cijelom kontinentu. Tijekom prošle godine posjećivali smo lokacije u Africi tražeći potencijalna mjesta za nove AIMS centre. I evo onih koje smo odabrali. Svaki od ovih centara ima jaku lokalnu ekipu, svaki je na lijepom mjestu, zanimljivom mjestu, koje će međunarodni predavači rado posjećivati. I naši su partneri diljem Afrike iznimno entuzijastični zbog ovoga. Svi žele AIMS centar u svojoj državi.
And last November, the conference of all the African ministers of science and technology, held in Mombasa, called for a comprehensive plan to roll out AIMS. So we have political support right across the continent. It won't be easy. At every site there will be huge challenges. Local scientists must play leading roles and governments must be persuaded to buy in. Conditions are very difficult, but we cannot afford to compromise on those principles which made AIMS work.
Prošlog studenog, konferencija svih Afričkih ministara obrazovanja i tehnologije koja se održala u Mombasi, tražila je sveobuhvatan plan za pokretanje AIMS-a. Dakle, imamo političku potporu po cijelom kontinentu. Neće biti lagano. Na svakom će mjestu biti mnogo izazova. Lokalni znanstvenici moraju imati glavnu ulogu i moramo nagovoriti vlade da kupe udjele. Uvjeti su vrlo teški, ali ne možemo si priuštiti narušavanje onih principa zbog kojih je AIMS uspio.
And we summarize them this way: the institutes have got to be relevant, innovative, cost-effective and high quality. Why? Because we want Africa to be rich. Easy to remember the basic rules we need. So, just in ending, let me say the only people who can fix Africa are talented young Africans. By unlocking and nurturing their creative potential, we can create a step change in Africa's future. Over time, they will contribute to African development and to science in ways we can only imagine. Thank you. (Applause)
Sažimamo ih ovako: instituti moraju biti važni, inovativni, imati dobar omjer cijene i kvalitete i visoku kvalitetu. Zašto? Zato što želimo da Afrika bude bogata. Lako se pamte osnovna pravila koja trebamo. Za kraj, rekao bih da su jedini ljudi koji mogu popraviti Afriku talentirani mladi Afrikanci. Otključavši i hraneći njihov kreativni potencijal možemo napraviti korak unaprijed u budućnosti Afrike. Tijekom vremena oni će doprinijeti razvoju Afrike i znanosti na načine koje možemo samo zamisliti. Hvala vam. (Pljesak)