When most people think about the beginnings of AIDS, they're gonna think back to the 1980s. And certainly, this was the decade in which we discovered AIDS and the virus that causes it, HIV. But in fact this virus crossed over into humans many decades before, from chimpanzees, where the virus originated, into humans who hunt these apes.
大抵の人々はエイズの発生 と言えば1980年代を思い起こします 確かにその10年間にエイズと その原因ウイルスHIVを発見しました でもその何十年も前に人間に入り込んでいます チンパンジーから狩人に潜り込んだのです
This photo was taken before the Great Depression in Brazzaville, Congo. At this time, there were thousands of individuals, we think, that were infected with HIV.
この写真は世界恐慌前の コンゴ ブラザビルのものです この時すでに何千もの人々が HIVに感染していたのだと思います
So I have a couple of really important questions for you. If this virus was in thousands of individuals at this point, why was it the case that it took us until 1984 to be able to discover this virus? OK now, more importantly, had we been there in the '40s and '50s, '60s, had we seen this disease, had we understood exactly what was going on with it, how might that have changed and completely transformed the nature of the way this pandemic moved?
ここで2,3 重大な質問があります 何千もの人々が この時点で感染していたのなら なぜこのウイルスを発見するのに 1984年までかかったのでしょうか 次はもっと重要です もし我々が1940−60年代に存在し この病気を目撃し、正確に状況を 理解していたなら、感染性質を変え 全く別のものにできる方法があったのでしょうか
In fact, this is not unique to HIV. The vast majority of viruses come from animals. And you can kind of think of this as a pyramid of this bubbling up of viruses from animals into human populations. But only at the very top of this pyramid do these things become completely human. Nevertheless, we spend the vast majority of our energy focused on this level of the pyramid, trying to tackle things that are already completely adapted to human beings, that are going to be very very difficult to address -- as we've seen in the case of HIV.
これはHIVに限ったことではありません ウイルスの多くは動物由来です 動物から人間へと感染するウイルスの ピラミッドと考えてもいいでしょう その頂点で完全にヒトウイルスとなります ほとんどのエネルギーを費やすのは ピラミッドのこの階層です 人間に完全に適応し解明が非常に困難な ウイルスを研究しています HIVの例でおわかりでしょう
So during the last 15 years, I've been working to actually study the earlier interface here -- what I've labeled "viral chatter," which was a term coined by my mentor Don Burke. This is the idea that we can study the sort of pinging of these viruses into human populations, the movement of these agents over into humans; and by capturing this moment, we might be able to move to a situation where we can catch them early.
ここ15年間 初期段階の感染方法を研究してきました 「ウイルスのお喋り」は 恩師ドン・バークの造語です この考えは 人間社会にウイルスをわざと投げ込み その動きを研究し 感染の瞬間を捉え ウイルスを早期発見できるかもしれないというものです
OK, so this is a picture, and I'm going to show you some pictures now from the field. This is a picture of a central African hunter. It's actually a fairly common picture. One of the things I want you to note from it is blood -- that you see a tremendous amount of blood contact. This was absolutely key for us. This is a very intimate form of connection. So if we're going to study viral chatter, we need to get to these populations who have intensive contact with wild animals.
これがその写真です 現場の写真です 中央アフリカの狩猟者です ごく普通の写真に見えます 1つ注意すべき点は おびただしい血液接触です これが決定的な鍵です 非常に直接的な接触です ウイルスのお喋りを調査するなら 野生動物と接触する住民を探る必要があります
And so we've been studying people like this individual. We collect blood from them, other specimens. We look at the diseases, which are in the animals as well as the humans. And ideally, this is going to allow us to catch these things early on, as they're moving over into human populations. And the basic objective of this work is not to just go out once and look at these individuals, but to establish thousands of individuals in these populations that we would monitor continuously on a regular basis. When they were sick, we would collect specimens from them.
我々はこの方のような人々を調査してきています 血液や他の検体を採取します 人以外に動物の病気も調べます これにより動物ウイルスが人間に侵入した際 初期段階で捕えることが可能なのです この研究の基本目的は 1回きりの調査ではなく 数千人の被験者を選び 定期的に継続して 観察することです 病気なら検体を採取します
We would actually enlist them -- which we've done now -- to collect specimens from animals. We give them these little pieces of filter paper. When they sample from animals, they collect the blood on the filter paper and this allows us to identify yet-unknown viruses from exactly the right animals -- the ones that are actually being hunted.
今進行中ですが協力を得て 動物の検体を採取します このような小さなろ紙を渡し 動物の標本採取の際 ろ紙に血液を取ります こうして対象動物から未確認ウイルスを発見します 実際に狩猟されている動物からです
(Video) Narrator: Deep in a remote region of Cameroon, two hunters stalk their prey. Their names are Patrice and Patee. They're searching for bush meat; forest animals they can kill to feed their families. Patrice and Patee set out most days to go out hunting in the forest around their homes. They have a series of traps, of snares that they've set up to catch wild pigs, snakes, monkeys, rodents -- anything they can, really. Patrice and Patee have been out for hours but found nothing. The animals are simply gone.
(ビデオ)語り手:カメルーンの人里離れた山奥で 2人の狩猟者が獲物に忍び寄ります パトリスとパティです 家族のために食用肉となる 森林動物を探しています 家の近くの森に ほぼ毎日狩りに出かけます わなを仕掛け ブタ、ヘビ、サル ネズミ等を捕獲します この日は何時間も探しましたが、収穫はありませんでした 動物がいないのです
We stop for a drink of water. Then there is a rustle in the brush. A group of hunters approach, their packs loaded with wild game. There's at least three viruses that you know about, which are in this particular monkey.
水を飲もうと立ち止ります するとやぶからサラサラと音が聞こえます 狩猟者がそこに近づきます なんと獲物でいっぱいです このサルには少なくとも 3種類の既知ウイルスがいます
Nathan Wolfe: This species, yeah. And there's many many more pathogens that are present in these animals. These individuals are at specific risk, particularly if there's blood contact, they're at risk for transmission and possibly infection with novel viruses.
ネイサン・ウルフ:この動物にはかなり多くの 病原体が存在します この狩猟者たちは危険な状態です 特にもし血液接触があれば 新種ウイルス感染の危険もあります
Narrator: As the hunters display their kills, something surprising happens. They show us filter paper they've used to collect the animals' blood. The blood will be tested for zoonotic viruses, part of a program Dr. Wolfe has spent years setting up.
獲物を誇示する際驚くべき事実が判明します 動物の血液採取のろ紙を見せてくれます 血液は人畜共通性感染ウイルス陽性で 博士が何年も探し求めているものです
NW: So this is from this animal right here, Greater Spot-Nosed Guenon. Every person who has one of those filter papers has at least, at a minimum, been through our basic health education about the risks associated with these activities, which presumably, from our perspective, gives them the ability to decrease their own risk, and then obviously the risk to their families, the village, the country, and the world.
これはここにいる動物 大鼻オナガザルのものです どのろ紙の使用者も 最低限の基礎健康教育を受けています この研究の危険性についての教育で それは我々の観点から見れば 自らの危険だけではなく 明らかに家族や 村、国、世界に対する危険を減少させるものです
NW: OK, before I continue, I think it's important to take just a moment to talk about bush meat. Bush meat is the hunting of wild game. OK? And you can consider all sorts of different bush meat. I'm going to be talking about this. When your children and grandchildren sort of pose questions to you about this period of time, one of the things they're gonna ask you, is how it was they we allowed some of our closest living relatives, some of the most valuable and endangered species on our planet, to go extinct because we weren't able to address some of the issues of poverty in these parts of the world.
先に進む前に食用肉の話を少しします 食用肉は野生鳥獣の獲物です 様々な食用肉が考えられます それについてお話しましょう 子供や孫がこの賞味期限 について質問をする際 その1つはこうです 人間に最も近い生物 最も貴重な絶滅危惧種が なぜ絶滅したのか これらの地域で貧困問題に 取り組まなかったからなのか
But in fact that's not the only question they're going to ask you about this. They're also going to ask you the question that when we knew that this was the way that HIV entered into the human population, and that other diseases had the potential to enter like this, why did we let these behaviors continue? Why did we not find some other solution to this? They're going to say, in regions of profound instability throughout the world, where you have intense poverty, where populations are growing and you don't have sustainable resources like this, this is going to lead to food insecurity.
でもそれが唯一の質問ではありません こういう質問もします このようにしてHIVが 人間社会に入り込み 他の病気の潜在性を知っていたのなら なぜ放っておいたのか 解決法を見つけなかったのか きっとこう言います。世界中の 生活不安定な地域では 厳しい貧困、人口増大、持続可能な資源 の欠乏に苦しんでおり 今の状態では食料不足になります
But they're also going to ask you probably a different question. It's one that I think we all need to ask ourselves, which is, why we thought the responsibility rested with this individual here. Now this is the individual -- you can see just right up over his right shoulder -- this is the individual that hunted the monkey from the last picture that I showed you. OK, take a look at his shirt. You know, take a look at his face. Bush meat is one of the central crises, which is occurring in our population right now, in humanity, on this planet. But it can't be the fault of somebody like this. OK? And solving it cannot be his responsibility alone. There's no easy solutions, but what I'm saying to you is that we neglect this problem at our own peril.
しかし別の質問もあるでしょう 我々は皆自問する必要があります なぜこの狩猟者に責任があると思うのか、です 狩猟者です。右肩越しに見えますね 最後にお見せした写真の サルを捕まえた狩猟者です シャツを見てください 顔も見てください 食用肉は最大危機の1つで 今まさに進行中です 地球上の人間社会で でもこのように誰かの責任ではありません 解決するのも誰か1人だけの問題ではありません 簡単な解決策はありませんが 我々はこの問題を放置して 自らを危険にさらしているのです
So, in 1998, along with my mentors Don Burke and Colonel Mpoudi-Ngole, we went to actually start this work in Central Africa, to work with hunters in this part of the world. And my job -- at that time I was a post-doctoral fellow, and I was really tasked with setting this up. So I said to myself, "OK, great -- we're gonna collect all kinds of specimens. We're gonna go to all these different locations. It's going to be wonderful." You know, I looked at the map; I picked out 17 sites; I figured, no problem. (Laughter)
1998年に恩師ドン・バークと ムポーディ・ヌゴーリ大佐と共に この研究を始めるために 中央アフリカに行き 狩猟者と行動しました 私は当時博士研究員で この研究の準備を任せられました 心の中で誓いました 「全標本を採集するぞ どこでも行ってやる。最高だ」 地図で17ヵ所選びました 問題ないと思ったんですよ (笑)
Needless to say, I was drastically wrong. This is challenging work to do. Fortunately, I had and continue to have an absolutely wonderful team of colleagues and collaborators in my own team, and that's the only way that this work can really occur. We have a whole range of challenges about this work.
もちろん全く勘違いです これは大変な仕事です 幸い、私のチームには 最高の同僚と協力者がおり だからこそ研究が可能なのです この研究には様々な困難があります
One of them is just obtaining trust from individuals that we work with in the field. The person you see on the right hand side is Paul DeLong-Minutu. He's one of the best communicators that I've really ever dealt with. When I arrived I didn't speak a word of French, and I still seemed to understand what it was he was saying. Paul worked for years on the Cameroonian national radio and television, and he spoke about health issues. He was a health correspondent. So we figured we'd hire this person -- when we got there he could be a great communicator. When we would get to these rural villages, though, what we found out is that no one had television, so they wouldn't recognize his face. But -- when he began to speak they would actually recognize his voice from the radio. And this was somebody who had incredible potential to spread aspects of our message, whether it be with regards to wildlife conservation or health prevention.
1つは行動を共にする 狩猟者から信頼を得ることです 右の方はポール・デロング=ミヌテュ氏です 最高のコミュニケーターです 当時私のフランス語力は0でした でも言うことがわかる気がしました ポールは何年もの間 カメルーンのラジオやテレビで働き 健康問題に詳しい助言者でした 彼を雇えば、現地に到着したとき 橋渡し役になると考えました でもこの田舎村に到着すると なんとテレビがないのです だから彼の顔がわかりません しかし彼が話し始めると ラジオの声でわかったのです 我々のメッセージを伝えてくれる 可能性のある人物でした 野生生物保護であろうと 健康予防であろうとです
Often we run into obstacles. This is us coming back from one of these very rural sites, with specimens from 200 individuals that we needed to get back to the lab within 48 hours. I like to show this shot -- this is Ubald Tamoufe, who's the lead investigator in our Cameroon site. Ubald laughs at me when I show this photo because of course you can't see his face. But the reason I like to show the shot is because you can see that he's about to solve this problem. (Laughter) Which -- which he did, which he did. Just a few quick before and after shots. This was our laboratory before. This is what it looks like now. Early on, in order to ship our specimens, we had to have dry ice. To get dry ice we had to go to the breweries -- beg, borrow, steal to get these folks to give it to us. Now we have our own liquid nitrogen. I like to call our laboratory the coldest place in Central Africa -- it might be. And here's a shot of me, this is the before shot of me. (Laughter) No comment.
障害にもよく遭います これは調査地から帰路で 200人の検体を運んでおり 48時間以内に研究室直行です これをご覧下さい ウーボルド・タムーフィで カメルーンでの調査主任です この写真を見せると笑います 顔が見えないからです しかしお見せする理由は 彼がこの問題を解決しようとしているからです (笑) 実際に解決したんですよ。本当に 過去と今の写真を紹介します 以前の研究所です これが現在の外観です 以前は検体を送るのに ドライアイスが必要で醸造所で 人に頼んで何とか入手していました 今は液体窒素を持参します 研究所は中央アフリカ一寒い所かもしれません 私の写真です。以前の写真です (笑) ノーコメントです
So what happened? So during the 10 years that we've been doing this work, we actually surprised ourselves. We made a number of discoveries. And what we've found is that if you look in the right place, you can actually monitor the flow of these viruses into human populations. That gave us a tremendous amount of hope. What we've found is a whole range of new viruses in these individuals, including new viruses in the same group as HIV -- so, brand new retroviruses. And let's face it, any new retrovirus in the human population -- it's something we should be aware of. It's something we should be following. It's not something that we should be surprised by.
現状は、この10年間 研究をしてきて、驚いています 多くの発見をしました 適切な場所を調査すれば ウイルスが侵入する様子を 捉えることができるのです 非常に大きな希望の光です 発見したのは住人体内の新種ウイルスです HIVと同じグループのものを含む 新種レトロウイルスです 現実を見て、人間社会の 新種レトロウイルスを全て識別するべきです 我々はそれを探し求めているのです 驚くことはありません
Needless to say in the past these viruses entering into these rural communities might very well have gone extinct. That's no longer the case. Logging roads provide access to urban areas. And critically, what happens in central Africa doesn't stay in Central Africa. So, once we discovered that it was really possible that we could actually do this monitoring, we decided to move this from research, to really attempt to phase up to a global monitoring effort. Through generous support and partnership scientifically with Google.org and the Skoll Foundation, we were able to start the Global Viral Forecasting Initiative and begin work in four different sites in Africa and Asia. Needless to say, different populations from different parts of the world have different sorts of contact. So it's not just hunters in Central Africa. It's also working in live animal markets -- these wet markets -- which is exactly the place where SARS emerged in Asia. But really, this is just the beginning from our perspective.
勿論過去にこの農村地域に 侵入したウイルスは 絶滅しているかもしれません 今は違います。道路が都市への通路となります 危険なことに中央アフリカの状況は その地域だけにとどまりません このウイルス監視が 可能だとわかると 研究を更に拡張し 全世界の監視体制確立を決めました グーグル及びスコール財団からの 手厚いご支援と科学的提携により グローバルウイルス予測計画を立ち上げ アフリカとアジアの 4地点で研究を始めました 勿論ウイルスとの接触過程は 住民によってそれぞれ異なります 中央アフリカの狩猟者というだけではなく 野生動物市場等でも見られます 湿地帯市場で活動しており アジアにて発祥した所です でも研究計画の単なる始まりです
Our objective right now, in addition to deploying to these sites and getting everything moving, is to identify new partners because we feel like this effort needs to be extended to probably 20 or more sites throughout the world -- to viral hotspots -- because really the idea here is to cast an incredibly wide net so that we can catch these things, ideally, before they make it to blood banks, sexual networks, airplanes. And that's really our objective. There was a time not very long ago when the discovery of unknown organisms was something that held incredible awe for us. It had potential to really change the way that we saw ourselves, and thought about ourselves.
現時点の目的は 人員を配置し、研究を開始して 新たな協力者を得ることです 世界の20以上のウイルスの温床に 研究を拡張する必要性を感じているからです この考えは途方もなく広い網を投げ 理想的にはウイルスを捕えることです 血液バンク、性生活 航空機への侵入を未然に防ぐのが目的です 少し前の時代には 未確認生物の発見に 畏怖を感じた時がありました 我々自身の見方や考え方を変える 可能性があったということです
Many people, I think, on our planet right now despair, and they think we've reached a point where we've discovered most of the things. I'm going tell you right now: please don't despair. If an intelligent extra-terrestrial was taxed with writing the encyclopedia of life on our planet, 27 out of 30 of these volumes would be devoted to bacteria and virus, with just a few of the volumes left for plants, fungus and animals, humans being a footnote; interesting footnote but a footnote nonetheless. This is honestly the most exciting period ever for the study of unknown life forms on our planet. The dominant things that exist here we know almost nothing about. And yet finally, we have the tools, which will allow us to actually explore that world and understand them.
多くの人々が今地球上で 絶望して人間はもうほとんどの事象を 発見してしまったと考えます 絶望することはありません もし知的地球外生命体が 生物百科事典を編纂するなら 全30巻のうち27巻が 細菌とウイルスに割かれ 残りの数少ない部分が 植物や菌類、動物です 人間は脚注扱いで 興味深いですが、でも所詮脚注です 現在は地球上の未確認生命体の 研究にとって最も躍動的な時です 地上で優位な存在でも 未解明の生命体も存在します しかし素晴らしい手段を手に入れ 未知の世界の探究理解が可能となるのです
Thank you very much. (Applause)
ご清聴ありがとうございました (拍手)