This is called Hooked on a Feeling: The Pursuit of Happiness and Human Design. I put up a somewhat dour Darwin, but a very happy chimp up there. My first point is that the pursuit of happiness is obligatory. Man wishes to be happy, only wishes to be happy, and cannot wish not to be so. We are wired to pursue happiness, not only to enjoy it, but to want more and more of it.
Današnji naslov je: "Navučeni na osećanje: Potraga za srećom i ljudski dizajn". Ovde imamo pomalo namrgođenog Darvina, i jednu vrlo srećnu šimpanzu. Kao prvo, potraga za srećom je neizbežna. Čovek želi samo da bude srećan, i ne može ne želeti da bude srećan. Programirani smo da tragamo za srećom, u njoj uživamo, ali i želimo je sve više.
So given that that's true, how good are we at increasing our happiness? Well, we certainly try. If you look on the Amazon site, there are over 2,000 titles with advice on the seven habits, the nine choices, the 10 secrets, the 14,000 thoughts that are supposed to bring happiness. Now another way we try to increase our happiness is we medicate ourselves. And so there's over 120 million prescriptions out there for antidepressants. Prozac was really the first absolute blockbuster drug. It was clean, efficient, there was no high, there was really no danger, it had no street value. In 1995, illegal drugs were a $400 billion business, representing eight percent of world trade, roughly the same as gas and oil.
I budući da je tako, koliko smo dobri u uvećavanju svoje sreće? Pa, svakako se trudimo. Na Amazonu ima preko 2.000 naslova sa savetima o sedam navika, devet izbora, deset tajni, 14.000 misli koje će vam doneti sreću. Drugi način na koji pokušavamo da uvećamo svoju sreću jesu lekovi. Te imamo preko 120 miliona recepata za antidepresive. Prozak je bio prvi blokbaster među lekovima. Čist, efikasan, ne opija, nema stvarne opasnosti, nema uličnu vrednost. 1995. godine, ilegalni lekovi bili su industrija od 400 milijardi dolara, i osam posto svetske trgovine, otprilike jednako kao gas i nafta.
These routes to happiness haven't really increased happiness very much. One problem that's happening now is, although the rates of happiness are about as flat as the surface of the moon, depression and anxiety are rising. Some people say this is because we have better diagnosis, and more people are being found out. It isn't just that. We're seeing it all over the world. In the United States right now there are more suicides than homicides. There is a rash of suicide in China. And the World Health Organization predicts by the year 2020 that depression will be the second largest cause of disability.
Ovim se sreća baš i nije previše uvećala. Problem koji sada nastaje, iako su stope nivoa sreće ravne poput površine Meseca, jeste porast depresije i anksioznosti. Neki kažu da je to zbog boljih dijagnoza, i otkrivanja više ljudi. Nije samo to. Ovo se dešava u celom svetu. U Sjedinjenim Državama trenutno ima više samoubistava od ubistava. U ogromnom porastu su samoubistva u Kini. Svetska zdravstvena organizacija predviđa da će do 2020. godine depresija biti drugi najveći uzrok invaliditeta.
Now the good news here is that if you take surveys from around the world, we see that about three quarters of people will say they are at least pretty happy. But this does not follow any of the usual trends. For example, these two show great growth in income, absolutely flat happiness curves.
Dobre vesti su da ako uzmete istraživanja iz celog sveta, vidimo da će oko tri četvrtine ljudi reći da su barem prilično srećni. Ali glavni trendovi nam ne govore isto. Na primer, ova dva pokazuju velik porast prihoda, i potpuno ravne krive sreće.
My field, the field of psychology, hasn't done a whole lot to help us move forward in understanding human happiness. In part, we have the legacy of Freud, who was a pessimist, who said that pursuit of happiness is a doomed quest, is propelled by infantile aspects of the individual that can never be met in reality. He said, "One feels inclined to say that the intention that man should be happy is not included in the plan of creation." So the ultimate goal of psychoanalytic psychotherapy was really what Freud called ordinary misery.
Moja oblast, psihologija, nije mnogo toga učinila da nam pomogne da unapredimo razumevanje ljudske sreće. Imamo nasleđe Frojda, pesimiste, koji je rekao da je potraga za srećom osuđena na propast, potaknuta infantilnim aspektima pojedinca, i ne može se nikad dostići u stvarnosti. Rekao je: "Sklon sam da kažem da namera da čovek bude srećan nije uključena u plan postanja." Stoga je krajnji cilj psihoanalitičke psihoterapije zapravo bilo ono što Frojd naziva obični jad.
(Laughter)
(Smeh)
And Freud in part reflects the anatomy of the human emotion system -- which is that we have both a positive and a negative system, and our negative system is extremely sensitive. So for example, we're born loving the taste of something sweet and reacting aversively to the taste of something bitter. We also find that people are more averse to losing than they are happy to gain. The formula for a happy marriage is five positive remarks, or interactions, for every one negative. And that's how powerful the one negative is. Especially expressions of contempt or disgust, well you really need a lot of positives to upset that.
Frojd delimično odražava anatomiju ljudskog sistema emocija - mi imamo i pozitivan i negativan sistem, a naš negativni sistem izuzetno je osetljiv. Na primer, rađamo se sa sklonošću ka slatkom i odbojnom reakcijom na gorko. Otkriveno je i da ljudi osećaju veću odbojnost ka gubitku nego sreću zbog dobitka. Formula za srećan brak je pet pozitivnih izjava, ili interakcija, za jednu negativnu. I upravo je tolika moć jedne negativne. Za izraze prezira ili gađenja naročito je potrebno mnogo pozitivnih da ih nadomestite.
I also put in here the stress response. We're wired for dangers that are immediate, that are physical, that are imminent, and so our body goes into an incredible reaction where endogenous opioids come in. We have a system that is really ancient, and really there for physical danger. And so over time, this becomes a stress response, which has enormous effects on the body. Cortisol floods the brain; it destroys hippocampal cells and memory, and can lead to all kinds of health problems.
Ovde takođe uključujem i reakciju na stres. Programirani smo za opasnosti koje su neposredne, fizičke, neizbežne, i naše telo ulazi u neverovatnu reakciju u koju su uključeni endogeni opioidi. Imamo sistem koji je zaista drevan, i zaista stvoren za fizičku opasnost. Vremenom ovo postaje reakcija na stres, što ima izrazite efekte na telo. Kortizol preplavljuje mozak; uništava hipokampalne ćelije i pamćenje, i može izazvati razne zdravstvene probleme.
But unfortunately, we need this system in part. If we were only governed by pleasure we would not survive. We really have two command posts. Emotions are short-lived intense responses to challenge and to opportunity. And each one of them allows us to click into alternate selves that tune in, turn on, drop out thoughts, perceptions, feelings and memories. We tend to think of emotions as just feelings. But in fact, emotions are an all-systems alert that change what we remember, what kind of decisions we make, and how we perceive things.
Nažalost, ovaj sistem nam je delimično potreban. Kada bismo se upravljali samo zadovoljstvom, ne bismo preživeli. Mi imamo dva komandna položaja. Emocije su kratki intenzivni odgovori na izazove i prilike. Omogućavaju nam da se prebacimo u naše naizmenične prirode koje kanališu, uključuju, odbacuju misli, opažaje, osećanja i uspomene. Obično mislimo da su emocije samo osećanja. Zapravo, one su uzbuna u svim sistemima, koja utiče na ono što pamtimo, na odluke koje donosimo, i način na koji opažamo.
So let me go forward to the new science of happiness. We've come away from the Freudian gloom, and people are now actively studying this. And one of the key points in the science of happiness is that happiness and unhappiness are not endpoints of a single continuum. The Freudian model is really one continuum that, as you get less miserable, you get happier. And that isn't true -- when you get less miserable, you get less miserable. And that happiness is a whole other end of the equation. And it's been missing. It's been missing from psychotherapy. So when people's symptoms go away, they tend to recur, because there isn't a sense of the other half -- of what pleasure, happiness, compassion, gratitude, what are the positive emotions. And of course we know this intuitively, that happiness is not just the absence of misery. But somehow it was not put forward until very recently, seeing these as two parallel systems. So that the body can both look for opportunity and also protect itself from danger, at the same time. And they're sort of two reciprocal and dynamically interacting systems.
Prešla bih sada na novu nauku o sreći. Udaljili smo se od frojdovske sumornosti, i ovo se sada aktivno proučava. A jedna od ključnih poenti nauke o sreći jeste da sreća i nesreća nisu krajnje tačke jednog kontinuuma. Frojdovski model je zapravo jedan kontinuum u kom što ste manje očajni, to ste srećniji. A nije tako. Kada se očaj smanji, prosto ste manje očajni. Sreća je na skroz drugom kraju ove jednačine. I on nedostaje u psihoterapiji. Stoga se simptomi često vraćaju, jer ne postoji svest o drugoj polovini - o zadovoljstvu, sreći, saosećanju, zahvalnosti, o tome šta su pozitivne emocije. Naravno, mi intuitivno znamo da sreća nije samo odsustvo očaja. Ali to nije isticano sve do nedavno, oni nisu posmatrani kao dva paralelna sistema. Tako da telo može istovremeno i da traži priliku i da se štiti od opasnosti. I oni su na neki način dva recipročna
People have also wanted to deconstruct. We use this word "happy," and it's this very large umbrella of a term. And then three emotions for which there are no English words: fiero, which is the pride in accomplishment of a challenge; schadenfreude, which is happiness in another's misfortune, a malicious pleasure; and naches, which is a pride and joy in one's children. Absent from this list, and absent from any discussions of happiness, are happiness in another's happiness. We don't seem to have a word for that. We are very sensitive to the negative, but it is in part offset by the fact that we have a positivity.
sistema u dinamičkoj interakciji. Ljudi su takođe želeli da dekonstruišu. Koristimo reč "srećan" a to je vrlo širok krovni pojam. Tu su i tri emocije za koje nema reči u engleskom: fiero, što je ponos zbog savladavanja izazova; schadenfreude, što je sreća zbog tuđe nevolje, zlonamerno zadovoljstvo; i naches, što je ponos na sopstvenu decu. Na ovom spisku, i u svim razmatranjima sreće, nedostaje sreća zbog tuđe sreće. Izgleda da nemamo reč za to. Vrlo smo osetljivi na negativno; ali se to delimično nadomešćuje činjenicom
We're also born pleasure-seekers. Babies love the taste of sweet and hate the taste of bitter. They love to touch smooth surfaces rather than rough ones. They like to look at beautiful faces rather than plain faces. They like to listen to consonant melodies instead of dissonant melodies. Babies really are born with a lot of innate pleasures. There was once a statement made by a psychologist that said that 80 percent of the pursuit of happiness is really just about the genes, and it's as difficult to become happier as it is to become taller. That's nonsense. There is a decent contribution to happiness from the genes -- about 50 percent -- but there is still that 50 percent that is unaccounted for.
da imamo i pozitivnost. Mi smo rođeni da težimo zadovoljstvu. Bebe vole ukus slatkog i mrze ukus gorkog. Više vole glatke površine od hrapavih. Vole da posmatraju lepa lica više nego ona neugledna. Vole da slušaju harmonične melodije a ne one disonantne. Bebe su zaista rođene s mnogo urođenih zadovoljstava. Izvesni psiholog je jednom izjavio da se 80 posto potrage za srećom svodi na gene, i da je postati srećniji i postati viši jednako teško. To je besmislica. Doprinos gena sreći je nezanemarljiv - oko 50 posto - ali tu je i onih drugih 50 posto.
Let's just go into the brain for a moment, and see where does happiness arise from in evolution. We have basically at least two systems here, and they both are very ancient. One is the reward system, and that's fed by the chemical dopamine. And it starts in the ventral tegmental area. It goes to the nucleus accumbens, all the way up to the prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex, where decisions are made, high level. This was originally seen as a system that was the pleasure system of the brain. In the 1950s, Olds and Milner put electrodes into the brain of a rat. And the rat would just keep pressing that bar thousands and thousands and thousands of times. It wouldn't eat. It wouldn't sleep. It wouldn't have sex. It wouldn't do anything but press this bar. So they assumed this must be, you know, the brain's orgasmatron.
Zavirimo u mozak na trenutak, i pogledajmo iz čega sreća nastaje u evoluciji. Suštinski, ovde imamo bar dva sistema, i oba su vrlo stara. Prvi je sistem nagrađivanja, koji se hrani dopaminom. I počinje u ventralnoj tegmentalnoj oblasti. Proteže se ka cingularnom režnju, do prefrontalnog korteksa, orbitalnog frontalnog korteksa gde se donose odluke, na visokom nivou. Ovo je prvobitno posmatrano kao sistem koji je moždani sistem zadovoljstva. Pedesetih godina 20. veka, Olds i Milner su postavili elektrode u mozak pacova. I pacov bi uporno pritiskao polugu hiljade i hiljade puta. Nije mario ni za jelo, ni spavanje, ni seks. Nije hteo ništa osim da pritiska tu polugu. Te su pretpostavili da to mora biti moždani orgazmatron.
It turned out that it wasn't, that it really is a system of motivation, a system of wanting. It gives objects what's called incentive salience. It makes something look so attractive that you just have to go after it. That's something different from the system that is the pleasure system, which simply says, "I like this." The pleasure system, as you see, which is the internal opiates, there is a hormone oxytocin, is widely spread throughout the brain. Dopamine system, the wanting system, is much more centralized.
Ispostavilo se da nije, već da je to zapravo sistem motivacije, sistem želje. Daje predmetima podsticajni značaj. Čini ih tako privlačnim da ih prosto morate imati. To se razlikuje od sistema zadovoljstva, koji prosto govori: "Ovo mi se sviđa." Sistem zadovoljstva, kao što vidite, koji čine interni opijati, poput hormona oksitocina, široko je rasprostanjen u mozgu. Dopaminski sistem, sistem želje, mnogo je centralizovaniji.
The other thing about positive emotions is that they have a universal signal. And we see here the smile. And the universal signal is not just raising the corner of the lips to the zygomatic major. It's also crinkling the outer corner of the eye, the orbicularis oculi. So you see, even 10-month-old babies, when they see their mother, will show this particular kind of smile. Extroverts use it more than introverts. People who are relieved of depression show it more after than before. So if you want to unmask a true look of happiness, you will look for this expression.
Pozitivne emocije imaju i univerzalan signal. I vidimo ovde osmeh. Univerzalni signal nije samo podizanje uglova usana ka velikom jabučnom mišiću. On je i nabiranje spoljnog ugla oka, kružnog mišića oka. Vidite, čak i desetomesečne bebe, kada vide majku, prikazuju ovu posebnu vrstu osmeha. Kod ekstrovertnih je češći nego kod introvertnih. Ljudi izlečeni od depresije pokazuju ga više nakon izlečenja nego pre. Ako želite da otkrijete pravo lice sreće, tražićete ovaj izraz.
Our pleasures are really ancient. And we learn, of course, many, many pleasures, but many of them are base. And one of them, of course, is biophilia -- that we have a response to the natural world that's very profound. Very interesting studies done on people recovering from surgery, who found that people who faced a brick wall versus people who looked out on trees and nature, the people who looked out on the brick wall were in the hospital longer, needed more medication, and had more medical complications. There is something very restorative about nature, and it's part of how we are tuned.
Naša zadovoljstva su zaista drevna. Naravno, mnoga zadovoljstva su naučena, ali mnoga su bazična, poput biofilije - naše reakcije na svet prirode koje su vrlo dubinske. Veoma zanimljive studije, ljudi tokom oporavka posle operacije, otkrile su da oni koji gledaju u cigleni zid nasuprot onima koji posmatraju drveće i prirodu, ljudi koji imaju pogled na zid ostaju duže u bolnici, treba im više lekova, i imaju više zdravstvenih komplikacija. Priroda ima jaku moć da nas oporavi, i to je deo našeg ustrojstva.
Humans, particularly so, we're very imitative creatures. And we imitate from almost the second we are born. Here is a three-week-old baby. And if you stick your tongue out at this baby, the baby will do the same. We are social beings from the beginning. And even studies of cooperation show that cooperation between individuals lights up reward centers of the brain. One problem that psychology has had is instead of looking at this intersubjectivity -- or the importance of the social brain to humans who come into the world helpless and need each other tremendously -- is that they focus instead on the self and self-esteem, and not self-other. It's sort of "me," not "we." And I think this has been a really tremendous problem that goes against our biology and nature, and hasn't made us any happier at all.
Ljudi su bića posebno sklona imitiranju. I imitiramo gotovo od trenutka kad se rodimo. Evo jedne bebe stare tri nedelje. Ako isplazite jezik ovoj bebi, ona će učiniti isto. Mi smo društvena bića od samog početka. Čak i proučavanja saradnje pokazuju da saradnja među pojedincima aktivira centre za nagrađivanje u mozgu. Jedan od problema koje je psihologija imala jeste što umesto ove intersubjektivnosti - ili važnosti društvenog mozga za ljude koji na svet dolaze bespomoćni i izuzetno su potrebni jedni drugima - ona se fokusira na našu ličnost i samopoštovanje, a ne na nas u drugom. Bavi se "mnome," a ne "nama." I mislim da je to bio zaista ogroman problem protivan našoj biologiji i prirodi, i nije nas uopšte učinio srećnijim.
Because when you think about it, people are happiest when in flow, when they're absorbed in something out in the world, when they're with other people, when they're active, engaged in sports, focusing on a loved one, learning, having sex, whatever. They're not sitting in front of the mirror trying to figure themselves out, or thinking about themselves. These are not the periods when you feel happiest. The other thing is, that a piece of evidence is, is if you look at computerized text analysis of people who commit suicide, what you find there, and it's quite interesting, is use of the first person singular -- "I," "me," "my," not "we" and "us" -- and the letters are less hopeless than they are really alone. And being alone is very unnatural to the human. There is a profound need to belong.
Jer ljudi su najsrećniji kada su nečim obuzeti, kada su uronjeni u nešto u spoljnom svetu, kada su s drugima, kada su aktivni, kad se bave sportom, posvete se voljenoj osobi, pri učenju, seksu, čemu god. Ne sede ispred ogledala pokušavajući da spoznaju sebe, ili razmišljajući o sebi. To nisu trenuci kada su najsrećniji. Još nešto, još jedan dokaz, jeste kompjuterizovana analiza teksta ljudi koji su počinili samoubistvo, nešto vrlo zanimljivo što tamo nalazite jeste upotreba prvog lica jednine - "ja," "mene," "moje," ne "mi" i "nas" - i ta pisma su ne toliko beznadežna koliko zapravo usamljena. A usamljenost je vrlo neprirodna za čoveka. Imamo duboku potrebu da pripadamo.
But there are ways in which our evolutionary history can really trip us up. Because, for example, the genes don't care whether we're happy, they care that we replicate, that we pass our genes on. So for example we have three systems that underlie reproduction, because it's so important. There's lust, which is just wanting to have sex. And that's really mediated by the sex hormones. Romantic attraction, that gets into the desire system. And that's dopamine-fed. And that's, "I must have this one person." There's attachment, which is oxytocin, and the opiates, which says, "This is a long-term bond." See the problem is that, as humans, these three can separate. So a person can be in a long term attachment, become romantically infatuated with someone else, and want to have sex with a third person.
Ali naša evolutivna istorija nas zaista može spotaći. Jer, na primer, geni ne mare da li smo srećni, njima je bitno da se umnožavaju, da prenesemo naše gene dalje. Tako, na primer, imamo tri sistema koji su u osnovi toliko bitne reprodukcije. Postoji požuda, što je prosto želja za seksom. I za nju su zaduženi hormoni seksa. Romantična privlačnost, koja ulazi u sistem želje. Hrani se dopaminom, i znači: "Moram imati ovu osobu." Postoji vezanost - oksitocin i opijati, koja govori: "Ovo je dugoročna veza." Problem je u tome što ova tri sistema mogu biti razdvojena. Osoba može biti u dugoj vezi, osetiti romantičnu privlačnost ka nekom drugom, a želeti seks s trećom osobom.
The other way in which our genes can sometimes lead us astray is in social status. We are very acutely aware of our social status and always seek to further and increase it. Now in the animal world, there is only one way to increase status, and that's dominance. I seize command by physical prowess, and I keep it by beating my chest, and you make submissive gestures. Now, the human has a whole other way to rise to the top, and that is a prestige route, which is freely conferred. Someone has expertise and knowledge, and knows how to do things, and we give that person status. And that's clearly the way for us to create many more niches of status so that people don't have to be lower on the status hierarchy as they are in the animal world.
Drugi način na koji nas naši geni nekad mogu zavesti jeste društveni status. Veoma smo svesni svog društvenog statusa i uvek nastojimo da ga unapredimo. U životinjskom svetu ima samo jedan način za ovo, a to je dominacija. Preuzimam kontrolu fizičkom snagom, i zadržavam je busajući se u grudi, a vi ćete mi pokazivati podređenost. Ljudi se sasvim drugačije uspinju na vrh, i to putem prestiža, koji se slobodno dodeljuje. Ako je neko stručan i ume da obavi nešto, daćemo toj osobi status. Tako se očito stvaraju brojne statusne niše te ljudi ne moraju da budu niže u statusnoj hijerarhiji kao što je to u životinjskom svetu.
The data isn't terribly supportive of money buying happiness. But it's not irrelevant. So if you look at questions like this, life satisfaction, you see life satisfaction going up with each rung of income. You see mental distress going up with lower income. So clearly there is some effect. But the effect is relatively small. And one of the problems with money is materialism. What happens when people pursue money too avidly, is they forget about the real basic pleasures of life. So we have here, this couple. "Do you think the less-fortunate are having better sex?" And then this kid over here is saying, "Leave me alone with my toys." So one of the things is that it really takes over. That whole dopamine-wanting system takes over and derails from any of the pleasure system.
Podaci baš i ne podržavaju tezu da novac kupuje sreću. Ali on nije nebitan. Uzmimo pitanja o životnom zadovoljstvu, i videćemo da se zadovoljstvo povećava s višim nivoom prihoda. Mentalni nemir je veći kod nižih prihoda. Dakle, očito postoji neko dejstvo. Ali je ono relativno malo. Jedan od problema s novcem jeste materijalizam. Kada ljudi previše alavo jure za novcem. zaboravljaju na stvarna osnovna zadovoljsva života. Imamo ovaj par. "Mislite li da siromašniji uživaju u boljem seksu?" I ovo dete koje kaže, "Ostavi me s mojim igračkama." Dakle, to vas potpuno obuzima. Taj dopaminski sistem želje obuzima vas i odvraća od bilo kog drugog sistema zadovoljstva.
Maslow had this idea back in the 1950s that as people rise above their biological needs, as the world becomes safer and we don't have to worry about basic needs being met -- our biological system, whatever motivates us, is being satisfied -- we can rise above them, to think beyond ourselves toward self-actualization or transcendence, and rise above the materialist.
Maslov je pedesetih godina razvio ideju da s prevazilaženjem bioloških potreba, kako svet postaje bezbedniji i ne moramo da brinemo o osnovnim potrebama, naš biološki sistem, koji nas pokreće, biva zadovoljen - možemo se uzdići iznad njih i misliti šire o samoostvarenju ili transcedenciji, i izdići se iznad materijalnog.
So to just quickly conclude with some brief data that suggests this might be so. One is people who underwent what is called a quantum change: they felt their life and their whole values had changed. And sure enough, if you look at the kinds of values that come in, you see wealth, adventure, achievement, pleasure, fun, be respected, before the change, and much more post-materialist values after. Women had a whole different set of value shifts. But very similarly, the only one that survived there was happiness. They went from attractiveness and happiness and wealth and self-control to generosity and forgiveness.
I da zaključim kratkim prikazom podataka koji ukazuju da je to možda tačno. Ljudi koji su doživeli takozvanu kvantnu promenu: osetili su da su se ceo njihov život i vrednosti promenili. I zaista, ako pogledate vrstu vrednosti koje se tu pominju, bogatstvo, avanturizam, postignuće, zadovoljstvo, zabava, poštovanje, pre promene, a nakon nje se ističu post-materijalističke vrednosti. Žene su imale sasvim drugačiji skup promenjenih vrednosi. Ali vrlo slično, jedino koje je preživelo bila je sreća. Prešle su od privlačnosti i sreće i bogatstva i samokontrole na velikodušnost i opraštanje.
I end with a few quotes. "There is only one question: How to love this world?" And Rilke, "If your daily life seems poor, do not blame it; blame yourself. Tell yourself that you are not poet enough to call forth its riches." "First, say to yourself what you would be. Then do what you have to do."
I završiću s nekoliko citata. "Postoji samo jedno pitanje: Kako voleti ovaj svet?" I Rilke, "Ako vam se dan čini siromašnim, ne krivite njega; krivite sebe. Recite sebi da niste dovoljno pesnik da prizovete njegova bogatstva." "Prvo, recite sebi šta biste da budete. Zatim uradite šta treba da uradite."
Thank you. (Applause)
Hvala. (Aplauz)