On June 12, 2014, precisely at 3:33 in a balmy winter afternoon in São Paulo, Brazil, a typical South American winter afternoon, this kid, this young man that you see celebrating here like he had scored a goal, Juliano Pinto, 29 years old, accomplished a magnificent deed. Despite being paralyzed and not having any sensation from mid-chest to the tip of his toes as the result of a car crash six years ago that killed his brother and produced a complete spinal cord lesion that left Juliano in a wheelchair, Juliano rose to the occasion, and on this day did something that pretty much everybody that saw him in the six years deemed impossible. Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick of the 2014 Brazilian World Soccer Cup here just by thinking. He could not move his body, but he could imagine the movements needed to kick a ball. He was an athlete before the lesion. He's a para-athlete right now. He's going to be in the Paralympic Games, I hope, in a couple years. But what the spinal cord lesion did not rob from Juliano was his ability to dream. And dream he did that afternoon, for a stadium of about 75,000 people and an audience of close to a billion watching on TV.
Na dan 12. juna 2014, tačno u 3:33h prijatnog zimskog popodneva u Sao Paulu u Brazilu, tipičnog južnoameričkog zimskog popodneva, ovo dete, ovaj mladić, koga vidite kako slavi ovde kao da je postigao gol, Žulijano Pinto, star 29 godina, ostvario je veličanstven uspeh. Iako je paralizovan i nema nikakvog osećaja od polovine grudi do vrhova prstiju na nogama, što je posledica saobraćajne nesreće od pre šest godina, u kojoj mu je poginuo brat i koja je uzrokovala potpunu leziju kičme, ostavljajući Žulijana u kolicima. Žulijano se pokazao doraslim izazovu, i toga dana je uradio nešto što su svi, koji su ga gledali ovih šest godina, smatrali nemogućim. Žulijano Pinto je zadao početni udarac na Svetskom fudbalskom prvenstvu 2014. ovde u Brazilu, i to samo razmišljajući. Nije mogao da pomeri telo, ali mogao je da zamisli pokrete neophodne za šut. Bio je sportista pre lezije. Sada je parasportista. Učestvovaće na Paraolimpijadi, nadam se, za par godina. Ali ono što lezija kičmene moždine nije oduzela Žulijanu je njegova sposobnost da sanja. A zaista je dosanjao tog popodneva, na stadionu pred 75,000 ljudi i pred publikom od skoro milijardu koji su gledali preko TV-a.
And that kick crowned, basically, 30 years of basic research studying how the brain, how this amazing universe that we have between our ears that is only comparable to universe that we have above our head because it has about 100 billion elements talking to each other through electrical brainstorms, what Juliano accomplished took 30 years to imagine in laboratories and about 15 years to plan.
I taj šut je praktično krunisao 30 godina temeljnog istraživanja, izučavanja kako mozak, kako ovaj neverovatni univerzum između naših ušiju, koji je jedino uporediv s univerzumom nad nama jer ima oko 100 milijardi elemenata koji razgovaraju međusobno preko električnih talasa. Žulijanovo dostignuće je 30 godina osmišljavano u laboratorijama i trebalo je 15 godina da se isplanira.
When John Chapin and I, 15 years ago, proposed in a paper that we would build something that we called a brain-machine interface, meaning connecting a brain to devices so that animals and humans could just move these devices, no matter how far they are from their own bodies, just by imagining what they want to do, our colleagues told us that we actually needed professional help, of the psychiatry variety. And despite that, a Scot and a Brazilian persevered, because that's how we were raised in our respective countries, and for 12, 15 years, we made demonstration after demonstration suggesting that this was possible.
Kada smo Džon Čapin i ja, pre 15 godina, u naučnom radu izjavili da ćemo da sagradimo nešto što smo zvali interfejs za um i mašinu, što je podrazumevalo povezivanje mozga i uređaja, kako bi životinje i ljudi mogli da pomeraju te uređaje, ma koliko bili daleko od svojih tela, samo zamišljajući šta žele da urade. Kolege su nam rekle da nam je zapravo potrebna stručna pomoć, psihijatrijske struke. I uprkos tome, Škot i Brazilac su bili istrajni jer su nas tako vaspitali u našim cenjenim zemljama, i između 12 i 15 godina, radili smo probu za probom, nagoveštavajući da je ovo moguće.
And a brain-machine interface is not rocket science, it's just brain research. It's nothing but using sensors to read the electrical brainstorms that a brain is producing to generate the motor commands that have to be downloaded to the spinal cord, so we projected sensors that can read hundreds and now thousands of these brain cells simultaneously, and extract from these electrical signals the motor planning that the brain is generating to actually make us move into space. And by doing that, we converted these signals into digital commands that any mechanical, electronic, or even a virtual device can understand so that the subject can imagine what he, she or it wants to make move, and the device obeys that brain command. By sensorizing these devices with lots of different types of sensors, as you are going to see in a moment, we actually sent messages back to the brain to confirm that that voluntary motor will was being enacted, no matter where -- next to the subject, next door, or across the planet. And as this message gave feedback back to the brain, the brain realized its goal: to make us move. So this is just one experiment that we published a few years ago, where a monkey, without moving its body, learned to control the movements of an avatar arm, a virtual arm that doesn't exist. What you're listening to is the sound of the brain of this monkey as it explores three different visually identical spheres in virtual space. And to get a reward, a drop of orange juice that monkeys love, this animal has to detect, select one of these objects by touching, not by seeing it, by touching it, because every time this virtual hand touches one of the objects, an electrical pulse goes back to the brain of the animal describing the fine texture of the surface of this object, so the animal can judge what is the correct object that he has to grab, and if he does that, he gets a reward without moving a muscle. The perfect Brazilian lunch: not moving a muscle and getting your orange juice.
A interfejs za um i mašinu nije naučna fantastika, to je prosto izučavanje mozga. To je prosto korišćenje senzora koji čitaju električne moždane talase proizvedene u mozgu kako bi proizveli motorne komande koje moraju da se očitaju u kičmenoj moždini. Pa smo projektovali senzore koji mogu da čitaju na stotine, a sada na hiljade, ovih moždanih ćelija istovremeno i da izdvoje iz ovih električnih signala motorno planiranje koje se dešava u mozgu zbog koga se zapravo pomeramo u prostoru. Tim smo postupkom pretvorili ove signale u digitalne komande koje bilo koji mehanički, elektronski ili pak virtuelni uređaj može razumeti. Tako subjekat može da zamisli šta on, ona ili ono želi da pomeri, i uređaj se povinuje toj komandi. Opskrbljavajući ove uređaje s mnogo različitih tipova senzora, kao što ćete uskoro i da vidite, zapravo smo poslali poruke nazad u mozak da bismo potvrdili da se odigrava slobodna motorna volja, bez obzira na to gde ste - pored subjekta, u komšiluku ili na drugoj strani sveta. I kada ova poruka pošalje povratnu informaciju mozgu, mozak postaje svestan svog cilja: pokretanje tela. Ovo je samo jedan eksperiment koji smo objavili pre nekoliko godina, u kome je majmun, bez pokretanja tela, naučio da kontroliše pokrete avatarske ruke, virtuelne ruke koja ne postoji. Ono što čujete je zvuk mozga ovog majmuna dok istražuje tri različite, mada vizuelno identične sfere u virtuelnom prostoru. A da bi dobio nagradu, kap soka od pomorandže, koga majmuni obožavaju, ova životinja mora da otkrije, da izabere jedan od ovih objekata dodirivanjem, ne gledanjem, već dodirivanjem, jer svaki put kada ova virtuelna ruka dodirne jedan od objekata, električni impuls se vraća u mozak životinje opisujući finu teksturu površine ovog objekta, te životinja može da proceni koji je pravi objekat koji mora da zgrabi, a ako tako postupi, dobija nagradu, ne pomerivši ni jedan mišić. Savršen brazilski ručak: ne pomeriš ni jedan mišić, a dobiješ sok od pomorandže.
So as we saw this happening, we actually came and proposed the idea that we had published 15 years ago. We reenacted this paper. We got it out of the drawers, and we proposed that perhaps we could get a human being that is paralyzed to actually use the brain-machine interface to regain mobility. The idea was that if you suffered -- and that can happen to any one of us. Let me tell you, it's very sudden. It's a millisecond of a collision, a car accident that transforms your life completely. If you have a complete lesion of the spinal cord, you cannot move because your brainstorms cannot reach your muscles. However, your brainstorms continue to be generated in your head. Paraplegic, quadriplegic patients dream about moving every night. They have that inside their head. The problem is how to get that code out of it and make the movement be created again.
Kako smo videli da ovo deluje, zapravo smo se vratili i predložili ideju koju smo objavili pre 15 godina. Ova studija je ponovo stupila na snagu. Izvadili smo je iz fioke, i predložili smo da bismo možda mogli da navedemo paralisano ljudsko biće da koristi interfejs za um i mašinu kako bi povratilo pokretljivost. Zamisao je da, ako ste pretrpeli - a to se može desiti svakome od nas. Da vam kažem, to se iznenada desi. To je sudar u milisekundi, automobilska nesreća koja vam u potpunosti promeni život. Ako imate potpunu leziju kičmene moždine, ne možete da se pomerate jer moždani talasi ne stižu do vaših mišića. Ipak, vaši moždani talasi nastavljaju da se stvaraju u vašoj glavi. Pacijenti paraplegičari, kvadriplegičari svake noći sanjaju da se pokreću. To im je u glavi. Problem je kako preneti taj kod napolje i učiniti da se taj pokret ponovo izvede.
So what we proposed was, let's create a new body. Let's create a robotic vest. And that's exactly why Juliano could kick that ball just by thinking, because he was wearing the first brain-controlled robotic vest that can be used by paraplegic, quadriplegic patients to move and to regain feedback.
Pa smo predložili da napravimo novo telo. Hajde da napravimo robotski prsluk. I baš zbog toga je Žulijano mogao da šutne loptu, samo razmišljajući, jer je nosio prvi robotski prsluk koga kontroliše mozak, a koji mogu da koriste paraplegičari, kvadriplegičari da bi se kretali i da bi povratili osećaj dodira.
That was the original idea, 15 years ago. What I'm going to show you is how 156 people from 25 countries all over the five continents of this beautiful Earth, dropped their lives, dropped their patents, dropped their dogs, wives, kids, school, jobs, and congregated to come to Brazil for 18 months to actually get this done. Because a couple years after Brazil was awarded the World Cup, we heard that the Brazilian government wanted to do something meaningful in the opening ceremony in the country that reinvented and perfected soccer until we met the Germans, of course. (Laughter) But that's a different talk, and a different neuroscientist needs to talk about that. But what Brazil wanted to do is to showcase a completely different country, a country that values science and technology, and can give a gift to millions, 25 million people around the world that cannot move any longer because of a spinal cord injury. Well, we went to the Brazilian government and to FIFA and proposed, well, let's have the kickoff of the 2014 World Cup be given by a Brazilian paraplegic using a brain-controlled exoskeleton that allows him to kick the ball and to feel the contact of the ball. They looked at us, thought that we were completely nuts, and said, "Okay, let's try." We had 18 months to do everything from zero, from scratch. We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients, we had nothing done. These people came all together and in 18 months, we got eight patients in a routine of training and basically built from nothing this guy, that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1. The first brain-controlled exoskeleton to be built was named after the most famous Brazilian scientist ever, Alberto Santos Dumont, who, on October 19, 1901, created and flew himself the first controlled airship on air in Paris for a million people to see. Sorry, my American friends, I live in North Carolina, but it was two years before the Wright Brothers flew on the coast of North Carolina. (Applause) Flight control is Brazilian. (Laughter)
To je bila osnovna zamisao pre 15 godina. Sada ću vam pokazati kako je 156 ljudi iz 25 država sa svih pet kontinenata ove divne Zemlje, napustilo svoje svakodnevene živote, napustilo svoje patente, napustilo svoje pse, supruge, decu, školu, posao i kako su se okupili u Brazilu na 18 meseci kako bismo ovo ostvarili. Jer smo, nekoliko godina nakon što je Brazilu dodeljeno Svetsko prvenstvo, čuli da brazilska vlada želi da učini nešto značajno na ceremoniji otvaranja, u zemlji koja je nanovo izmislila i usavršila fudbal, sve dok nismo sreli Nemce, naravno. (Smeh) No to je druga tema, i drugačiji neuronaučnik bi trebalo da govori o tome. Ali Brazil je želeo da se pokaže u potpuno novom svetlu, kao država koja ceni nauku i tehnologiju i da može da ponudi poklon milionima, za 25 miliona ljudi širom sveta, koji se više ne mogu pokretati zbog povrede kičmene moždine. Otišli smo u brazilsku vladu i u FIFA-u i predložili, hajde da početni udarac Svetskog kupa 2014. zada brazilski paraplegičar, koristeći umom kontrolisan egzoskelet koji mu omogućuje da šutira loptu i da oseti kontakt s loptom. Pogledali su nas, pomislili su da smo načisto poludeli i rekli: "Važi, pokušajmo to." Imali smo 18 meseci da sve uradimo od nule, od početka. Nismo imali egzoskelet, nismo imali pacijente, nismo imali ništa gotovo. Ovi su se ljudi okupili i za 18 meseci, imali smo osam pacijenata koji su vežbali i praktično smo iz ničega sagradili ovog momka, koga smo nazvali Bra-Santos Dumon 1. Prvi ikada napravljeni egzoskelet koga kontroliše um je nazvan po najpoznatijem brazilskom naučniku, Albertu Santosu Dumonu, koji je 19. oktobra 1901. napravio i sam upravljao prvim pilotnim avionom, u vazduhu u Parizu na očigled milion ljudi. Izvinjavam se, moji američki prijatelji, živim u Severnoj Karolini, ali ovo je bilo dve godine pre nego što su braća Rajt letela obalom Severne Karoline. (Aplauz) Brazilci su gospodari letenja. (Smeh)
So we went together with these guys and we basically put this exoskeleton together, 15 degrees of freedom, hydraulic machine that can be commanded by brain signals recorded by a non-invasive technology called electroencephalography that can basically allow the patient to imagine the movements and send his commands to the controls, the motors, and get it done. This exoskeleton was covered with an artificial skin invented by Gordon Cheng, one of my greatest friends, in Munich, to allow sensation from the joints moving and the foot touching the ground to be delivered back to the patient through a vest, a shirt. It is a smart shirt with micro-vibrating elements that basically delivers the feedback and fools the patient's brain by creating a sensation that it is not a machine that is carrying him, but it is he who is walking again.
Sastali smo se sa ovim momcima i u suštini smo sastavili ovaj egzoskelet ovih 15 stepeni slobode, hidrauličnu mašinu kojom upravljaju moždani signali snimljeni neinvazivnom tehnologijom, koja se zove elektroencefalografija koja u suštini omogućuje pacijentu da zamisli pokrete i pošalje svoje komande upravljačima, motorima i da to i obavi. Ovaj egzoskelet je prekriven veštačkom kožom koju je izumeo Gordon Čeng iz Minhena, jedan od mojih najboljih prijatelja, kako bi omogućio da osećaj pokretanja zglobova i dodirivanja tla bude vraćen pacijentu preko prsluka, košulje. To je pametna košulja sa mikrovibrirajućim elementima koja u suštini dostavlja povratnu informaciju i obmanjuje mozak pacijenta tako što stvara osećaj da ga ne nosi mašina, već da on sam hoda ponovo.
So we got this going, and what you'll see here is the first time one of our patients, Bruno, actually walked. And he takes a few seconds because we are setting everything, and you are going to see a blue light cutting in front of the helmet because Bruno is going to imagine the movement that needs to be performed, the computer is going to analyze it, Bruno is going to certify it, and when it is certified, the device starts moving under the command of Bruno's brain. And he just got it right, and now he starts walking. After nine years without being able to move, he is walking by himself. And more than that -- (Applause) -- more than just walking, he is feeling the ground, and if the speed of the exo goes up, he tells us that he is walking again on the sand of Santos, the beach resort where he used to go before he had the accident. That's why the brain is creating a new sensation in Bruno's head.
Tako smo ovo pokrenuli i ono što ćete ovde da vidite je prvi put da je jedan od naših pacijenata, Bruno, zapravo hodao. Potrebno mu je nekoliko sekundi jer moramo sve da podesimo, i videćete plavo svetlo kako blešti ispred šlema jer Bruno mora da zamisli pokret koji bi trebalo izvesti, kompjuter će to da analizira, Bruno će da potvrdi, i nakon potvrde, uređaj počinje da se kreće pod komandom Brunovog uma. Upravo je uspeo i sada počinje da se kreće. Posle devet godina nepokretnosti, sada sam može da hoda. I više od toga - (Aplauz) - ne samo da hoda, on oseća tlo pod nogama, a ako egzoskelet ubrza, kaže nam kako ponovo hoda po pesku Santosa, odmarališta na plaži gde je išao pre nesreće. To je zato što mozak stvara novi osećaj u Brunovoj glavi.
So he walks, and at the end of the walk -- I am running out of time already -- he says, "You know, guys, I need to borrow this thing from you when I get married, because I wanted to walk to the priest and see my bride and actually be there by myself. Of course, he will have it whenever he wants.
Dakle, on hoda, a pred kraj šetnje - već mi ističe vreme - kaže: "Znate, ljudi, moraću da pozajmim od vas ovu stvar kad se budem ženio, jer želim da odšetam do sveštenika i da vidim svoju nevestu i zapravo da sam stojim tamo." Naravno da može da ga koristi, kad god poželi.
And this is what we wanted to show during the World Cup, and couldn't, because for some mysterious reason, FIFA cut its broadcast in half. What you are going to see very quickly is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick a few minutes before we went to the pitch and did the real thing in front of the entire crowd, and the lights you are going to see just describe the operation. Basically, the blue lights pulsating indicate that the exo is ready to go. It can receive thoughts and it can deliver feedback, and when Juliano makes the decision to kick the ball, you are going to see two streams of green and yellow light coming from the helmet and going to the legs, representing the mental commands that were taken by the exo to actually make that happen. And in basically 13 seconds, Juliano actually did. You can see the commands. He gets ready, the ball is set, and he kicks. And the most amazing thing is, 10 seconds after he did that, and looked at us on the pitch, he told us, celebrating as you saw, "I felt the ball." And that's priceless. (Applause)
Ovo smo želeli da pokažemo za vreme Svetskog prvenstva, ali nismo mogli, jer je FIFA, iz tajanstvenih razloga, skratila prenos na pola. Na brzinu ćete da vidite kako Žulijano Pinto u egzoskeletu izvodi šut, nekoliko minuta pre nego što smo izašli na teren i to zvanično odradili pred celokupnom publikom, a svetla koja ćete da vidite samo ilustruju proces. U suštini, plava pulsirajuća svetla signaliziraju da je egzoskelet spreman. Može da prima misli i da dostavi povratnu informaciju, pa kada Žulijano odluči da šutira loptu, videćete dva snopa zelene i žute svetlosti koji se kreću od šlema do nogu, a koji predstavljaju mentalne komande koje je preuzeo egzoskelet kako bi ih realizovao. I za 13 sekundi, Žulijano ih jeste realizovao. Vidite komande. On se priprema, lopta je spremna i on šutira. A najneverovatnije je da je 10 sekundi kasnije, pogledao u nas na terenu, rekao nam, slaveći, kao što ste videli: "Osetio sam loptu." A to je neprocenjivo. (Aplauz)
So where is this going to go? I have two minutes to tell you that it's going to the limits of your imagination. Brain-actuating technology is here. This is the latest: We just published this a year ago, the first brain-to-brain interface that allows two animals to exchange mental messages so that one animal that sees something coming from the environment can send a mental SMS, a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo, to the second animal, and the second animal performs the act that he needed to perform without ever knowing what the environment was sending as a message, because the message came from the first animal's brain.
Kuda sve ovo vodi? Imam dva minuta da vam kažem da nas vodi do krajnjih granica naše mašte. Tehnologija upravljanja uz pomoć uma je tu. Ovo je najsvežije: objavljeno je pre samo godinu dana, prvi interfejs za dva mozga koji omogućuje dvema životinjama da razmenjuju mentalne poruke tako da životinja koja nešto vidi u okolini može da pošalje mentalni SMS, torpedo, neurofiziološki torpedo, drugoj životinji, a druga životinja uradi ono što je neophodno da uradi, a da ni ne zna kakvu joj poruku okolina šalje, jer je poruka stigla iz mozga prve životinje.
So this is the first demo. I'm going to be very quick because I want to show you the latest. But what you see here is the first rat getting informed by a light that is going to show up on the left of the cage that he has to press the left cage to basically get a reward. He goes there and does it. And the same time, he is sending a mental message to the second rat that didn't see any light, and the second rat, in 70 percent of the times is going to press the left lever and get a reward without ever experiencing the light in the retina.
Ovo je prvi demo snimak. Biću veoma brz jer želim da vam prikažem najnoviji. Ovde vidite kako prvi pacov dobija informaciju, uz pomoć svetla koje se vidi na levoj strani kaveza, da mora da pritisne levu polugu da bi dobio nagradu. On odlazi i tako i radi. Istovremeno šalje mentalnu poruku drugom pacovu koji nije video nikakvo svetlo, i drugi pacov će, u 70 posto slučajeva, da pritisne levu polugu i da dobije nagradu, a da njegova mrežnjača nikada nije osetila svetlo.
Well, we took this to a little higher limit by getting monkeys to collaborate mentally in a brain net, basically to donate their brain activity and combine them to move the virtual arm that I showed you before, and what you see here is the first time the two monkeys combine their brains, synchronize their brains perfectly to get this virtual arm to move. One monkey is controlling the x dimension, the other monkey is controlling the y dimension. But it gets a little more interesting when you get three monkeys in there and you ask one monkey to control x and y, the other monkey to control y and z, and the third one to control x and z, and you make them all play the game together, moving the arm in 3D into a target to get the famous Brazilian orange juice. And they actually do. The black dot is the average of all these brains working in parallel, in real time. That is the definition of a biological computer, interacting by brain activity and achieving a motor goal.
Otišli smo korak dalje tako što smo naveli majmune da sarađuju, umreživši njihove mozgove, da u suštini predaju svoju moždanu aktivnost i da je kombinuju da bi pokrenuli virtuelnu ruku koju sam pokazao malopre, i ovde vidite kako majmuni prvi put udružuju svoje mozgove, savršeno usklađuju svoje mozgove da bi pokrenuli ovu virtuelnu ruku. Jedan majmun kontroliše x dimenziju, drugi kontroliše y dimenziju. Ali postaje još zanimljivije kada ubacite tri majmuna i zatražite od jednog da kontroliše x i y, od drugog da kontroliše y i z i od trećeg da kontroliše x i z, i navedete sve njih da zajedno igraju igru, da pomeraju ruku u 3D-u do mete kako bi dobili čuveni brazilski sok od pomorandže. I zapravo su uspeli. Crna tačka je presek svih ovih mozgova koji rade paralelno, u realnom vremenu. To je definicija biološkog kompjutera, saradnja uz pomoć moždane aktivnosti i postizanje motornog cilja.
Where is this going? We have no idea. We're just scientists. (Laughter) We are paid to be children, to basically go to the edge and discover what is out there. But one thing I know: One day, in a few decades, when our grandchildren surf the Net just by thinking, or a mother donates her eyesight to an autistic kid who cannot see, or somebody speaks because of a brain-to-brain bypass, some of you will remember that it all started on a winter afternoon in a Brazilian soccer field with an impossible kick.
Kuda sve ovo vodi? Pojma nemamo. Mi smo samo naučnici. (Smeh) Plaćaju nas da budemo deca, da prosto zavirimo u nepoznato i otkrijemo šta se tamo nalazi. Ali jedno znam: jednog dana, za nekoliko decenija, kada naša deca budu surfovala netom pukim razmišljanjem, ili kada majka donira svoj vid autističnom slepom detetu ili kada neko progovori zahvaljujući bajpasu između dva mozga, neki od vas će se setiti da je sve počelo jednog zimskog popodneva na fudbalskom stadionu u Brazilu, s nemogućim šutom.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
Thank you.
Hvala.
Bruno Giussani: Miguel, thank you for sticking to your time. I actually would have given you a couple more minutes, because there are a couple of points we want to develop, and, of course, clearly it seems that we need connected brains to figure out where this is going. So let's connect all this together. So if I'm understanding correctly, one of the monkeys is actually getting a signal and the other monkey is reacting to that signal just because the first one is receiving it and transmitting the neurological impulse.
Bruno Đusani: Hvala što si ispoštovao vreme. Zapravo bih ti dao još par minuta, jer ima još nekoliko tačaka koje želimo da obrazložimo i, očigledno su nam potrebni umreženi mozgovi da bismo shvatili kuda ovo vodi. Pa, hajde da sve ovo povežemo. Ako sam dobro shvatio, jedan od majmuna dobija signal, a drugi majmun reaguje na taj signal, samo zato što ga prvi dobija i prenosi neurološki impuls.
Miguel Nicolelis: No, it's a little different. No monkey knows of the existence of the other two monkeys. They are getting a visual feedback in 2D, but the task they have to accomplish is 3D. They have to move an arm in three dimensions. But each monkey is only getting the two dimensions on the video screen that the monkey controls. And to get that thing done, you need at least two monkeys to synchronize their brains, but the ideal is three. So what we found out is that when one monkey starts slacking down, the other two monkeys enhance their performance to get the guy to come back, so this adjusts dynamically, but the global synchrony remains the same. Now, if you flip without telling the monkey the dimensions that each brain has to control, like this guy is controlling x and y, but he should be controlling now y and z, instantaneously, that animal's brain forgets about the old dimensions and it starts concentrating on the new dimensions. So what I need to say is that no Turing machine, no computer can predict what a brain net will do. So we will absorb technology as part of us. Technology will never absorb us. It's simply impossible.
Migel Nikolelis: Nije baš tako. Nijedan majmun ne zna da postoje druga dva majmuna. Dobijaju vizuelnu informaciju u 2D-u, ali je zadatak koji moraju da obave u 3D-u. Moraju da pomeraju ruku u tri dimenzije. Ali svaki majmun jedino dobija dve dimenzije na ekranu koje kontroliše. I kako biste uspeli, potrebno vam je da dva majmuna sinhronizuju svoje mozgove, ali idealno bi bilo tri. Otkrili smo da kada jedan majmun počne da otaljava, druga dva pojačaju svoj učinak kako bi se treći vratio, tako se ovo dinamično podešava, ali sinhronicitet u globalu ostaje isti. Sad, ako preokrenete, a da ne saopštite majmunu, dimenzije koje svaki mozak mora da kontroliše, na primer, ovaj momak kontroliše x i y, ali sad bi trebalo da kontroliše y i z, istog momenta, mozak ove životinje zaboravlja stare dimenzije i počinje da se usredsređuje na nove. Ono što želim reći je da nijedna Tjuringova mašina, nijedan kompjuter ne može da predvidi šta će umreženi mozgovi da urade. Tako ćemo upijati tehnologiju kao deo nas. Tehnologija nikada neće upiti nas. To je prosto nemoguće.
BG: How many times have you tested this? And how many times have you succeeded versus failed?
BĐ: Koliko ste puta ovo testirali? I koliko ste puta bili uspešni, a koliko ne?
MN: Oh, tens of times. With the three monkeys? Oh, several times. I wouldn't be able to talk about this here unless I had done it a few times. And I forgot to mention, because of time, that just three weeks ago, a European group just demonstrated the first man-to-man brain-to-brain connection. BG: And how does that play? MN: There was one bit of information -- big ideas start in a humble way -- but basically the brain activity of one subject was transmitted to a second object, all non-invasive technology. So the first subject got a message, like our rats, a visual message, and transmitted it to the second subject. The second subject received a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex, or a different pulse, two different pulses. In one pulse, the subject saw something. On the other pulse, he saw something different. And he was able to verbally indicate what was the message the first subject was sending through the Internet across continents.
MN: Oh, na desetine puta. Sa tri majmuna? Nekoliko puta. Ne bih mogao ovde da govorim o tome da nisam to uradio nekoliko puta. I zaboravio sam da pomenem, zbog vremena, da je pre samo tri nedelje, grupa iz Evrope demonstrirala prvu direktnu vezu između dva ljudska mozga. BĐ: I kako to izgleda? MN: Imali su bit informacije - velike ideje nastaju na skroman način - ali u suštini, moždana aktivnost jednog subjekta prenesena je do drugog objekta, sve to neinvazivnom tehnologijom. Tako je prvi subjekt primio poruku, poput pacova, vizuelnu poruku, i preneo je drugom subjektu. Drugi subjekt je primio magnetni impuls u vizuelnom korteksu, iliti različit impuls, dva različita impulsa. Jednim impulsom, subjekat je video nešto. Drugim impulsom, video je nešto drugo. I mogao je rečima da iskaže poruku koju je prvi subjekat poslao preko interneta sa drugog kontinenta.
Moderator: Wow. Okay, that's where we are going. That's the next TED Talk at the next conference. Miguel Nicolelis, thank you. MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.
BĐ: Opa. U redu, znači na tom smo putu. To je naredni TED govor na narednoj konferenciji. Migele Nikolelisu, hvala ti. MN: Hvala tebi, Bruno. Hvala.