I first became fascinated with octopus at an early age. I grew up in Mobile, Alabama -- somebody's got to be from Mobile, right? -- and Mobile sits at the confluence of five rivers, forming this beautiful delta. And the delta has alligators crawling in and out of rivers filled with fish and cypress trees dripping with snakes, birds of every flavor. It's an absolute magical wonderland to live in -- if you're a kid interested in animals, to grow up in. And this delta water flows to Mobile Bay, and finally into the Gulf of Mexico.
Moja opčinjenost hobotnicom počela je u ranom uzrastu. Odrastao sam u Mobilu, u Alabami - neko mora da bude i iz Mobila, zar ne? - Mobil leži na ušću pet reka, koje formiraju prelepu deltu. I delta ima aligatore koji puze kroz i oko reka ispunjenih ribom i čempresima sa kojih vise zmije, pticama svih vrsta. Potpuno magična zemlja čuda, ako ste dete zainteresovano za životinje, da se u njoj odrasta. Ova voda iz delte se uliva u zaliv Mobil i na kraju u Meksički zaliv.
And I remember my first real contact with octopus was probably at age five or six. I was in the gulf, and I was swimming around and saw a little octopus on the bottom. And I reached down and picked him up, and immediately became fascinated and impressed by its speed and its strength and agility. It was prying my fingers apart and moving to the back of my hand. It was all I could do to hold onto this amazing creature. Then it sort of calmed down in the palms of my hands and started flashing colors, just pulsing all of these colors. And as I looked at it, it kind of tucked its arms under it, raised into a spherical shape and turned chocolate brown with two white stripes. I'm going, "My gosh!" I had never seen anything like this in my life! So I marveled for a moment, and then decided it was time to release him, so I put him down. The octopus left my hands and then did the damnedest thing: It landed on the bottom in the rubble and -- fwoosh! -- vanished right before my eyes.
I sećam se da je moj prvi stvarni kontakt sa hobotnicom bio otprilike u uzrastu od pet ili šest godina. Bio sam u zalivu i plivao okolo i ugledao sam malu hobotnicu na dnu. Krenuo sam dole i pokupio je, i odmah sam bio opčinjen i impresioniran njenom brzinom, snagom i pokretljivošću. Zavlačila mi se između prstiju i pomerala na spoljni deo šake. Radio sam što sam mogao da zadržim ovo neverovatno stvorenje. Onda kao da se smirila na mojim dlanovima i počela da sija u raznim bojama, da pulsira ovim bojama. I kad sam je pogledao, kao da je smotala svoje ruke ispod sebe, uzdižući se u sferičan oblik i postala je čokoladne braon boje sa dve bele pruge. Rekao sam: "Bože!" Nikada nisam video ovako nešto u životu. Tako sam se divio nakratko i onda odlučio da je vreme da je pustim, i pustio sam je dole. Hobotnica je ispala iz mojih ruku i onda uradila najprokletiju stvar: pala je na dno u šljunak i - fuu - nestala tu pred mojim očima.
And I knew, right then, at age six, that is an animal that I want to learn more about. So I did. And I went off to college and got a degree in marine zoology, and then moved to Hawaii and entered graduate school at the University of Hawaii. And while a student at Hawaii, I worked at the Waikiki Aquarium. And the aquarium had a lot of big fish tanks but not a lot of invertebrate displays, and being the spineless guy, I thought, well I'll just go out in the field and collect these wonderful animals I had been learning about as a student and bring them in, and I built these elaborate sets and put them on display.
I znao sam baš tada, kad sam imao šest godina, da je to životinja o kojoj želim više da naučim. I jesam. Otišao sam na koledž i diplomirao morsku zoologiju, i onda sam se preselio na Havaje i upisao specijalizaciju na Univerzitetu Havaja. I dok sam bio student na Havajima, radio sam u Vaikiki akvarijumu. Akvarijum ima puno velikih rezervoara sa ribama ali ne puno eksponata beskičmenjaka, a s obzirom da sam i ja tip bez kičme, pomislio sam, jednostavno ću otići na teren i prikupiti ove divne životinje o kojima sam učio kao student i doneću ih i napraviti detaljne eksponate i izložiti ih.
Now, the fish in the tanks were gorgeous to look at, but they didn't really interact with people. But the octopus did. If you walked up to an octopus tank, especially early in the morning before anyone arrived, the octopus would rise up and look at you and you're thinking, "Is that guy really looking at me? He is looking at me!" And you walk up to the front of the tank. Then you realize that these animals all have different personalities: Some of them would hold their ground, others would slink into the back of the tank and disappear in the rocks, and one in particular, this amazing animal ... I went up to the front of the tank, and he's just staring at me, and he had little horns come up above his eyes. So I went right up to the front of the tank -- I was three or four inches from the front glass -- and the octopus was sitting on a perch, a little rock, and he came off the rock and he also came down right to the front of the glass. So I was staring at this animal about six or seven inches away, and at that time I could actually focus that close; now as I look at my fuzzy fingers I realize those days are long gone. Anyway, there we were, staring at each other, and he reaches down and grabs an armful of gravel and releases it in the jet of water entering the tank from the filtration system, and -- chk chk chk chk chk! -- this gravel hits the front of the glass and falls down. He reaches up, takes another armful of gravel, releases it -- chk chk chk chk chk! -- same thing. Then he lifts another arm and I lift an arm. Then he lifts another arm and I lift another arm. And then I realize the octopus won the arms race, because I was out and he had six left. (Laughter) But the only way I can describe what I was seeing that day was that this octopus was playing, which is a pretty sophisticated behavior for a mere invertebrate.
Ribe u akvarijumima su bile divne za gledanje, ali nisu baš reagovale na ljude. Ali hobotnica jeste. Ako biste došetali do akvarijuma sa hobotnicom, naročito rano ujutru pre nego što iko stigne, hobotnica bi se podigla i pogledala vas i pomislili biste: "Je l' ova stvarno gleda u mene? Gleda u mene!" I došetate ispred akvarijuma. Onda shvatite da ove životinje sve imaju različite ličnosti. Neke bi stajale čvrsto na mestu, druge bi se odšunjale pozadi i nestale u kamenju, a jedna posebno, ova neverovatna životinja... Došao sam do akvarijuma i ona je samo piljila u mene i imala je male rogove izbačene iznad očiju. I prišao sam skroz do akvarijuma - bio sam na 7 do 10 centimetara od stakla - i hobotnica je sedela na pritki, na malom kamenu, i sišla je s kamena i došla takođe do stakla. Buljio sam u ovu životinju udaljenu petnaestak centimetara, tada sam mogao da vidim tako blizu; sada, kad vidim mutno svoje prste, shvatam da su ti dani davno prošli. U svakom slučaju, bili smo tu, piljeći jedno u drugo i ona je posegnula ka dole i zagrabila šaku šljunka i pustila ga u mlaz vode koji je ulazio u akvarijum iz sistema za filtraciju i - ćk ćk ćk ćk ćk! - ovaj šljunak je udarao u staklo i padao dole. Posegnula je, uzela još jednu šaku šljunka, pustila ga ćk ćk ćk ćk ćk! - ista stvar. Onda je podigla još jednu ruku i ja sam podigao ruku. Onda je podigla još jednu ruku i ja sam podigao još jednu ruku. I onda sam shvatio da je hobotnica pobedila u takmičenju sa rukama, jer ja sam ostao bez, a ona je ostala sa još šest. (Smeh) Ali jedino kako bih mogao da opišem ono što sam video tog dana je da se ova hobotnica igrala, što je prilično sofisticirano ponašanje za običnog beskičmenjaka.
So, about three years into my degree, a funny thing happened on the way to the office, which actually changed the course of my life. A man came into the aquarium. It's a long story, but essentially he sent me and a couple of friends of mine to the South Pacific to collect animals for him, and as we left, he gave us two 16-millimeter movie cameras. He said, "Make a movie about this expedition." "OK, a couple of biologists making a movie -- this'll be interesting," and off we went. And we did, we made a movie, which had to be the worst movie ever made in the history of movie making, but it was a blast. I had so much fun. And I remember that proverbial light going off in my head, thinking, "Wait a minute. Maybe I can do this all the time. Yeah, I'll be a filmmaker." So I literally came back from that job, quit school, hung my filmmaking shingle and just never told anyone that I didn't know what I was doing. It's been a good ride. And what I learned in school though was really beneficial. If you're a wildlife filmmaker and you're going out into the field to film animals, especially behavior, it helps to have a fundamental background on who these animals are, how they work and, you know, a bit about their behaviors.
I otprilike na mojoj trećoj godini, desila se neobična stvar na putu do kancelarije, koja je promenila tok mog života. Jedan čovek je došao u akvarijum. To je duga priča ali u osnovi on je poslao mene i nekoliko mojih prijatelja na Južni Pacifik da prikupimo životinje za njega i kad smo odlazili dao nam je dve 16-milimetarske filmske kamere. Rekao je: "Snimite film o ovoj ekspediciji." "OK, nekoliko biologa koji snimaju film - to će biti interesantno." i otišli smo. I uradili smo to, snimili smo film koji je bio verovatno najgori film ikada snimljen u istoriji snimanja filmova, ali je bilo super. Tako dobro sam se zabavljao. I sećam se one poslovične sijalice koja mi se upalila, mislio sam: "Čekaj malo. Možda mogu ovo da radim stalno. Da, biću filmadžija." I bukvalno kad sam se vratio sa tog posla, napustio sam školu, zakačio filmadžijsku pločicu i prosto nikad nikom nisam rekao da nisam znao šta radim. Dobro sam se proveo. Ono što sam naučio u školi bilo je stvarno korisno. Ako pravite fimove o divljem svetu i idete na teren da snimate životinje, naročito njihovo ponašanje pomaže kada imate osnovno predznanje o tome ko su te životinje, kako funkcionišu i znate nešto o njihovom ponašanju.
But where I really learned about octopus was in the field, as a filmmaker making films with them, where you're allowed to spend large periods of time with the animals, seeing octopus being octopus in their ocean homes. I remember I took a trip to Australia, went to an island called One Tree Island. And apparently, evolution had occurred at a pretty rapid rate on One Tree, between the time they named it and the time I arrived, because I'm sure there were at least three trees on that island when we were there. Anyway, one tree is situated right next to a beautiful coral reef. In fact, there's a surge channel where the tide is moving back and forth, twice a day, pretty rapidly. And there's a beautiful reef, very complex reef, with lots of animals, including a lot of octopus. And not uniquely but certainly, the octopus in Australia are masters at camouflage. As a matter of fact, there's one right there. So our first challenge was to find these things, and that was a challenge, indeed. But the idea is, we were there for a month and I wanted to acclimate the animals to us so that we could see behaviors without disturbing them. So the first week was pretty much spent just getting as close as we could, every day a little closer, a little closer, a little closer. And you knew what the limit was: they would start getting twitchy and you'd back up, come back in a few hours. And after the first week, they ignored us. It was like, "I don't know what that thing is, but he's no threat to me." So they went on about their business and from a foot away, we're watching mating and courting and fighting and it is just an unbelievable experience.
Ali ono gde sam stvarno naučio o hobotnicama bilo je na terenu, kao filmadžija praveći filmove s njima, kad vam je omogućeno da provedete duge vremenske periode sa životinjama, gledajući kako su hobotnice ono što jesu u njihovim domovima u okeanu. Sećam se kad sam otputovao u Australiju, otišao na ostrvo zvano Ostrvo jednog drveta. I očigledno da se evolucija desila prilično brzim tempom na Ostrvu jednog drveta između trenutka kada je dobilo ime i trenutka kada sam ja stigao, jer siguran sam da je bilo najmanje tri drveta na tom ostrvu kada smo mi bili tamo. U svakom slučaju, jedno drvo je stajalo baš pored prelepog koralnog grebena. U stvari tamo se nalazi jedan uzburkani kanal gde se smenjuju plima i oseka, dvaput dnevno, prilično brzo. I prelepi greben, veoma kompleksan greben, sa mnoštvom životinja, uključujući i puno hobotnica. i što nije jedinstvena pojava, ali je sigurno, hobotnice u Australiji su majstori kamuflaže. U stvari, evo jedne baš ovde. Naš prvi zadatak je bio da nađemo ova stvorenja i to je bio pravi izazov. Ali ideja je bila, bili smo tamo mesec dana i želeo sam da naviknemo životinje na nas da bismo mogli da vidimo njihovo ponašanje a da ih ne uznemiravamo. Tako da smo prvu nedelju uglavnom potrošili približavajući se onoliko blizu koliko smo mogli, svakog dana malo bliže, malo bliže, malo bliže. I znali ste gde je granica: one bi počinjale da se grče i vi biste se povlačili i vraćali se za par sati. I posle prve nedelje, one su nas ignorisale. Bilo je kao: "Nemam pojma šta je ovo ali mi nije nikakva pretnja." Pa su nastavljale svojim poslom i sa 30 centimetara udaljenosti gledali smo parenje i udvaranje i borbu i to je prosto neverovatno iskustvo.
And one of the most fantastic displays that I remember, or at least visually, was a foraging behavior. And they had a lot of different techniques that they would use for foraging, but this particular one used vision. And they would see a coral head, maybe 10 feet away, and start moving over toward that coral head. And I don't know whether they actually saw crab in it, or imagined that one might be, but whatever the case, they would leap off the bottom and go through the water and land right on top of this coral head, and then the web between the arms would completely engulf the coral head, and they would fish out, swim for crabs. And as soon as the crabs touched the arm, it was lights out. And I always wondered what happened under that web. So we created a way to find out, (Laughter) and I got my first look at that famous beak in action. It was fantastic.
I jedan od najfantastičnijih prikaza kojeg se sećam, barem vizuelno, bilo je ponašanje u toku traženja hrane. One imaju puno različitih tehnika koje koriste za traženje hrane, ali ova konkretna je koristila čulo vida. Videle bi koral, udaljen oko tri metra i počele da se kreću ka tom koralu. Ne znam da li su videle krabu unutra ili pomislile da bi mogla biti tamo, ali šta god da je, odskočile bi od dna proletele kroz vodu i spustile se tačno na vrh ovog korala i onda bi opna između pipaka potpuno obuhvatila koral i pecale bi krabe. I čim bi krabe dodirnule pipak, smrkavalo bi im se. Uvek sam se pitao šta se desilo ispod te opne. Pa smo našli način da to utvrdimo (Smeh) i prvi put sam video taj famozni kljun u akciji. Bilo je fantastično.
If you're going to make a lot of films about a particular group of animals, you might as well pick one that's fairly common. And octopus are, they live in all the oceans. They also live deep. And I can't say octopus are responsible for my really strong interest in getting in subs and going deep, but whatever the case, I like that. It's like nothing you've ever done.
Ako hoćete da pravite puno filmova o određenoj grupi životinja, možda biste takođe izabrali neku koja je prilično uobičajena. I hobotnice to jesu, one žive u svim okeanima. Takođe žive u dubinama. I ne mogu da kažem da su hobotnice odgovorne za moje snažno interesovanje za ulaženje u podmornice i odlazak u dubine, ali šta god da je slučaj, to mi se sviđa. Ne može da se uporedi ni sa čim što ste ikada radili.
If you ever really want to get away from it all and see something that you have never seen, and have an excellent chance of seeing something no one has ever seen, get in a sub. You climb in, seal the hatch, turn on a little oxygen, turn on the scrubber, which removes the CO2 in the air you breathe, and they chuck you overboard. Down you go. There's no connection to the surface apart from a pretty funky radio. And as you go down, the washing machine at the surface calms down. And it gets quiet. And it starts getting really nice. And as you go deeper, that lovely, blue water you were launched in gives way to darker and darker blue. And finally, it's a rich lavender, and after a couple of thousand feet, it's ink black. And now you've entered the realm of the mid-water community.
Ako ste ikada želeli da pobegnete od svega i vidite nešto što nikad niste videli, i imate odličnu šansu da vidite nešto što nikad niko nije video, uđite u podmornicu. Popnete se unutra, zatvorite poklopac, uključite malo kiseonika, uključite pročišćivać koji uklanja CO2 u vazduhu koji udišete, i bace vas u more. Krenuli ste. Nemate nikakvu vezu sa površinom osim prilično čudnog radija. I kako idete nadole, veš mašina na površini se smiruje. I postaje mirno. Postaje stvarno prijatno. I kako idete dublje, ta divna, plava voda u koju su vas poslali postaje sve tamnije plava. I na kraju je boje lavande i posle oko jednog kilometra dubine je tamno crna. Sada ste ušli u kraljevstvo srednjih dubina.
You could give an entire talk about the creatures that live in the mid-water. Suffice to say though, as far as I'm concerned, without question, the most bizarre designs and outrageous behaviors are in the animals that live in the mid-water community. But we're just going to zip right past this area, this area that includes about 95 percent of the living space on our planet and go to the mid-ocean ridge, which I think is even more extraordinary.
Mogli biste imati ceo govor o stvorenjima koja žive na srednjim dubinama. Dovoljno je reći, što se mene tiče, da su nesumnjivo najbizarnijeg izgleda i najneverovatnijih ponašanja, životinje koje žive u zajednici srednjih dubina. Ali proletećemo pored ove oblasti, koja čini 95 procenata životnog prostora na našoj planeti, i otići do srednjeokeanskog grebena, koji je, ja mislim, još neverovatniji.
The mid-ocean ridge is a huge mountain range, 40,000 miles long, snaking around the entire globe. And they're big mountains, thousands of feet tall, some of which are tens of thousands of feet and bust through the surface, creating islands like Hawaii. And the top of this mountain range is splitting apart, creating a rift valley. And when you dive into that rift valley, that's where the action is because literally thousands of active volcanoes are going off at any point in time all along this 40,000 mile range. And as these tectonic plates are spreading apart, magma, lava is coming up and filling those gaps, and you're looking land -- new land -- being created right before your eyes. And over the tops of them is 3,000 to 4,000 meters of water creating enormous pressure, forcing water down through the cracks toward the center of the earth, until it hits a magma chamber where it becomes superheated and supersaturated with minerals, reverses its flow and starts shooting back to the surface and is ejected out of the earth like a geyser at Yellowstone. In fact, this whole area is like a Yellowstone National Park with all of the trimmings.
Srednjeokeanski greben je veliki planinski lanac. 65.000 kilometara dugačak, obavija celu zemljinu kuglu. To su velike planine, od oko hiljadu metara visine, od kojih neke i po više hiljada metara i probijaju se kroz površinu stvarajući ostrva kao što su Havaji. Vrh ovog planinskog lanca se razdvaja napola praveći dolinu na mestu rascepa. I kada zaronite u tu dolinu, to je mesto gde se dešava akcija jer bukvalno stotine aktivnih vulkana se aktivira u svakom momentu svuda duž ovih 65.000 kilometara lanca. I kako se ove tektonske ploče razdvajaju, magma, lava kreće nagore i ispunjava ove otvore, i vidite zemlju - novu zemlju - kako se stvara pred vašim očima. I iznad njihovih vrhova je 3.000 do 4.000 metara voda u kojoj se stvara ogroman pritisak, terajući vodu nadole kroz pukotine ka središtu Zemlje dok ne stigne do komore sa lavom gde postaje superzagrejana i superzasićena mineralima, okreće svoj tok i kreće nazad ka površini izbacuje se iz zemlje kao gejzir iz Jeloustouna. U stvari, cela ova oblast je kao Nacionalni park Jeloustoun sa svim svojim ukrasima.
And this vent fluid is about 600 or 700 degrees F. The surrounding water is just a couple of degrees above freezing. So it immediately cools, and it can no longer hold in suspension all of the material that it's dissolved, and it precipitates out, forming black smoke. And it forms these towers, these chimneys that are 10, 20, 30 feet tall. And all along the sides of these chimneys is shimmering with heat and loaded with life. You've got black smokers going all over the place and chimneys that have tube worms that might be eight to 10 feet long. And out of the tops of these tube worms are these beautiful red plumes. And living amongst the tangle of tube worms is an entire community of animals: shrimp, fish, lobsters, crab, clams and swarms of arthropods that are playing that dangerous game between over here is scalding hot and freezing cold.
Ova tečnost iz izvora ima oko 350 stepeni celzijusa. Voda u okolini je samo malo iznad tačke mržnjenja. Tako da se odmah hladi i ne može više da izdrži u suspenziji sav materijal koji je rastvoren i on pada na dno formirajući crni dim. I stvaraju se ovi tornjevi, ovi dimnjaci visoki tri, pet ili deset metara. Svuda duž strana ovih dimnjaka je vruće i prepuno života. Imate "crne pušače" svuda naokolo i dimnjake u kojima se nalaze cevasti crvi koji mogu biti dugački 2,5 do 3 metra. I iz vrhova ovih cevastih crva vire ova prelepa crvena pera. I u spletovima cevastih crva žive čitave zajednice životinja: morskih račića, riba, jastoga, kraba, školjki i jata zglavkara koji igraju ovu opasnu igru između ključanja na toploti unutra i smrzavanja napolju.
And this whole ecosystem wasn't even known about until 33 years ago. And it completely threw science on its head. It made scientists rethink where life on Earth might have actually begun. And before the discovery of these vents, all life on Earth, the key to life on Earth, was believed to be the sun and photosynthesis. But down there, there is no sun, there is no photosynthesis; it's chemosynthetic environment down there driving it, and it's all so ephemeral. You might film this unbelievable hydrothermal vent, which you think at the time has to be on another planet. It's amazing to think that this is actually on earth; it looks like aliens in an alien environment. But you go back to the same vent eight years later and it can be completely dead. There's no hot water. All of the animals are gone, they're dead, and the chimneys are still there creating a really nice ghost town, an eerie, spooky ghost town, but essentially devoid of animals, of course. But 10 miles down the ridge... pshhh! There's another volcano going. And there's a whole new hydrothermal vent community that has been formed. And this kind of life and death of hydrothermal vent communities is going on every 30 or 40 years all along the ridge.
I za ovaj ceo ekosistem se čak nije znalo do pre 33 godine. I kompletno je izvrnuo nauku naglavce. Naveo je naučnike da ponovo razmisle gde je život na Zemlji u stvari počeo. Pre otkrića ovih hidrotermalnih izvora, za sav život na Zemlji, verovalo se da je ključ sunce i fotosinteza. Ali tamo dole nema sunca, nema fotosinteze; hemosintetičko okruženje je pokretač tamo dole, i sve je tako kratkotrajno. Mogli biste da snimite ovaj neverovatni hidrotermalni izvor, i pomislite da to mora da je na nekoj drugoj planeti. Neverovatno je pomisliti da je ovo u stvari na zemlji; Izgleda kao vanzemaljci i vanzemaljsko okruženje. Ali vratite se do istog izvora osam godina kasnije i on može da bude potpuno mrtav. Bez tople vode. Sve životinje su otišle, uginule su, a dimnjaci su još tu stvarajući lep grad duhova, sablasan, jeziv grad duhova, ali u suštini lišen životinja naravno. ali 15 kilometara niz greben... pššš! Neki drugi vulkan eruptira. I evo potpuno nove zajednice hidrotermalnog izvora koja je formirana. Ovakva vrsta života i smrti zajednice hidrotermalnog izvora se dešava svakih 30 ili 40 godina duž celog grebena.
And that ephemeral nature of the hydrothermal vent community isn't really different from some of the areas that I've seen in 35 years of traveling around, making films. Where you go and film a really nice sequence at a bay. And you go back, and I'm at home, and I'm thinking, "Okay, what can I shoot ... Ah! I know where I can shoot that. There's this beautiful bay, lots of soft corals and stomatopods." And you show up, and it's dead. There's no coral, algae growing on it, and the water's pea soup. You think, "Well, what happened?" And you turn around, and there's a hillside behind you with a neighborhood going in, and bulldozers are pushing piles of soil back and forth. And over here there's a golf course going in. And this is the tropics. It's raining like crazy here. So this rainwater is flooding down the hillside, carrying with it sediments from the construction site, smothering the coral and killing it. And fertilizers and pesticides are flowing into the bay from the golf course -- the pesticides killing all the larvae and little animals, fertilizer creating this beautiful plankton bloom -- and there's your pea soup.
I ta prolazna priroda zajednice hidrotermalnog izvora u stvari se ne razlikuje od nekih oblasti koje sam video za 35 godina putovanja, praveći filmove. Gde odem i snimim lepu sekvencu u zalivu. I vratim se, kod kuće sam i razmišljam: "Okej, šta bih mogao da snimam... A! Znam gde mogu to da snimim. Tu je prelep zaliv, mnogo korala i stomatopoda." I dođete tamo i mrtvo je. Nema korala, alge rastu u njoj i voda je kao supa od graška. Pomislite: "Šta se desilo?" I okrenete se i tamo iza vas je obronak na kom nastaje naselje i buldožeri koji premeštaju gomile zemlje. I ovamo niče teren za golf. A ovo su tropi. Ovde pada kiša kao luda. Tako da voda od kiše teče niz obronak, noseći sa sobom talog sa gradilišta, i guši koral i ubija ga. Đubriva i pesticidi teku u zaliv sa igrališta za golf - pesticidi ubijaju sve larve i male životinje, đubrivo čini da prelepi plankton procveta - i eto supe od graška.
But, encouragingly, I've seen just the opposite. I've been to a place that was a pretty trashed bay. And I looked at it, just said, "Yuck," and go and work on the other side of the island. Five years later, come back, and that same bay is now gorgeous. It's beautiful. It's got living coral, fish all over the place, crystal clear water, and you go, "How did that happen?" Well, how it happened is the local community galvanized. They recognized what was happening on the hillside and put a stop to it; enacted laws and made permits required to do responsible construction and golf course maintenance and stopped the sediments flowing into the bay, and stopped the chemicals flowing into the bay, and the bay recovered. The ocean has an amazing ability to recover, if we'll just leave it alone.
Ali, što je ohrabrujuće, video sam upravo suprotno. Bio sam u zalivu koji je bio prilično uništen. Pogledao sam ga, samo sam rekao: "Bljak", i otišao da radim na drugoj strani ostrva. Pet godina kasnije, vratite se i taj isti zaliv je sada divan. Prelep je. Ima korale, ribe svuda naokolo, kristalno čistu vodu i kažete: "Kako se to desilo?" Pa, desilo se da ga je lokalna zajednica oživela. Prepoznali su šta se dešava na obronku i zaustavili su to; doneli su zakone i napravili potrebne dozvole za odgovornu gradnju i održavanje terena za golf i zaustavili uticanje sedimenata u zaliv, i zaustavili uticanje hemikalija i zaliv se oporavio. Okean ima neverovatnu sposobnost da se oporavi, ako ga samo ostavimo na miru.
I think Margaret Mead said it best. She said that a small group of thoughtful people could change the world. Indeed, it's the only thing that ever has. And a small group of thoughtful people changed that bay. I'm a big fan of grassroots organizations. I've been to a lot of lectures where, at the end of it, inevitably, one of the first questions that comes up is, "But, but what can I do? I'm an individual. I'm one person. And these problems are so large and global, and it's just overwhelming." Fair enough question.
Mislim da je Margaret Mid rekla najbolje. Rekla je da mala grupa umnih ljudi može da promeni svet. Stvarno, to je jedina stvar koja je ikad to uspela. I mala grupa umnih ljudi je promenila taj zaliv. Ja sam veliki ljubitelj samoniklih organizacija. Bio sam na puno predavanja gde, na kraju, neizbežno, jedno od prvih pitanja koje iskrsava je: "Ali šta mogu ja da uradim? Ja sam individua. Ja sam jedna osoba. I ovi problemi su tako veliki i globalni da je to prosto ogromno." Dobro pitanje.
My answer to that is don't look at the big, overwhelming issues of the world. Look in your own backyard. Look in your heart, actually. What do you really care about that isn't right where you live? And fix it. Create a healing zone in your neighborhood and encourage others to do the same. And maybe these healing zones can sprinkle a map, little dots on a map. And in fact, the way that we can communicate today -- where Alaska is instantly knowing what's going on in China, and the Kiwis did this, and then over in England they tried to ... and everybody is talking to everyone else -- it's not isolated points on a map anymore, it's a network we've created. And maybe these healing zones can start growing, and possibly even overlap, and good things can happen. So that's how I answer that question. Look in your own backyard, in fact, look in the mirror. What can you do that is more responsible than what you're doing now? And do that, and spread the word. The vent community animals can't really do much about the life and death that's going on where they live, but up here we can. In theory, we're thinking, rational human beings. And we can make changes to our behavior that will influence and affect the environment, like those people changed the health of that bay.
Moj odgovor na to je da ne gledate velike, ogromne svetske probleme. Pogledajte u svoje dvorište. Pogledajte u svoje srce u stvari. Zar nije ono što vas stvarno zanima - ono gde živite? I popravite to. Napravite lekovitu zonu u vašem komšiluku i ohrabrite druge da urade isto. I možda te lekovite zone mogu da se pojave na mapi, tačkice na mapi. I u stvari, način na koji komuniciramo danas gde Aljaska odmah zna šta se dešava u Kini, na Novom Zelandu su uradili ovo, u Engleskoj su pokušali da... i svako razgovara sa svakim - to nisu više izolovane tačke na mapi to je mreža koju smo napravili. I možda ove lekovite zone mogu da počnu da rastu i možda čak preklapaju, i dobre stvari mogu da se dese. I tako ja odgovaram na to pitanje. Pogledajte u sopstveno dvorište, u stvari, pogledajte u ogledalo. Šta možete da uradite što je odgovornije od onog što činite sada? I uradite to i proširite glas. Životinjske zajednice hidrotermalnih izvora ne mogu mnogo da urade u vezi sa životom i smrću koji se dešavaju tamo gde oni žive, ali mi ovde možemo. U teoriji, mi razmišljamo, kao razumna ljudska bića. I možemo da pravimo promene u našem ponašanju koje će uticati i delovati na okolinu, kao oni ljudi koji su izlečili onaj zaliv.
Now, Sylvia's TED Prize wish was to beseech us to do anything we could, everything we could, to set aside not pin pricks, but significant expanses of the ocean for preservation, "hope spots," she calls them. And I applaud that. I loudly applaud that. And it's my hope that some of these "hope spots" can be in the deep ocean, an area that has historically been seriously neglected, if not abused. The term "deep six" comes to mind: "If it's too big or too toxic for a landfill, deep six it!" So, I hope that we can also keep some of these "hope spots" in the deep sea. Now, I don't get a wish, but I certainly can say that I will do anything I can to support Sylvia Earle's wish. And that I do.
Silvijina TEDPrize želja je bila molba da uradimo sve, sve što možemo, da izdvojimo, ne tačkice, nego značajna prostranstva okeana za zaštitu, "tačke nade", kako ih je nazvala. I ja aplaudiram tome. Glasno aplaudiram tome. I nadam se da neka od tih "tačaka nade" može da bude u dubokom okeanu, u oblasti koja je kroz istoriju bila ozbiljno zapostavljena, ako ne i zlostavljana. Izraz "baciti s palube" mi pada na pamet: "Ako je suviše veliko ili toksično za deponiju, baci ga s palube!" Nadam se da možemo takođe da sačuvamo neke od ovih "tačaka nade" u dubinama. Ja ne dobijam želju ali sigurno mogu da kažem da ću učiniti sve što mogu da podržim želju Silvije Erl. I to činim.
Thank you very much. (Applause)
Hvala vam puno. (Aplauz)