I was informed by this kind of unoriginal and trite idea that new technologies were an opportunity for social transformation, which is what drove me then, and still, it's a delusion that drives me now. I wanted to update what I've been doing since then -- but it's still the same theme song -- and introduce you to my lab and current work, which is the Environmental Health Clinic that I run at NYU. And what it is -- it's a twist on health. Because, really, what I'm trying to do now is redefine what counts as health. It's a clinic like a health clinic at any other university, except people come to the clinic with environmental health concerns, and they walk out with prescriptions for things they can do to improve environmental health, as opposed to coming to a clinic with medical concerns and walking out with prescriptions for pharmaceuticals.
我被灌輸這種 老生常談的想法 那就是,新興科技能成為社會變革的 新契機 這個想法驅使著我 直到現在,它依舊是驅使我不斷前進的目標 我想向你們報告這段期間有什麼新進展 不過依舊是老樣子 -- 我要向你們介紹我的實驗室,以及正在進行的研究 這是我在紐約大學所主持的 環境健康門診 而它是 -- 它是健康概念的扭轉 因為,真的,我正在努力嘗試的 就是重新定義什麼才是真正的健康 這個門診就像是其他大學的健康門診一樣 只不過人們來看診時 是想解決環境健康的擔憂 他們走出診所, 拿到的是改善環境健康的處方 而非一般生病了去看診 然後帶著藥方離開
It's a handy-dandy quote from Hippocrates of the Hippocratic oath that says, "The greater part of the soul lays outside the body, treatment of the inner requires treatment of the outer." But that suggests the issue that I'm trying to get at here, that we have an opportunity to redefine what is health. Because this idea that health is internal and atomized and individual and pharmaceutical is largely an error. And I would use this study, a recent study by Philip Landrigan, to motivate a different view of health, where he went to most of the pediatricians in Manhattan and the New York area and logged what they spent their patient hours on. 80 to 90 percent of their time was spent on five things. Number one was asthma, number two was developmental delays, number three was 400-fold increases in rare childhood cancers in the last eight to 10, 15 years. Number four and five were childhood obesity and diabetes-related issues. So all of those -- what's common about all of those? The environment is implicated, radically implicated, right. This is not the germs that medicos were trained to deal with; this is a different definition of health, health that has a great advantage because it's external, it's shared, we can do something about it, as opposed to internal, genetically predetermined or individualized.
在「醫師就職宣言」的作者,醫學之父Hippocrates,曾說過一句簡潔有用的話, 他說:「靈魂最珍貴的部份,是依附在身體以外的環境, 治療身體的內在,須先診治身體外在的環境。」 這句話其實暗示了今天 我想要討論的主題 也就是,我們需要重新定義何謂健康 因為相信健康是內裡的 微小的、個人的 藥物的 這樣的想法犯了很嚴重的錯誤 我將藉由一項研究, Philip Landrigan最近所做的這項研究 來引發一種不同觀點來看待「健康」 他拜訪了曼哈頓和紐約的 許多小兒科醫生 記錄他們遇到的病人類型 發現診療的八成到九成時間 是在處理下列五項事情 第一個是氣喘 第二個是發育遲緩 第三個是近十年到十五年期間 呈400倍成長的 罕見兒童癌症 第四名和第五名分別是兒童肥胖 及糖尿病相關症狀 以上所講五點,共通之處是什麼? 環境的因素都牽涉其中,息息相關 這並不是那些病菌 需要我們用藥物治療來對付 這已經是不同的健康範疇了 這其實有莫大的優勢 因為它是外顯的、共通的 我們就更能做些什麼 而不是當它是內在的、先天的 或是個人的毛病
People who come to the clinic are called, not patients, but impatients, because they're too impatient to wait for legislative change to address local and environmental health issues. And I meet them at the University, I also have a few field offices that I set up in various places that provide an immersion in some of the environmental challenges we face. I like this one from the Belgian field office, where we met in a roundabout, precisely because the roundabout iconified the headless social movement that informs much social transformation, as opposed to the top-down control of red light traffic intersections. In this case, of course, the roundabout with that micro-decisions being made in situ by people not being told what to do. But, of course, affords greater throughput, fewer accidents, and an interesting model of social movement.
我們不應該把來門診看病的人們稱作patients (病人/有耐心) 應該是impatients (不耐煩患者) 因為他們都等不及立法上的改變 等不及立法開始以外在環境理解健康議題 我在大學校園裡和他們碰頭,我在校園中 設立了幾個調查所 深入調查我們所共同面對的 環境問題 我很喜歡這個比利時的調查所, 這裡有一個圓環型的交通設計 圓環交通就像是 無人帶頭領導的社會運動 這是一種社會轉變 不同於被動跟隨 紅綠燈指揮的十字路口 當然,在這樣的圓環中 人們細微的決定都取決於當下即時的臨場反應 而不是被號誌指示該怎麼做 不過,理所當然地,它能承擔更大的交通運量 更少的交通意外 同時,這也是個有趣的社運模式。
Some of the things that the monitoring protocols have developed: this is the tadpole bureaucrat protocol, or keeping tabs, if you will. What they are is an addition of tadpoles that are named after a local bureaucrat whose decisions affect your water quality. So an impatient concerned for water quality would raise a tadpole bureaucrat in a sample of water in which they're interested. And we give them a couple of things to do that, to help them do companion animal devices while they're blogging and doing their email. This is a tadpole walker to take your tadpole walking in the evening. And the interesting thing that happens -- because we're using tadpoles, of course, because they have the most exquisite biosenses that we have, several orders of magnitude more sensitive than some of our senses for sensing, responding in a biologically meaningful way, to that whole class of industrial contaminants we call endocrine disruptors or hormone emulators.
我們研發出一些自我監測秩序的系統: 這是一個「從蝌蚪看政府」的模式 或是你也可以稱之為「監督行動」 這個做法是,在水中加入蝌蚪 並將其以當地的行政機關人員為名 這些機關人員的行政決策,就是會影響到你所關心的水質 所以當一個「不耐煩患者」對於水質有疑慮時 就能養一隻蝌蚪 在他們所關心的水源取樣中。 我們提供「患者」一些裝置 來幫助他們一邊隨身養蝌蚪 同時可以一邊更新網誌、收發電子郵件 這是「遛蝌蚪」裝置 你能在傍晚帶著你的蝌蚪出門散步 然後有趣的事情就發生了 因為我們是運用蝌蚪,想當然爾 因為它們具有遠比我們人類敏銳的生物感知 甚至比我們的感官 要更敏銳 成千上百倍, 極具生物學意義地 反映出這一整類的工業污染物 我們稱之為環境荷爾蒙 或是類荷爾蒙。
But by taking your tadpole out for a walk in the evening -- there's a few action shots -- your neighbors are likely to say, "What are you doing?" And then you have to introduce your tadpole and who it's named after. You have to explain what you're doing and how the developmental events of a tadpole are, of course, very observable and they use the same T3-mediated hormones that we do. And so next time your neighbor sees you they'll say, "How is that tadpole doing?" And you can let them social network with your tadpole, because the Environmental Health Clinic has a social networking site for, not only impatients, humans, but non-humans, social networking for humans and non-humans. And of course, these endocrine disruptors are things that are implicated in the breast cancer epidemic, the obesity epidemic, the two and a half year drop in the average age of onset of puberty in young girls and other related things. The culmination of this is if you've successfully raised your tadpole, observing the behavioral and developmental events, you will then go and introduce your tadpole to its namesake and discuss the evidence that you've seen.
藉由在傍晚帶著蝌蚪去散步 -- 這裡有幾張遛蝌蚪行動的照片 -- 你的鄰居很可能會問:「你在做什麼阿?」 你就得介紹你的蝌蚪 以及它名稱的由來。 你必須解釋你正在做的事情 以及蝌蚪發育的情形如何 當然,這很容易觀察 還有,牠們由甲狀腺素所調控的激素,和我們身上的激素是一樣的 當下次你的鄰居遇到你時 他們會問:「你的蝌蚪最近如何阿?」 你可以讓他們和你的蝌蚪搭起友誼橋樑 因為環境健康門診有個建立社會連結的工作站 不只是設計給「不耐煩患者」以及其他人類 也是設計給人類以外的生物 人類與非人類生物之間的社會連結 當然,這些環境荷爾蒙 涉及到乳癌的發生率、 肥胖的發生率、 少女青春期開始的平均年紀,比以前少了兩歲半 還有其他相關的生理症狀 這整個計畫的重頭戲在於,如果你的蝌蚪成功地長大了 觀察牠的行為 以及發育狀況, 你就能帶著你的蝌蚪 介紹給蝌蚪命名來源的行政機關人員認識 與他們討論你所得到的生物證據
Another quick protocol -- and I'm going to go through these quickly, but just to give you the material sense of what we're doing here -- instead of asking you for urine samples, I'll ask you for a mouse sample. Anyone here lucky enough to share, to cohabit with a mouse -- a domestic partnership with mice? Very lucky. Mice, of course, are the quintessential model organism. They're even better models of environmental health, because not only the same mammalian biology, but they share your diet, largely. They share your environmental stressors, the asbestos levels and lead levels, whatever you're exposed to. And they're geographically more limited than you are, because we don't know if you've been exposed to persistent organic pollutants in your home, or occupationally or as a child. Mice are a very good representation. So it starts by building a better mousetrap, of course. This is one of them.
另一個簡便的作法 -- 這裡我將簡單地敘述帶過 只是讓你們對於我們使用的素材有個粗淺的概念 -- 我們不再是徵求你們的尿液採樣 而是徵求你們的「老鼠」樣本 現場有任何人很幸運地與一隻老鼠同居 -- 就像是把它當作寵物一樣的嗎? 你真幸運。 老鼠當然是典型的 模式生物 牠們甚至是更合適的環境健康指標生物 不只因為牠們與人類同樣屬於哺乳類 而且,牠們吃的食物幾乎就是我們平常所吃的。 牠們和我們共有同樣的環境壓力因子 包括環境中暴露的 石棉濃度和鉛含量 而老鼠的活動範圍不像你那麼多變 因為我們無法確定你是持續固定地 暴露於有機污染物中,在家中 還是在職場 或只在幼時才有接觸 老鼠則極具代表性 所以無庸置疑地,我們首先得做一個好一點的捕鼠器 這就是其中之一
Coping with environmental stressors is tricky. Is anybody here on antidepressants? (Laughter) There's a lot of people in Manhattan are. And we were testing if the mice would also self-administer SSRIs. So this was Prozac, this was Zoloft, this was a black jellybean and this was muscle relaxant, all of which were the medications that the impatient was taking. So do you think the mice self-administered antidepressants? What's the -- (Audience: Sure. Yes.) How did you know that? They did. This was vodka and solution, gin and solution. This guy also liked plain water and the muscle relaxant. Where's our expert? Vodka, gin -- (Audience: [unclear]) Yes. Yes. You know your mice well. They did, yes. So they drank as much vodka as they did plain water, which was interesting. Then of course, it goes into the entrapment device. There's an old cellphone in there -- a good use for old cellphones -- which dials the clinic, we go and pick up the mouse. We take the blood sample and do the blood work and hair work on the mice.
對付環境壓力因子,其實是很弔詭的 現場有人在定時服用抗憂鬱劑嗎? (笑聲) 在曼哈頓,許多市民受憂鬱所苦 我們在測試老鼠是否也會 自己去服用抗憂鬱劑 這個是百憂解,這是樂復得 這是黑色豆豆糖,還有這是肌肉鬆弛劑 這些都是人類這種「不耐煩患者」會服用的藥物 所以你認為老鼠 會自己去吃抗憂鬱劑嗎? 是什麼 -- (觀眾:當然會) 你怎麼知道的? 牠們的確這麼做了 這裡有伏特加水溶液、琴酒水溶液 這傢伙也喜歡一般的水和肌肉鬆弛劑 我們的老鼠專家在哪? 伏特加、琴酒 -- (觀眾:[不清楚]) 對,對! 你真的很懂老鼠 牠們就是這麼做 牠們喝了等量的伏特加和一般的水 這很有意思 然後當然,牠走進了捕鼠器 裡面有個舊式手機 -- 老手機很好用 -- 手機就撥號給門診,我們就去把老鼠拿起來 我們採樣牠的血液 分析牠的毛髮和血液樣本
And I want to sort of point out the big advantage of framing health in this external way. But we do have a few prescription products through this. It's very different from the medical model. Anything you do to improve your water quality or air quality, or to understand it or to change it, the benefits are enjoyed by anyone you share that water quality or air quality with. And that aggregating effect, that collective action effect, is actually something we can use to our advantage. So I want to show you one prescription product in the clinic called the No Park. This is a prescription to improve water quality. Many impatients are very concerned for water quality and air quality. What we do is we take a fire hydrant, a "no parking" space associated with a fire hydrant, and we prescribe the removal of the asphalt to create an engineered micro landscape, to create an infiltration opportunity.
我想要點出,這樣以外在環境理解「健康」 有多大的優點 我們的確有一些環境療法的應用 這和醫藥治療有很不同的邏輯 你為了提昇水質或空氣品質所做的任何努力 或是有新的認識,還是一點改變 每個與你飲用相同水源、 呼吸相同空氣的人,都能分享到你的成果 如此一來,效應便能集結 這些行動匯集而成的效應 就是能實質回饋到我們身上 我想介紹環境門診的其中一個療法 叫作「非請勿停」 這是一個提昇水質的療法 很多人對於水質和空氣品質都有強烈的疑慮 我們的作法是,找一個消防栓 它的周圍是禁止民眾停車的 我們診斷,應該要移除這個消防栓周邊的柏油路面 創造一個小型的景觀設計 讓水分有機會自由穿透、滲入地面
Because, many of you will know, that the biggest pollution burden that we have on the New York, New Jersey harbor right now is no longer the point sources, no longer the big polluters, no longer the GEs, but that massive network of roads, [those] impervious surfaces, that collect all that cadmium neurotoxin that comes from your brake liners or the oily hydrocarbon waste in every single storm event and medieval infrastructure washes it straight into the estuary system. That doesn't do a lot of good. These are little opportunities to intercept those pollutants before they enter the harbor, and they're produced by impatients on various city blocks in some very interesting ways. I just want to say it was sort of a rule of thumb though, there's about two or three fire hydrants on every city block. By creating engineered micro landscapes to infiltrate in them, we don't prevent them from being used as emergency vehicle parking spaces, because, of course, a firetruck can come and park there. They flatten a few plants. No big deal, they'll regenerate. But if we did this in every single -- every fire hydrant we could redefine the emergency. That 99 percent of the time when a firetruck is not parking there, it's infiltrating pollutants. It's also increasing fixing CO2s, sequestering some of the airborne pollutants. And aggregated, these smaller interceptions could actually infiltrate all the roadborne pollution that now runs into the estuary system, up to a seven inch rain event, up to a hundred-year storm.
因為,你們應該很多人知道 我們此時面臨的最大污染威脅 無論在紐約還是紐澤西港 都不再是以點為污染單位 不再是大規模污染者 也不是奇異公司 而是四通八達的馬路網 這些不透水的表層 收集了你車子煞車油管洩出的鎘類神經毒 或是油膩的烴類廢物 每經歷一個小風雨,我們的老建築 都會直接把這些污染排放到河口 這就不太妙 這些消防栓旁的小景觀,就是中途攔截污染物、 防止它們流到港灣的小小機會 這些景觀是由「不耐煩患者」 在不同的都市街區 以一些有趣的方式所設立的 這可以說是一個經驗法則 那就是:城市裡每個街區一定都有 二到三個消防栓。 水分得以透過這些小景觀滲入地面 我們並不打算制止消防車 停放在這附近 因為,消防車當然可以停在這裡 它們輾平了幾株植物,沒關係,它們還會再長回來 但是如果我們都這麼設置 在每一個 -- 每一個消防栓的旁邊 我們就能重新定義何謂「緊急情況」 就是,當百分之九十九的時間 消防車沒停在消防栓旁的時候 這個空間就是污染過濾站 它同時也提升二氧化碳的固定量 隔絕部分的空氣污染物 而整體來看 這些小小的攔截點 就能夠過濾所有正不斷流到河口的 路面污染 最高能承受七英吋高的降雨量,或是百年難遇的大風暴
So these are small actions that can amount to a significant effect to improve local environmental health. This is one of the more ambitious ones. What the climate crisis has revealed to us is a secondary, more insidious and more pervasive crisis, which is the crisis of agency, which is what to do. Somehow buying a local lettuce, changing a light bulb, driving the speed limit, changing your tires regularly, doesn't seem sufficient in the face of climate crisis. And this is an interesting icon that happened -- you remember these: fallout shelters. What is the fallout shelter for the climate crisis? This was civic mobilization. Churches, school groups, hospitals, private residents -- everyone built one of these in a matter of months. And they still remain as icons of civic response in the face of shared, uncertain, collective threat.
所以這些就是我們的小運動 加起來就能得到可觀的影響力 足以提升當地的環境健康品質 這是其中一個野心勃勃的計畫 氣候災害揭露了一個 間接的、更難以捉摸 更無孔不入的危機 那就是,行政單位的危機 那就是,「該怎麼做」 購買當地栽植的萵苣、換個省電燈泡 不超速駕駛,定期更換輪胎 這些作為,當我們面臨氣候變遷的危機時 似乎都不夠充分 這是一張有趣的圖片,場景是 -- 你知道的:輻射避難處 氣候災害是否也有 類似的避難處呢? 這是市民動員運動 教堂、校園 醫院、私人住宅 每個人都在幾個月內建了一個避難處 這些避難處 始終是民眾對於 公共的、不確定的、集體的危機威脅所做出的反應
Fallout shelter for the climate crisis, I would say, looks something like this, or this, which is an intensive urban agriculture facility that's due to go on my lab building at NYU. What it does is a very simple idea of taking -- 80 to 90 percent of the CO2 produced in Manhattan is building related -- we take, just like a commercial greenhouse, we take the CO2 from the building -- CO2-enriched air -- we force it through the urban agriculture facility, and then we resupply oxygen-enriched air. You can't actually build much on a roof, they're not designed for that. So it's on legs, so it focuses all the load on the masonry walls and the columns. It's built as a barn raising, using open source hardware. This is the quarter-scale prototype that was functioning in Spain. This is what it will look like, fingers crossed, NYU willing.
氣候災害的避難處 我會覺得,應該長得像這樣,或是這樣 就是一個高密度的近郊農業設施 這是依據我在紐約大學的研究大樓所設計的 它的運作原理 其實很簡單 它收集 -- 曼哈頓製造的二氧化碳,其中的八成到九成 是建築產生的 就像是個有效運作的溫室 我們收集建築物產生的二氧化碳 -- 高含量二氧化碳的空氣 -- 我們將其注入近郊農業設施 然後我們補充氧氣充足的空氣 你無法在屋頂上裝設太多這樣的設施,它並不是設計來放屋頂的 它被裝設在支柱上 所以它將重量都集中在磚石牆和柱子上 它是在新屋落成時 運用「開放硬體設計」所搭設的 這是四分之一比例的原型 在西班牙展示運轉 這就是它的樣子,老天保佑 紐約大學設計的
And what I want to show you is -- actually this is one of the components of it that we've just recently been testing -- which is a solar chimney -- we have got 17 of them now put around New York at the moment -- that passively draws air up. You understand a solar chimney. Hot air rises. You put a bit of black plastic on the side of a building, it'll heat up, and you'll get passive airflow. What we do is actually put a standard HVAC filter on the top of that. That actually removes about 95 percent of the carbon black, that stuff that, with ozone, is responsible for about half of global warming's effects, because it changes, it settles on the snow, it changes the reflectors, it changes the transmission qualities of the atmosphere. Carbon black is that grime that otherwise lodges in your pretty pink lungs, and it's associated with. It's not good stuff, and it's from inefficient combustion, not from combustion itself. When we put it through our solar chimney, we remove actually about 95 percent of that. And then I swap it out with the students and actually re-release that carbon black. And we make pencils the length of which measures the grime that we've pulled out of the air. Here's one of them that we have up now. Here's who put them up and who are avid pencil users.
接下來我要介紹的是 -- 事實上,它是我們近期在試驗的某一部分設計 -- 就是太陽能煙囪 -- 我們在紐約已設置了17座 能夠自然地將空氣往上抽 你知道的,太陽能煙囪 熱空氣上升 煙囪的側邊貼上黑色的塑料 它會吸熱,空氣就會因此向上流動 我們所做的是 在煙囪的頂端裝上一個標準的空調過濾器 這樣就能濾掉百分之95的 碳黑 而所謂碳黑,連同臭氧 要為地球暖化負一半的責任 因為它的變化,它沉降在雪地上 改變了雪地的反射率 它改變了 大氣層的穿透率 否則,碳黑粉塵 會侵略你原本粉紅色的肺臟 以及其他連結呼吸道的部位 它不是什麼好東西,它是不完全燃燒的產物 而不是一般的燃燒所產生的 當我們把這個濾網罩住太陽能煙囪時 我們就能過濾掉百分之95的碳黑 然後,我跟我的學生們 把它取出來 重新釋出這些碳黑 我們就拿來製作鉛筆,透過做出的鉛筆長度, 估計我們從空氣中濾除了多少碳黑粉塵 這是其中一個煙囪 這是把煙囪裝起來的孩子們,他們同時也是鉛筆愛用者
Okay, so I want to show you just two more interfaces, because I think one of our big challenges is re-imagining our relationship to natural systems, not only through this model of twisted personalized health, but through the animals with whom we cohabit. We are not alone; the animals are moving in. In fact, urban migration now describes the movement of animals formerly known as wild into urban centers. You know, coyote in Central Park, a whale in the Gowanus Canal, elk in Westchester County. It's happening all over the Developed World, probably for loss of habitat, but also because our cities are a little bit more livable than they have been. And every green space we create is an invitation for non-humans to cohabit with us. But we've kind of lacked imagination in how we could do that well or interestingly. And I want to show you a few of the technological interfaces that have been developed under the moniker of OOZ -- which is zoo backwards and without cages -- to try and reform that relationship. This is communication technology for birds. It looks like this. When a bird lands on it, they trigger a sound file. This is actually in the Whitney Museum, where there were six of them, each of which had a different argument on it, different sound file. They said things like this.
好,我最後再介紹 兩個溝通平台 我認為我們所面臨的嚴峻挑戰之一 其中之一就是,重新思考人與大自然的關係 不只是透過這個 「扭轉個人健康」的標誌 也要透過 與我們共同生活的動物 不是只有我們住在這裡,動物們正搬進來 事實上,城鄉遷移的數據顯示 前一陣子動物的遷徙方向是 從鄉村往都市中心移動 你知道的,中央公園的郊狼,Gowanus運河的鯨魚 威徹斯特郡的麋鹿 這些都出現在已開發國度 很可能是棲息地流失所導致的 不過也同時因為,都市相較於牠們的原棲地 更有生存的機會 每當我們建造一個綠色空間 它就是一個邀請,請其他生物與我們共同生活的機會 但我們似乎缺乏想像力 不知如何把這個想法做好或是做得有趣 我將介紹幾個科技溝通平台 這些是在OOZ計畫下發展的 -- 也就是動物園ZOO反過來寫,而且沒有籠子 -- 試著重新建立 和動物的關係 這是可以和鳥類溝通的科技。它就像這樣 當一隻鳥停在它上面,會促發一個音效檔 這實際上是在惠特尼美術館,那裡共有六座 每個都會說不同的話 不同的音效檔 它們會這麼說:
(Whistling)
(口哨聲)
Recorded Voice: Here's what you need to do. Go down there and buy some of those health food bars, the ones you call bird food, and bring it here and scatter it around. There's a good person.
裝置聲音:你需要做的是 走到裝置下面,買些健康的條狀食物 那些你稱之為鳥食的東西 帶過來,灑在周圍 這樣,你就是個好人。
Natalie Jeremijenko: Okay. (Laugher) So there was several of these. The birds were able to jump from one to the other. These are just your average urban pigeon. And an early test which argument elicited cooperative behavior from the people below -- about a hundred to one decided that this was the argument that worked best on us.
Natalie Jeremijenko:好的。(笑聲) 這裡有幾個這樣的裝置 鳥可以從這端跳到那端 牠們只是在都市常見的鴿子 早先的試驗中 最能引發裝置下方人們共鳴的 說話內容 -- 幾乎是100比1的投票 認為這些話 最能讓人類產生共鳴
Recorded Voice: Tick, tick, tick. That's the sound of genetic mutations of the avian flu becoming a deadly human flu. Do you know what slows it down? Healthy sub-populations of birds, increasing biodiversity generally. It is in your interests that I'm healthy, happy, well-fed. Hence, you could share some of your nutritional resources instead of monopolizing them. That is, share your lunch.
裝置聲音:滴、滴、滴 這個聲音意味著 禽流感變異 轉型為致死的人類流感 你知道該如何減緩它的速度嗎? 健康的小型鳥類聚落 一般來說,會增加生物多樣性。 讓我過得健康、快樂、衣食無缺 是對你自己好。 所以,你可以將你的營養來源捐出一部分 不要自己壟斷私吞。 也就是,分點午餐給我吧
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
NJ: It worked, and it's true. The final project I'd like to show you is a new interface for fish that has just been launched -- it's actually officially launched next week -- with a wonderful commission from the Architectural League. You may not have known that you need to communicate with fish, but there is now a device for you to do so. It looks like this: buoys that float on the water, project three foot up, three foot down. When a fish swims underneath, a light goes on. This is what it looks like. So there's another function on here. This top light is -- I'm sorry if I'm making you seasick -- this top light is actually a water quality display that shifts from red, when the dissolved oxygen is low, to a blue/green, when its dissolved oxygen is high. And then you can also text the fish. So there's business cards down there that'll give you contact details. And they text back. When the buoys get your text, they wink at you twice to say, we've got your message. But perhaps the most popular has been that we've got another array of these boys in the Bronx River, where the first beaver -- crazy as he is -- to have moved in and built a lodge in New York in 250 years, hangs out. So updates from a beaver. You can subscribe to updates from him. You can talk to him.
NJ:這真的有效,而且它說的也沒錯。 我要介紹的最後一個裝置 是個和魚溝通的平台 這個裝置才剛啟用 -- 事實上,它下週才會正式啟用 並且與紐約建築協會的團隊有很棒的合作 你可能本來並不知道,你需要和魚溝通 不過現在,這個裝置就能讓你這麼做 它就像是這樣:漂在水面上的浮標 上面突出三英尺,下面三英尺 當一隻魚游經下方時,燈就會亮 這就是它亮起來的樣子 它還有另外一個功能 浮標頂端的燈是 -- 很抱歉讓你們暈船了 -- 這個頂端的燈,實際上反映了水質狀況 當水中含氧量低的時候,它是紅色 當水中含氧量高時,它就轉為藍/綠色。 你也可以傳訊息給魚 那裡有牠們的名片 上面有牠們的聯絡方式 而且牠們會回覆你 當浮標接收到你傳的訊息時,它會閃兩下,表示「我們收到你的訊息了」 不過,可能最受歡迎的是 布朗士河上的浮標矩陣 在那裡,世上第一隻河狸 -- 牠很瘋狂 -- 在250年前搬進紐約, 築了巢,然候四處閒晃 所以,讓河狸告訴你最新狀況吧。 你可以訂閱牠的最新消息。你可以和牠對話。
And what I like to think of is this is an interface that re-scripts how we interact with natural systems, specifically by changing who has information, where they have it, who can make sense of that information, and what you can do about it. In this case, instead of throwing chewing gum, or Doritos or whatever you have in your pocket at the fish -- There's a body of water in Iceland that I've been dealing with that's in the middle of the city, and the largest pollution burden on it is not the roadborne pollution, it's actually white bread from people feeding the fish and the birds. Instead of doing that actually, we've developed some fish sticks that you can feed the fish. They're delicious. They're cross-species delicious that is, delicious for humans and non-humans. But they also have a chelating agent in them. They're nutritionally appropriate, not like Doritos. And so every time that desire to interact with the animals, which is at least as ubiquitous as that sign: "Do not feed the animals." And there's about three of them on every New York City park. And Yellowstone National Park, there's more "do not feed the animals" signs than there are animals you might wish to feed. But in that action, that interaction, by re-scripting that, by changing it into an opportunity to offer food that is nutritionally appropriate, that could augment the nutritional resources that we ourselves have depleted for augmenting the fish population and also adding chelating agent, which, like any chelating agent that we use medicinally, binds to the bioaccumulated heavy metals and PCBs that are in the fish living in this particular habitat and allows them to pass it out as a harmless salt where it's complexed by a reactive, effectively removing it from bioavailability.
我很喜歡詮釋它為 一個溝通平台 它重寫了我們和大自然的互動 特別是,改變了誰才擁有資訊 資訊的位置, 誰能詮釋這些資訊 以及這些資訊能用來做什麼。 這樣一來,我們便不會隨意扔擲口香糖、 多力多滋玉米片、或是你口袋裡的任何東西給魚 我正在經手冰島的某一塊水域 它位在都市的中心 在這裡,最大的汙染負擔 並非路面汙染 而是人們拿來餵魚和餵鳥的 白吐司 為了避免這樣的情形,我們研發了某種棒狀魚飼料 供人們拿來餵魚 它很可口 對各類生物來說都很可口 無論是人類還是非人類生物都適用 這種飼料還有螯合劑的成份 它們營養均衡 不像多力多滋。 我們會萌生 想和動物互動的念頭 而這幾乎和「禁止餵食動物」警示牌的出現頻率 一樣屢見不顯 每座紐約市的公園,都立起大約三個這樣的警示牌 在黃石公園 「禁止餵食」警示牌的數量 比那些你想餵食的動物還多 不過藉由這樣的行動,和大自然的互動 藉著重寫「互動」的定義 藉著改變,我們便有機會 提供營養適當的食物 增加原本被我們耗盡的 營養來源 讓魚群的數量蓬勃成長 此外,飼料中螫合劑的添加 就相當於螯合劑在藥學上的應用 它會和生物體內累積的重金屬和多氯聯苯結合 這些毒素存在於 特定水域的魚類體內 如此一來,螯合物就能讓魚類將毒素轉換為無毒的鹽類 它們結合為複合物,降低原本的生物活性 有效地從生物鏈中去除
But I wanted to say that interaction, re-scripting that interaction, into collective action, collective remediative action, very different from the approach that's being used on the other side on the Hudson River, where we're dredging the PCBs -- after 30 years of legislative and legal struggle, GE's paying for the dredging of the largest Superfund site in the world -- we're dredging it, and it'll probably get shipped off to Pennsylvania or the nearest Third World country, where it will continue to be toxic sludge. Displacement is not the way to deal with environmental issues. And that's typically the paradigm under which we've operated.
但我想說的是,這樣的互動 重新定義這種互動為 集體的行動,集體的省思行動 這很不同於另一端, 哈德遜河汙染事件的處理方式 在那裡,我們疏濬了多氯聯苯汙染的淤泥 -- 在經歷了三十年的立法和司法抗爭後 奇異公司終於願意負責疏通的開支 這是「環境照顧補償與責任法」所處理的案子中,最大宗的一件 -- 我們疏通了淤泥,清出來的汙染物很可能會被運到賓州 或是距離最近的第三世界國家 在當地,它仍然會是一堆有毒的淤泥 把汙染從甲地搬到乙地,從來就不該是處理環境議題的做法 而這卻是我們一向所做的 典型例子
By actually taking the opportunity that new technologies, new interactive technologies, present to re-script our interactions, to script them, not just as isolated, individuated interactions, but as collective aggregating actions that can amount to something, we can really begin to address some of our important environmental challenges.
藉由把握機會 利用新科技 新興的互動科技 我們能改寫我們的互動方式 去重新定義它們 不只是彼此疏離、個別的互動 而是集體凝聚的行動 這就相當於某種更大的力量 我們就真的可以開始處理 重大的環境挑戰
Thank you.
謝謝
(Applause)
(掌聲)