Good evening, everyone.
各位,晚安。
I am from Japan, so I'd like to start with a story about Japanese fishing villages. In the past, every fisherman was tempted to catch as many as fish as possible, but if everybody did that, the fish, common shared resource in the community, would disappear. The result would be hardship and poverty for everyone. This happened in some cases, but it did not happen in other cases. In these communities, the fishermen developed a kind of social contract that told each one of them to hold back a bit to prevent overfishing. The fisherman would keep an eye on each other. There would be a penalty if you were caught cheating. But once the benefit of a social contract became clear to everyone, the incentive to cheat dramatically dropped.
我來自日本, 我想用一個關於日本漁村的 故事來當開頭。 在過去,每位漁民都想要 盡可能抓到越多魚越好, 但,如果每個人都如此, 魚,社區所共享的資源,就會消失。 結果就是每個人都艱困又貧窮。 在一些案例中有發生這樣的現象, 但在其他案例中卻沒有。 在這些社區中, 漁民發展出了一種社會契約, 叫每一個人都稍稍退一步, 來預防過度捕撈。 漁民們會監視彼此。 如果你作弊被逮到,會受到處罰。 但,一旦每個人都清楚了 社會契約的益處, 作弊的動機就大幅下降了。
We find the same story around the world. This is how villagers in medieval Europe managed pasture and forests. This is how communities in Asia managed water, and this is how indigenous peoples in the Amazon managed wildlife. These communities realized they relied on a finite, shared resource. They developed rules and practices on how to manage those resources, and they changed their behavior so that they could continue to rely on those shared resources tomorrow by not overfishing, not overgrazing, not polluting or depleting water streams today.
我們在全世界都能找到同樣的故事。 中世紀歐洲的村民就是這樣 管理牧草和森林的。 亞洲的社區就是這樣管理水的, 亞馬遜原住民就是 這樣管理野生動物的。 這些社區了解他們要 仰賴有限的共享資源。 對於如何管理那些資源, 他們發展出了規則和慣例, 且他們改變了他們的行為, 這樣他們明天才能 繼續仰賴那些共享資源, 他們的做法就是不要過度捕撈、 不要過度放牧、 不要污染或在今天就用盡水流。
This is a story of the commons, and also how to avoid the so-called tragedy of the commons. But this is also a story of an economy that was mainly local, where everybody had a very strong sense of belonging.
這是個公有物的故事, 也是個關於如何避免所謂的 公有物悲劇的故事。 但這個故事也談到一個主要為 地方性的經濟體, 在這個經濟體中, 人人都有很強的歸屬感。
Our economies are no longer local. When we moved away from being local, we started to lose our connection to the commons. We carried economic objectives, goals and systems beyond the local, but we did not carry the notion of taking care of the commons.
我們的經濟體已經 不再是地方性的了。 當我們遠離了地方性, 我們就開始失去和公有物的連結。 我們把經濟方針、目標, 以及體制帶到地方性之外, 但我們並沒有把如何照顧 公有物的想法一起帶著。
So our oceans, forests, once very close to us as our local commons, moved very far away from us. So today, we pump millions of tons of greenhouse gases into the air, we dump plastics, fertilizers and industrial waste into the rivers and oceans, and we cut down forests that absorb CO2. We make the wild biodiversity much more fragile. We seem to have totally forgotten that there is such a thing as global commons: air, water, forests and biodiversity.
所以,我們的海洋、森林, 這些曾經和我們非常靠近的公有物 遠離了我們。 所以,現今,我們把數百萬噸的 溫室氣體排入空氣中, 我們丟棄塑膠、肥料, 以及工業廢料, 丟入河流和海洋中, 我們砍伐吸收二氧化碳的森林。 我們讓野生生物多樣性變得更脆弱。 我們似乎完全忘記了 所一種叫做全球公有物的東西: 空氣、水、森林、生物多樣性。
Now, it is modern science that reminds us how vital the global commons are. In 2009, a group of scientists proposed how to assess the health of the global commons. They defined nine planetary boundaries vital to our survival, then they measured how far we could go before we cross over the tipping points or thresholds that would lead us to the irreversible or even catastrophic change.
現在,是現代科學 在提醒我們全球公有物有多麼重要。 2009 年,一群科學家提出 評估全球公有物之健康的方法。 他們定義了對於我們生存 很關鍵的九項地球限度, 他們測量我們走了多遠 就會跨越引爆點或門檻值, 引領我們到無法逆轉或 甚至災難性的改變。
This is where we were in the 1950s. We broadly remained within safe operating space, marked by the green line. But look at where we are now. We have crossed four of those boundaries, and we will be crossing others in the future.
這是我們 1950 年代時的狀況。 我們大體上都維持在 安全的運作空間中, 這空間用綠線標記。 但看看我們現在的狀況。 我們已經跨越了其中四項限度, 且未來我們還會跨越其他的。
How did we end up in this situation? Well, my personal story may tell us something. Five years ago, I was appointed as CEO of the GEF, Global Environment Facility, but I am not a conservationist or an environmental activist. I am an economist, and for the last 30 years, I had worked for public finance in my home country and around the world. I can tell you one thing for sure: during these 30 years, the notion of the global commons never crossed my mind. I didn't have a single conversation about the global commons with my colleagues. This tells me that the notion of the global commons was not really entering into the big money decisions like state budgets or investment plans.
我們是怎麼落到這種下場的? 我的個人故事可能 可以給我們一點資訊。 五年前,我被指派為 全球環境基金(GEF)的執行長, 但我不是天然資源保護論者, 也不是環境保護激進份子。 我是經濟學家, 過去三十年來, 我在我的祖國以及全世界 做公共財政相關的工作。 我可以肯定地告訴各位一件事: 在這三十年間, 我從來沒有想過 全球公有物這個概念。 我完全沒有和同事談過 任何關於全球公有物的事, 這告訴我,全球公有物的概念 並沒有真的在牽扯大錢的決策中, 比如州預算或 投資計畫中,被考量到。
And I'm wondering, why do we have this sheer ignorance about the global commons, including me, myself? One possible explanation might be that until recently, it didn't really matter too much. Even if we mess up some part of the environment, we were not fundamentally changing the functions of the earth system. The global commons had still enough capacity to take the punches we gave them. In fact, the fish were still plentiful, the fields for grazing were still vast. Our mistake was to assume that the capacity of the earth for self-repair had no limits. It does have limits. The message from the science is very clear: we humans have become an overwhelming force to determine the future living conditions on earth, and what's more, we are running out of time. If we don't act on them, we will be losing the global commons. It's only our generation who are able to preserve it -- preserve the commons as we know them. Now is the time we start managing the global commons as our parents or our grandparents managed their local commons.
我很納悶,為什麼我們會完全忽視 全球公有物? 連我自己都不例外。 一種可能的解釋是, 在最近之前,這都不是太要緊的事。 即使我們亂搞某部分的環境, 基本上我們並未改變 地球系統的功能。 全球公有物過去仍然 有能力承受我們的行為。 事實上,魚類還很充足, 放牧的原野還很廣大。 我們的錯誤是去假設 地球的自我修復能力沒有極限。 極限是存在的。 來自科學的訊息非常清楚: 我們人類已經變成了 一股壓倒性的力量, 會決定未來地球上的居住條件, 此外,我們快要沒有時間了。 如果我們不為此採取行動, 我們將會失去全球公有物。 只有我們這個世代能夠保存它們── 保存我們所認識的公有物。 該是我們開始管理 全球公有物的時候了, 就像我們的父母和祖父母管理 他們的地方性公有物一樣。
The first thing we need to do is to simply recognize that we do have the global commons and they are very, very important. Then we need to build the stewardship of the global commons into all of our thinking, our business, our economy, our policy-making -- in all of our actions. We need to recreate the social contract of the fishing villages on the global scale.
我們需要做的第一件事, 就是承認我們確實有全球公有物, 且它們非常非常重要。 接著我們得要建立對 全球公有物的管理職責, 建在所有人的思想中、 事業中、經濟中、 政策制訂中── 我們所有的行為中。 我們得要重新創造出 漁村型社會契約, 擴張到全球規模版本。
But what does it mean in practice? Where to start with? I see there are four key economic systems that fundamentally need to change. First, we need to change our cities. By 2050, two thirds of our population will live in cities. We need green cities. Second, we need to change our energy system. The world economy must sharply decarbonize, essentially in one generation. Third, we need to change our production-consumption system. We need to break away from current take-make-waste consumption patterns. And finally, we need to change our food system, what to eat and how to produce it. And all of those four systems are putting enormous pressure on the global commons, and it's also very difficult to flip them. They are extremely complex, with many decision-makers, actors involved.
但,在實際面上,這是什麼意思? 要從何處下手? 我認為,有四項關鍵的經濟系統 在根本上需要被改變。 第一,我們得要改變我們的城市。 到 2050 年時,我們的人口 會有三分之二住在城市中。 我們得要綠化城市。 第二,我們得要改變 我們的能源系統。 世界經濟必須要明確地去碳, 基本上,在一個世代就要完成。 第三,我們得要改變 我們的生產—消費系統。 我們得要脫離目前的 「取用—生產—丟棄」消費模式。 最後,我們得要改變 我們的食物系統, 吃什麼,以及如何生產它。 所有這四個系統 對全球公有物產生了很大的壓力, 且要翻轉它們是非常困難的。 它們極度複雜, 涉及到許多決策者和行為者。
Let's take the example of the food system. Food production is currently responsible for one quarter of greenhouse gas emissions. It is also a main user of the world's water resources. In fact, 70 percent of today's water is used to grow crops. Vast areas of tropical forest are used for agriculture. This deforestation drives extinction. In fact, we are losing species 1,000 times faster than the natural rate. And on top of all of that bad news, one third of food produced today globally is not eaten. It's wasted.
我們用食物系統來當例子。 目前,食物生產造成了 四分之一的溫室氣體排放。 它也是世界水資源的主要使用者。 事實上,現今有 70% 的水 都被用來種植作物。 很大區域的熱帶森林被用在農業上。 森林砍伐造成了絕種。 事實上,我們失去物種的速度, 比自然的速度要快上一千倍。 除了那些壞消息之外, 現今全球所生產的食物, 有三分之一都沒被食用。 它們被浪費掉了。
But there is the good news, good signs. Coalitions of stakeholders are now coming together to try to transform the food system with one shared goal: how to produce enough healthy food for everyone, at the same time, to try to cut, to sharply reduce, the footprint from the food system on the global commons.
但,也有好消息, 好徵兆。 利害關係人的聯盟 現在集結在一起, 試圖改善食物系統, 他們有一個共同目標: 如何生產出足夠 每個人吃的健康食物, 同時,還要試圖縮減、大大降低 食物系統在全球公有物上的足跡。
I had an opportunity to fly over the Indonesian island of Sumatra, and I saw with my own eyes the massive deforestation to make room for palm oil plantations. By the way, palm oil is included in thousands of food products we eat every day. The global demand for palm oil is just increasing. In Sumatra, I met smallholder farmers who need to make a day-to-day living from growing oil palm. I met global food companies, financial institutions and local government officials. All of them told me that they can't make the change by themselves, and only by working together under a kind of new contract, or a new practice, do they have a chance to protect tropical forests. So it's so encouraging to see, at least for the last few years, this new coalition among these committed actors along the supply chain come together to try to transform the food system. In fact, what they are trying to do is to create a new kind of social contract to manage the global commons.
我有個機會, 飛過蘇門達臘島的印尼島嶼, 我親眼看見嚴重的森林砍伐, 為了棕櫚油騰出種植空間。 順道一提,數以千計的 食物產品都含有棕櫚油, 我們每天都在吃。 全球對於棕櫚油的需求在增加, 在蘇門達臘島,我會見了小佃農, 他們需要種植棕櫚樹來維生。 我會見了全球食物公司、 金融機構, 以及地方政府官員。 所有人都告訴我, 他們無法靠自己造成改變, 只有透過在某種新契約或新做法之下 進行合作, 他們才有機會保護熱帶森林。 很讓人振奮的是, 至少在過去幾年間, 在供應鏈上這些盡心盡力的 行為者當中,這個新聯盟 能集結在一起,試圖改善食物系統。 事實上,他們試著在做的事, 是創造出一種新的社會契約, 來管理全球公有物。
All changes start at home, at your place and at my place. At GEF, Global Environment Facility, we have now a new strategy, and we put the global commons at its center. I hope we won't be the only ones. If everybody stays on the sidelines, waiting for others to step in, the global commons will continue to deteriorate, and everybody will be much worse off. We need to save ourselves from the tragedy of the commons.
所有的改變都始於家中, 始於你的地方和我的地方。 在全球環境基金(GEF), 我們現在有一項新策略, 我們把全球公有物 放在策略的中心位置。 我希望不會只有我們在做。 如果每個人都待在界線邊, 等其他人踏入界線內, 那麼全球公有物將會持續惡化, 每個人都會過得更糟許多。 我們得要拯救我們自己, 不要讓公有物悲劇發生。
So, I invite all of you to embrace the global commons. Please do remember that global commons do exist and are waiting for your stewardship.
所以,我邀請在座所有人, 擁抱全球公有物。 請切記,全球公有物確實存在, 它們正在等著你們來管理。
We all share one planet in common. We breathe the same air, we drink the same water, we depend on the same oceans, forests, and biodiversity. There is no space left on earth for egoism. The global commons must be kept within their safe operating space, and we can only do it together.
地球是我們所共有的。 我們呼吸相同的空氣, 我們喝相同的水, 我們依賴同樣的海洋、 森林,以及生物多樣性。 地球上已經沒有容納 自我主義的空間了。 全球公有物必須要被保留在 它們的安全運作空間中, 我們只有同心協力才能辦得到。
Thank you so much.
非常謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)