So I come from the tallest people on the planet -- the Dutch. It hasn't always been this way. In fact, all across the globe, people have been gaining height. In the last 150 years, in developed countries, on average, we have gotten 10 centimeters taller. And scientists have a lot of theories about why this is, but almost all of them involve nutrition, namely the increase of dairy and meat.
我来自一个人均身高最高的国家- 荷兰。 然而并不是一直如此的。 事实上,全球各地, 人们的身高都有所增加。 在过去的150年中, 在发达国家, 平均身高增加了10厘米。 科学家们对此有许多不同的理论, 但几乎所有都与营养有关, 换句话说,肉和奶制品的增加。
In the last 50 years, global meat consumption has more than quadrupled, from 71 million tons to 310 million tons. Something similar has been going on with milk and eggs. In every society where incomes have risen, so has protein consumption. And we know that globally, we are getting richer. And as the middle class is on the rise, so is our global population, from 7 billion of us today to 9.7 billion by 2050, which means that by 2050, we are going to need at least 70 percent more protein than what is available to humankind today. And the latest prediction of the UN puts that population number, by the end of this century, at 11 billion, which means that we are going to need a lot more protein.
在过去的50年里 全球范围内肉类的购买量 增涨已经超过了4倍, 从七千一百万万吨 上升到三亿一千万吨。 牛奶和鸡蛋也有相同的情况。 无论在哪里,蛋白质的购买力 会随收入的增加而增加。 众所周知地, 全球都在变得更加富有。 随着中产阶级人口上升, 全球的人口也跟着上升, 到2050年,全球人口会从 70 亿增加到 97 亿。 这就意味着到那时, 我们需要的蛋白质将比 现在地球所拥有的多出70%。 根据联合国的最新预测, 到这个世纪末,人口数会达到110亿, 就是说,我们会需要相当多的蛋白质。
This challenge is staggering -- so much so, that recently, a team at Anglia Ruskin Global Sustainability Institute suggested that if we don't change our global policies and food production systems, our societies might actually collapse in the next 30 years.
这个挑战是令人难以置信的- 实在太多了,所以最近 一个安格利亚鲁斯金的 全球可持续发展研究所团队的声称, 如果我们不改变 我们全球的政策 和食物生产机制, 我们的社会在下一个30年 也许真的会崩馈。
Currently, our ocean serves as the main source of animal protein. Over 2.6 billion people depend on it every single day. At the same time, our global fisheries are two-and-a-half times larger than what our oceans can sustainably support, meaning that humans take far more fish from the ocean than the oceans can naturally replace.
目前,海洋是我们主要的蛋白质来源。 每一天有超过26亿人依赖于此, 与此同时, 我们目前的全球渔货量 是我们海洋可持续供应量的两倍半。 简单来说,人类在海洋 取得的渔获量远远超过 海洋本身的自然替换量。
WWF recently published a report showing that just in the last 40 years, our global marine life has been slashed in half. And another recent report suggests that of our largest predatory species, such as swordfish and bluefin tuna, over 90 percent has disappeared since the 1950s.
世界野生动物基金会 最近发表一篇报告指出,近 40 年 全球海洋生物数量已经被削减了一半。 另外最新一份报告声称, 我们所知的最大的食肉物种, 比如剑鱼和蓝鳍鲔鱼, 从1950年代起,超过 90% 已经消失。
And there are a lot of great, sustainable fishing initiatives across the planet working towards better practices and better-managed fisheries. But ultimately, all of these initiatives are working towards keeping current catch constant. It's unlikely, even with the best-managed fisheries, that we are going to be able to take much more from the ocean than we do today.
全球有很多规模很大, 可持续经营的水产业者, 正朝更好的实务经验与渔业管理迈进。 但最终, 这些业者仍 保持不变的渔获量继续前进, 那么, 即使有最好的渔业管理, 我们也不太可能从海洋捕获 比现在更多的渔量。
We have to stop plundering our oceans the way we have. We need to alleviate the pressure on it. And we are at a point where if we push much harder for more produce, we might face total collapse. Our current systems are not going to feed a growing global population.
我们必须停止掠夺海洋。 我们必须减轻海洋的压力, 我们现在正在一个转折点上, 如果我们为了更多的渔获量 而施加更多的压力, 我们可能会面临全面性的崩盘。 我们目前的系统无法满足 全球持续增长的人口。
So how do we fix this? What's the world going to look like in just 35 short years when there's 2.7 billion more of us sharing the same resources? We could all become vegan. Sounds like a great idea, but it's not realistic and it's impossibly hard to mandate globally.
所以我们如何才能解决这个问题呢? 如果多出的27亿人口, 享用同样的资源, 往后的35年,世界会怎么样? 我们可以都变成素食者。 听起来是一个很棒的主意, 但这并不现实 而且根本不可能 全球性的强制执行。
People are eating animal protein whether we like it or not. And suppose we fail to change our ways and continue on the current path, failing to meet demands.
不管我们想不想这样, 人们会继续食用动物性蛋白。 假如我们不能改变我们的生活方式 继续走原路, 肯定无法满足未来的需求。
The World Health Organization recently reported that 800 million people are suffering from malnutrition and food shortage, which is due to that same growing, global population and the declining access to resources like water, energy and land. It takes very little imagination to picture a world of global unrest, riots and further malnutrition. People are hungry, and we are running dangerously low on natural resources. For so, so many reasons, we need to change our global food production systems.
WHO全球卫生组织最近报告称 有 8 亿人口正忍受着 营养不良与食物短缺, 原因就是不断增长的全球人口, 及可用资源的下降, 比如水、能源和土地。 稍微想像一下, 就可以描绘出 一个动荡、暴乱且饥荒的世界。 人们饥肠辘辘, 自然资源严重不足。 因为以上如此多的原因, 我们必须改变我们全球的食物生产机制
We must do better and there is a solution. And that solution lies in aquaculture -- the farming of fish, plants like seaweed, shellfish and crustaceans. As the great ocean hero Jacques Cousteau once said, "We must start using the ocean as farmers instead of hunters. That's what civilization is all about -- farming instead of hunting." Fish is the last food that we hunt.
我们必须做到更好 而且有一个解决方案。 这个解决方案就是水产养殖—— 养殖鱼类,海藻类的植物, 贝类和甲壳类动物。 伟大的海洋英雄 Jacques Cousteau 曾经说过, “ 我们现在对待海洋必须像个 农夫一样,而不是猎人。 这是身为人类应该做的事—— 养殖,而不是捕捞。」 鱼是我们最后能捕捉的食物。
And why is it that we keep hearing phrases like, "Life's too short for farmed fish," or, "Wild-caught, of course!" over fish that we know virtually nothing about? We don't know what it ate during its lifetime, and we don't know what pollution it encounters. And if it was a large predatory species, it might have gone through the coast of Fukushima yesterday. We don't know. Very few people realize the traceability in fisheries never goes beyond the hunter that caught the wild animal.
这也是为什么我们经常听到, “养殖鱼的生命太短暂了,” 还有,“野外捕捉,当然!” 实际上我们对于鱼类一无所知。 我们不知道它们吃什么, 不知道它们会遇到怎样的污染。 以及如果它是大型的肉食种类, 它很有可能昨天刚路过 日本福岛的海岸。 我们一无所知。 很少人意识到 渔业的追踪技术,从未输过给 打猎的猎人。
But let's back up for a second and talk about why fish is the best food choice. It's healthy, it prevents heart disease, it provides key amino acids and key fatty acids like Omega-3s, which is very different from almost any other type of meat. And aside from being healthy, it's also a lot more exciting and diverse.
让我们回到刚刚提到的话题, 为什么鱼类是最好的食物选择。 它是健康的, 它能预防心脏疾病, 它是提供氨基酸和 脂肪酸的主要来源, 这使它和其他肉类有很大区别。 除了健康之外, 它具有着极大的多样性。
Think about it -- most animal farming is pretty monotonous. Cow is cow, sheep is sheep, pig's pig, and poultry -- turkey, duck, chicken -- pretty much sums it up. And then there's 500 species of fish being farmed currently. not that Western supermarkets reflect that on their shelves, but that's beside that point.
想一想吧--大部分畜牧业 都非常单调乏味。 牛就是牛,羊就是羊,猪就是猪, 以及家禽--火鸡、鸭、鸡, 几乎就是这几样而已。 但目前大约有500种鱼类被养殖着。 并非西方社会超市场架上 展示的那一些产品, 但这不是重点。
And you can farm fish in a very healthy manner that's good for us, good for the planet and good for the fish. I know I sound fish-obsessed --
你可以用非常健康的方式养殖鱼类, 这对我们,地球和鱼类都是有益的。 我知道我听起来像个鱼类的狂热粉
(Laughter)
(笑声)
Let me explain: My brilliant partner and wife, Amy Novograntz, and I got involved in aquaculture a couple of years ago. We were inspired by Sylvia Earle, who won the TED Prize in 2009. We actually met on Mission Blue I in the Galapagos. Amy was there as the TED Prize Director; me, an entrepreneur from the Netherlands and concerned citizen, love to dive, passion for the oceans.
让我解释一下: 我杰出的太太,Amy Novograntz 和我 几年前一起踏入水产养殖业。 我们受到 Sylvia Earle 启发, 她是 2009 年TED的年度获奖者。 我们实际是在 Galapagos 的 蓝色 1 号任务相识。 Amy是 TED 奖项的负责人; 我,一个来自荷兰的忧心的市民及企业家, 喜欢潜水、热爱海洋。
Mission Blue truly changed our lives. We fell in love, got married and we came away really inspired, thinking we really want to do something about ocean conservation -- something that was meant to last, that could make a real difference and something that we could do together.
蓝色任务真的改变了我们的生命, 我们相爱, 结婚 一路走来我们备受鼓舞, 并认真考虑着我们要为 海洋保护做点事情 一件可足够维持、 能真正改变现状的事情, 一件我们可以一起做的事情
Little did we expect that that would lead us to fish farming. But a few months after we got off the boat, we got to a meeting at Conservation International, where the Director General of WorldFish was talking about aquaculture, asking a room full of environmentalists to stop turning from it, realize what was going on and to really get involved because aquaculture has the potential to be just what our oceans and populations need.
我们没想到这会引领 我们来到鱼类养殖的领域。 但我们下船后几个月, 我们收到另一个国际会议的邀请, 在那里世界渔业总局的局长要 做一个有关水产养殖的演讲, 请求满间的环保人士抛去成见, 了解现在究竟发生了什么, 并参与其中 因为水产养殖有潜力 同时满足大海与人类的需求。
We were stunned when we heard the stats that we didn't know more about this industry already and excited about the chance to help get it right.
当我们听到数字时很吃惊, 我们不知道这个产业 已经到达这种状况 而且对帮助这个产业 感到相当兴奋。
And to talk about stats -- right now, the amount of fish consumed globally, wild catch and farmed combined, is twice the tonnage of the total amount of beef produced on planet earth last year. Every single fishing vessel combined, small and large, across the globe, together produce about 65 million tons of wild-caught seafood for human consumption.
谈到数据, 目前,全球鱼类的消费, 包括野生猎捕与养殖的 全球的总数 是去年牛肉产量的两倍, 全球的捕渔船, 不管小的、大的,统计起来, 每年总共捕捞野生海鲜 6500 万吨 供全人类消费。
Aquaculture this year, for the first time in history, actually produces more than what we catch from the wild.
养殖渔业今年的产量, 是有史以来, 第一次突破我们从海洋捕捞的总量。
But now this: Demand is going to go up. In the next 35 years, we are going to need an additional 85 million tons to meet demand, which is one-and-a-half times as much, almost, as what we catch globally out of our oceans. An enormous number.
但现状是这样的: 需求一直上升, 在未来的35年中, 我们还需要额外的 8500 万公吨来满足需求, 差不多是 1.5 倍相较于 我们从全球海洋捕捞的总量, 这是相当大的数字,
It's safe to assume that that's not going to come from the ocean. It needs to come from farming. And talk about farming -- for farming you need resources. As a human needs to eat to grow and stay alive, so does an animal. A cow needs to eat eight to nine pounds of feed and drink almost 8,000 liters of water to create just one pound of meat. Experts agree that it's impossible to farm cows for every inhabitant on this planet. We just don't have enough feed or water.
很明显这不可能全部从海洋获取。 它需要来自养殖。 而谈到养殖业 养殖也需要资源。 就像人类,需要每天吃东西 长大维持生命一样, 动物也一样。 一头牛需要吃8-9吨的饲料 喝大约8000升的水 才能产出 1 磅的肉。 专家认为 利用养牛的方式来满足 地球上每个人的需求是不可能的。 我们根本没有足够的饲料与水源。
And we can't keep cutting down rain forests for it. And fresh water -- planet earth has a very limited supply. We need something more efficient to keep humankind alive on this planet.
而且我们不能因此而砍掉 雨林来满足这个需求。 还有淡水- 地球能提供的量相当有限。 我们需要更高效率的东西 使地球的人类生存。
And now let's compare that with fish farming. You can farm one pound of fish with just one pound of feed, and depending on species, even less. And why is that? Well, that's because fish, first of all, float. They don't need to stand around all day resisting gravity like we do. And most fish are cold-blooded -- they don't need to heat themselves. Fish chills.
现在,让我们用这个 与水产养殖做比较。 养殖一磅的鱼只需要一磅的饲料, 依种类而不同,有的甚至更少。 为什么呢? 首先,鱼是在水中浮游着的。 他们不用整天像我们一样, 需要对抗地心引力的站立。 而且大部分的鱼属于冷血动物, 他们不需要保持恒温。 鱼自带冷气特效。
(Laughter)
(笑声)
And it needs very little water, which is counterintuitive, but as we say, it swims in it but it hardly drinks it. Fish are the most resource-efficient animal protein available to humankind, aside from insects.
并且它只要非常少量的水, 这和我们的常识相悖, 但如我们所说的, 它在水里游但几乎不喝水。 鱼也是人类摄取蛋白质 最有资源效率的食物, 除昆虫以外
How much we've learned since. For example, on top of that 65 million tons that's annually caught for human consumption, there's an additional 30 million tons caught for animal feed, mostly sardines and anchovies for the aquaculture industry that's turned into fish meal and fish oil.
我们目前了解多少? 举个例子,除了每年有 6500万吨的捕捞 供人类消费, 还有另外300万吨的捕捞供动物饲料, 大部分的沙丁鱼和凤尾鱼, 是供水产养殖业用的, 但现在转变成鱼粉和鱼油。
This is madness. Sixty-five percent of these fisheries, globally, are badly managed. Some of the worst issues of our time are connected to it. It's destroying our oceans. The worst slavery issues imaginable are connected to it. Recently, an article came out of Stanford saying that if 50 percent of the world's aquaculture industry would stop using fish meal, our oceans would be saved. Now think about that for a minute.
这太疯狂了。 全球 65% 的这些捕鱼业者, 大部分都经营不善。 我们这世代最糟糕的事件都与他们息息相关。 他们会毁掉我们的海洋。 能想到的最骇人的 奴吏事件都与他们有关。 最近,一篇来自斯坦福的文章 指出,如果 50% 的全球水产养殖业者 可以停止使用鱼粉, 我们的海洋就有救了。 现在,思考一下。
Now, we know that the oceans have far more problems -- they have pollution, there's acidification, coral reef destruction and so on. But it underlines the impact of our fisheries, and it underlines how interconnected everything is. Fisheries, aquaculture, deforestation, climate change, food security and so on.
我们知道海洋有一大堆问题 有污染,酸化, 珊瑚礁破坏等等。 但它凸显了对我们渔业的影响、 凸显了每件发生的事的相互关联。 渔业,水产养殖,森林滥筏, 气候变化以及食物安全等等。
In the search for alternatives, the industry, on a massive scale, has reverted to plant-based alternatives like soy, industrial chicken waste, blood meal from slaughterhouses and so on.
关于替代品的寻找, 在很大程度上, 已经恢复到以植物为基础的替代品, 比如大豆,产业鸡粪, 来自屠宰场的血粉 等等。
And we understand where these choices come from, but this is not the right approach. It's not sustainable, it's not healthy. Have you ever seen a chicken at the bottom of the ocean? Of course not. If you feed salmon soy with nothing else, it literally explodes. Salmon is a carnivore, it has no way to digest soy.
我们知道这些选择来自哪里, 但这不是正确的选择。 这是不稳定的, 也不健康。 你有看过鸡在海底的吗? 当然没有, 如果你只喂大豆给三文鱼吃 它会直接爆裂。 它是食肉动物, 无法消化大豆。
Now, fish farming is by far the best animal farming available to humankind. But it's had a really bad reputation. There's been excessive use of chemicals, there's been virus and disease transfered to wild populations, ecosystem destruction and pollution, escaped fish breeding with wild populations, altering the overall genetic pool, and then of course, as just mentioned, the unsustainable feed ingredients.
目前为止,鱼类养殖是人类 最佳的动物养殖方式。 但它的名声并不好。 它们过量使用化学剂量, 已经有病毒和疾病传染给野生的物种, 生态被破坏和污染, 逃离的鱼类和野生物种繁殖后代, 改变了原本的基因库, 然后,如刚刚所说的, 不稳定的喂养因素。
How blessed were the days when we could just enjoy food that was on our plate, whatever it was. Once you know, you know. You can't go back. It's not fun. We really need a transparent food system that we can trust, that produces healthy food.
我们可以享受盘中的美食 无论是山珍海味,还是粗茶淡饭, 都是我们莫大的幸运啊。 一但你懂、你了解了。 你却回不去了。 这一点都不好笑。 我们真的需要一个我们 信得过的透明的食物系统 来生产新鲜健康的食物。
But the good news is that decades of development and research have led to a lot of new technologies and knowledge that allow us to do a lot better. We can now farm fish without any of these issues.
好消息是 几十年的研究和发展 已经引领创造出很多的新科技及知识, 可以让我们做得更好。 我们现在可以无后顾之忧地养殖鱼类。
I think of agriculture before the green revolution -- we are at aquaculture and the blue revolution. New technologies means that we can now produce a feed that's perfectly natural, with a minimal footprint that consists of microbes, insects, seaweeds and micro-algae. Healthy for the people, healthy for the fish, healthy for the planet.
我在绿色革命之前就思考过水产养殖 我们正处在水产业及蓝色革命的点上。 新的科技意味着 我们现在可以用最少的, 由微生物、昆虫、海藻组成的需求量 来生产纯天然饲料。 它们对人体是健康的。 对鱼类是健康的, 对地球也是健康的。
Microbes, for example, can be a perfect alternative for high-grade fish meal -- at scale.
例如,微生物 如果大规模生产, 可以成为一个完美的高档鱼饲料替代品。
Insects are the -- well, first of all, the perfect recycling because they're grown on food waste; but second, think of fly-fishing, and you know how logical it actually is to use it as fish feed. You don't need large tracts of land for it and you don't need to cut down rain forests for it. And microbes and insects are actually net water producers.
昆虫 首先,它可以循环再生 因为它们是吃厨余长大的; 其次 想一想飞蝇钓, 你就知道为什麽它会 合理地成为鱼饲料的原因。 你不需要为它找大片土地, 你也不用为它砍掉大片雨林。 微生物和昆虫本就是水网的制造者。
This revolution is starting as we speak, it just needs scale. We can now farm far more species than ever before in controlled, natural conditions, creating happy fish.
就如我们所说的,这个革命已经开始, 它只需要大规模生产。 我们可以比过去养殖更多的种类 而且是在受管控、 天然条件下产生的开心的鱼。
I imagine, for example, a closed system that's performing more efficiently than insect farming, where you can produce healthy, happy, delicious fish with little or no effluent, almost no energy and almost no water and a natural feed with a minimal footprint. Or a system where you grow up to 10 species next to each other -- off of each other, mimicking nature. You need very little feed, very little footprint. I think of seaweed growing off the effluent of fish, for example.
我在想,举个例子, 一个比养殖昆虫表现更有效率的封闭系统, 让你可以产出健康、开心、好吃的鱼, 只有一点点或无污染, 几乎不需要能源及水、 最少需求量的自然喂食方式。 或者你可以养殖一个模仿自然, 一个接一个的 10 种品种以上的系统。 你只需要非常少的喂食, 非常少的需求量。 例如,我有想到海藻与鱼 共生的封闭系统。
There's great technologies popping up all over the globe. From alternatives to battle disease so we don't need antibiotics and chemicals anymore, to automated feeders that feel when the fish are hungry, so we can save on feed and create less pollution. Software systems that gather data across farms, so we can improve farm practices.
全球有很多伟大的科技陆陆续续推出。 从替代方式到对抗疾病, 那我们就再也不需要抗生素或化学药剂, 自动喂食系统, 它可以感觉到鱼什么时候会饿, 如此我们就可以减少喂食, 并创造出更少的污染。 软件系统收集整个鱼田的数据, 让我们可以改善养殖的流程。
There's really cool stuff happening all over the globe. And make no mistake -- all of these things are possible at a cost that's competitive to what a farmer spends today. Tomorrow, there will be no excuse for anyone to not do the right thing.
全世界真的有很多很酷的东西在发生。 也请相信--今日这些事情 是有可能让一个养殖业者 在有竞争力的成本下完成的。 未来,每个人就没有理由不做正确的事。
So somebody needs to connect the dots and give these developments a big kick in the butt. And that's what we've been working on the last couple of years, and that's what we need to be working on together -- rethinking everything from the ground up, with a holistic view across the value chain, connecting all these things across the globe, alongside great entrepreneurs that are willing to share a collective vision.
所以我们需要人来整合这些连结点, 并给这些发展有力的鼓励与推进。 这就是我们最近几年在做的事, 也是我们需要一起才能做到 从最基础开始,重新思考每件事, 用一个横跨整个价值链的 历史角度去思考, 跨越全球把这些事情联系在一起, 跟随愿意分享共同愿景的 伟大企业家。
Now is the time to create change in this industry and to push it into a sustainable direction. This industry is still young, much of its growth is still ahead. It's a big task, but not as far-fetched as you might think. It's possible.
现在就是改变这个产业的最佳时间点, 并把它推向一个永续发展的方向。 这个产业仍然很年轻, 仍有很大的成长空间。 这是个巨大的任务, 但没有你想像的那么遥远。 这是完全有可能的。
So we need to take pressure off the ocean. We want to eat good and healthy. And if we eat an animal, it needs to be one that had a happy and healthy life.
所以我们需要释放海洋的压力。 我们希望吃得好,吃的健康。 如果我们要吃动物, 它必须是那个拥有开心 及健康生命的动物。
We need to have a meal that we can trust, live long lives. And this is not just for people in San Francisco or Northern Europe -- this is for all of us. Even in the poorest countries, it's not just about money. People prefer something fresh and healthy that they can trust over something that comes from far away that they know nothing about. We're all the same.
我们需要我们能信得过的食品, 得以长寿。 而这不仅是为了旧金山或北欧人民-- 而是为了全人类。 甚至在最贫穷的国家, 这与金钱无关。 人们喜欢他们信得过、 新鲜健康的东西, 远胜于来自远方他们完全不懂得的东西。 我们都是一样的。
The day will come where people will realize -- no, demand -- farmed fish on their plate that's farmed well and that's farmed healthy -- and refuse anything less.
那一天终将来临, 人们会意识到,不,是要求, 在他们的地球上养殖鱼类 健康优秀地养殖, 并拒绝任何不健康的东西。
You can help speed this up. Ask questions when you order seafood. Where does my fish come from? Who raised it, and what did it eat? Information about where your fish comes from and how it was produced needs to be much more readily available. And consumers need to put pressure on the aquaculture industry to do the right thing.
你可以帮助这件事情加速。 当你要点海鲜时,记得问一问。 我的鱼是来自哪里? 是谁养的, 吃什么饲料? 有关于你的鱼的来源以及 它如何被生产出来的信息 需要变得更加容易取得。 而消费者需要施加更多的压力 在水产养殖业上 来帮助他们做正确的事情。
So every time you order, ask for detail and show that you really care about what you eat and what's been given to you. And eventually, they will listen. And all of us will benefit.
所以每一次你点餐时, 记得询问细节 并展现出你对你吃的 以及他们给你的食品十分在意。 最终,他们会听进去的。 我们都会受惠。
Thank you.
谢谢
(Applause)
掌声