On June 12, 2014, precisely at 3:33 in a balmy winter afternoon in São Paulo, Brazil, a typical South American winter afternoon, this kid, this young man that you see celebrating here like he had scored a goal, Juliano Pinto, 29 years old, accomplished a magnificent deed. Despite being paralyzed and not having any sensation from mid-chest to the tip of his toes as the result of a car crash six years ago that killed his brother and produced a complete spinal cord lesion that left Juliano in a wheelchair, Juliano rose to the occasion, and on this day did something that pretty much everybody that saw him in the six years deemed impossible. Juliano Pinto delivered the opening kick of the 2014 Brazilian World Soccer Cup here just by thinking. He could not move his body, but he could imagine the movements needed to kick a ball. He was an athlete before the lesion. He's a para-athlete right now. He's going to be in the Paralympic Games, I hope, in a couple years. But what the spinal cord lesion did not rob from Juliano was his ability to dream. And dream he did that afternoon, for a stadium of about 75,000 people and an audience of close to a billion watching on TV.
12. lipnja 2014. godine, točno u 3:33 tijekom smirujućeg zimskog popodneva u Sao Paulu, Brazil, tipično zimsko južnoameričko poslijepodne, ovaj klinac, ovaj mladi čovjek, kojeg vidite da ovdje slavi kao da je zabio gol, Juliano Pinto, star 29 godina, postigao je izvanredno djelo. Unatoč paralizi, i tome što nema nikakvog osjeta od sredine prsa do vrha nožnog palca što je posljedica prometne nesreće od prije šest godina koja mu je ubila brata te prouzročila potpunu povredu kralježnice koja je prikovala Juliana za kolica, Juliano je uspio prohodati, i na današnji dan je učinio nešto Što su više-manje svi koji su ga vidjeli tijekom šest godina smatrali nemogućim. Juliano Pinto uputio je početni udarac Brazilskog svjetskog nogometnog prvenstva 2014 ovdje samo misleći. On nije mogao micati svoje tijelo, ali je mogao zamisliti pokrete potrebne da udari loptu. On je bio sportaš prije povrede. Sada je para-olimpijac. Nastupit će na paraolimpijskim igrama, nadam se, za nekoliko godina. Ali što povreda kralježnice nije uspjela uzeti Julianu jest njegovu sposobnost da sanja. I bome je sanjao to poslijepodne, za stadion od 75,000 ljudi i publiku od skoro milijardu koji su gledali TV.
And that kick crowned, basically, 30 years of basic research studying how the brain, how this amazing universe that we have between our ears that is only comparable to universe that we have above our head because it has about 100 billion elements talking to each other through electrical brainstorms, what Juliano accomplished took 30 years to imagine in laboratories and about 15 years to plan.
A taj je udarac okrunio, u osnovi, 30 godina temeljnog istraživanja proučavanja kako mozak, kako taj nevjerojatan svemir koji postoji među našim ušima koji je jedino usporediv sa svemirom iznad naših glava jer ima oko 100 milijardi elemenata koji pričaju jedni s drugima putem električnih oluja, ono što je Juliano postigao trebalo je 30 godina zamišljati u labosu te 15 godina planirati.
When John Chapin and I, 15 years ago, proposed in a paper that we would build something that we called a brain-machine interface, meaning connecting a brain to devices so that animals and humans could just move these devices, no matter how far they are from their own bodies, just by imagining what they want to do, our colleagues told us that we actually needed professional help, of the psychiatry variety. And despite that, a Scot and a Brazilian persevered, because that's how we were raised in our respective countries, and for 12, 15 years, we made demonstration after demonstration suggesting that this was possible.
Kada smo John Chapin i ja, prije 15 godina predložili rad da ćemo izgraditi nešto što smo zvali sučelje mozak-stroj što bi značilo povezivanje mozga s uređajima kako bi životinje i ljudi mogli pomicati te uređaje bez obzira koliko su daleko od njihovih vlastitih tijela, jednostavno zamišljajući što žele činiti, naši kolege su nam rekli da mi zapravo trebamo profesionalnu, psihijatrijsku pomoć. I unatoč tome, Škot i Brazilac su opstali, jer smo tako odgojani, u našim zemljama, i za 12,15 godina, napravili smo demonstraciju za demonstracijom sugerirajući da je to bilo moguće.
And a brain-machine interface is not rocket science, it's just brain research. It's nothing but using sensors to read the electrical brainstorms that a brain is producing to generate the motor commands that have to be downloaded to the spinal cord, so we projected sensors that can read hundreds and now thousands of these brain cells simultaneously, and extract from these electrical signals the motor planning that the brain is generating to actually make us move into space. And by doing that, we converted these signals into digital commands that any mechanical, electronic, or even a virtual device can understand so that the subject can imagine what he, she or it wants to make move, and the device obeys that brain command. By sensorizing these devices with lots of different types of sensors, as you are going to see in a moment, we actually sent messages back to the brain to confirm that that voluntary motor will was being enacted, no matter where -- next to the subject, next door, or across the planet. And as this message gave feedback back to the brain, the brain realized its goal: to make us move. So this is just one experiment that we published a few years ago, where a monkey, without moving its body, learned to control the movements of an avatar arm, a virtual arm that doesn't exist. What you're listening to is the sound of the brain of this monkey as it explores three different visually identical spheres in virtual space. And to get a reward, a drop of orange juice that monkeys love, this animal has to detect, select one of these objects by touching, not by seeing it, by touching it, because every time this virtual hand touches one of the objects, an electrical pulse goes back to the brain of the animal describing the fine texture of the surface of this object, so the animal can judge what is the correct object that he has to grab, and if he does that, he gets a reward without moving a muscle. The perfect Brazilian lunch: not moving a muscle and getting your orange juice.
a sučelje mozak-stroj nije znanstvena fantastika, to je jednostavno istraživanje o mozgu. Nije ništa doli upotrebljavanje senzora kako bi se čitali električni impulsi koje mozak proizvodi kako bi generirao motorne komande koje trebaju biti prenesene u kralježnicu, stoga smo projicirali senozore koji mogu čitati stotine i sada tisuće tih mozgovnih stanica simultano, i estrahirati iz tih električnih signala motoričko planiranje koje mozak stvara kako bismo se zapravo pomicali u prostoru. I čineći to, mi pretvaramo te signale u naše digitalne komande koje bilo kakav mehanički, elektronički, ili čak i virutalni uređaj može razumjeti kako bi subjekt mogao zamisliti koji pokret se želi napraviti, I uređaj se pokorava komandi mozga. Detektirajući te uređaje s mnogo različitih tipova senzora, kao što ćete vidjeti za koji trenutak, mi smo zapravo poslali poruke nazad mozgu da potvrdi da ta dobrovoljna motorička volja biva donesena, bez obzira gdje - pored subjekta, u blizini ili na drugom kraju planete. i ta je poruka dala povratnu informaciju nazad mozgu, mozak je shvatio svoj cilj: da nas pomakne. Stoga je ovo samo jedan eksperiment koji smo objavili prije nekoliko godina, gdje je majmun, bez pomicanja svog tijela, naučio kontrolirati pokrete ruke avatara, virtualne ruke koja ne postoji. Ono što sad čujete je zvuk mozga ovog majmuna dok otkriva tri različite vizualno identične sfere u virtualnom prostoru. i kako bi dobio nagradu, kapljicu narančina soka koju majmun voli, ova životinja mora opaziti, izabrati jedan od ovih objekata dodirom ne gledanjem, već dodirom jer svaki put kad virtualna ruka dodirne neki od objekata električni se impuls vraća u mozak životinje opisujući finu teksturu površine tog objekta stoga životinja može prosuditi koji je to objekt koji mora zgrabiti i ako to napravi, dobije nagradu bez pomicanja mišića. Savršen brazilski ručak: bez pomicanja mišića dobiješ sok od naranče.
So as we saw this happening, we actually came and proposed the idea that we had published 15 years ago. We reenacted this paper. We got it out of the drawers, and we proposed that perhaps we could get a human being that is paralyzed to actually use the brain-machine interface to regain mobility. The idea was that if you suffered -- and that can happen to any one of us. Let me tell you, it's very sudden. It's a millisecond of a collision, a car accident that transforms your life completely. If you have a complete lesion of the spinal cord, you cannot move because your brainstorms cannot reach your muscles. However, your brainstorms continue to be generated in your head. Paraplegic, quadriplegic patients dream about moving every night. They have that inside their head. The problem is how to get that code out of it and make the movement be created again.
I dok smo promatrali kako se to odvija, zapravo smo se sjetili i predložili ideju koju smo objavili prije 15 godina. Ponovili smo rad. Izvukli smo ga iz ladica, i dali smo prijedlog da možda možemo čovjeku koji je paraliziran omogućiti da koristi mozak-stroj sučelje kako bi se povratila mobilnost Ideja je bila da ako ste imali nesreću -- a to se može dogoditi bilo kome od nas. Dopustite mi reći – to se naglo dogodi. Milisekunda sraza. Automobilska nesreća koja vam u potpunosti promijeni život. Ako ostanete s kompletnom povredom kralježnice, ne možete se pomicati jer vaši moždani impulsi ne mogu doseći vaše mišiće. Ipak, vaši moždani impulsi i dalje se stvaraju u vašoj glavi. Paraplegičari, kvadriplegičari sanjaju svaki dan da se ponovno pomaknu. Oni to imaju u glavi. Problem je kako doći do tog koda i učiniti ga opet pokretom.
So what we proposed was, let's create a new body. Let's create a robotic vest. And that's exactly why Juliano could kick that ball just by thinking, because he was wearing the first brain-controlled robotic vest that can be used by paraplegic, quadriplegic patients to move and to regain feedback.
Ono što mi predlažemo jest, da se napravi novo tijelo. Napravimo robotsko odijelo. I upravo je zbog tog odjela Juliano uspio udariti loptu zamišljajući da to čini, jer je nosio prvo odijelo koje je kontrolirano od strane mozga koje mogu koristiti praplegičari, i kvadriplegirači kako bi se pomicali, i ponovno dobili povratnu informaicju.
That was the original idea, 15 years ago. What I'm going to show you is how 156 people from 25 countries all over the five continents of this beautiful Earth, dropped their lives, dropped their patents, dropped their dogs, wives, kids, school, jobs, and congregated to come to Brazil for 18 months to actually get this done. Because a couple years after Brazil was awarded the World Cup, we heard that the Brazilian government wanted to do something meaningful in the opening ceremony in the country that reinvented and perfected soccer until we met the Germans, of course. (Laughter) But that's a different talk, and a different neuroscientist needs to talk about that. But what Brazil wanted to do is to showcase a completely different country, a country that values science and technology, and can give a gift to millions, 25 million people around the world that cannot move any longer because of a spinal cord injury. Well, we went to the Brazilian government and to FIFA and proposed, well, let's have the kickoff of the 2014 World Cup be given by a Brazilian paraplegic using a brain-controlled exoskeleton that allows him to kick the ball and to feel the contact of the ball. They looked at us, thought that we were completely nuts, and said, "Okay, let's try." We had 18 months to do everything from zero, from scratch. We had no exoskeleton, we had no patients, we had nothing done. These people came all together and in 18 months, we got eight patients in a routine of training and basically built from nothing this guy, that we call Bra-Santos Dumont 1. The first brain-controlled exoskeleton to be built was named after the most famous Brazilian scientist ever, Alberto Santos Dumont, who, on October 19, 1901, created and flew himself the first controlled airship on air in Paris for a million people to see. Sorry, my American friends, I live in North Carolina, but it was two years before the Wright Brothers flew on the coast of North Carolina. (Applause) Flight control is Brazilian. (Laughter)
To je bila originalna ideja, prije 15 godina. A ono što ću vam sad pokazati jest kako je 156 ljudi iz 25 zemalja sa svih 5 kontinenata ove predivne Zemlje stavilo po strani svoje živote, patente, pse, žene, djecu, školu, posao, i okupili se kako bi došli u Brazil na 18 mjeseci kako bi se ovo rješilo. Jer nakon par godina što je Brazil odabran za domaćina svjetskog prvenstva, čuli smo da brazilska vlada želi učiniti nešto značajno na ceremoniji otvorenja. u zemlji koja je ponovno izumila i usavršila nogomet Dok nismo sreli Nijemce, naravno. (Smijeh) Al' to je druga tema, i drugi neuroznanstvenici trebaju razgovarati o tome. Ali ono što je Brazil htio učiniti jest pokazati totalno drugačiju zemlju, zemlju koja cijeni znanosti i tehnologiju, i može darivati milijune, 25 milijuna ljudi diljem svijeta koji se više ne mogu micati jer imaju ozlijedu kralježnice. Pa, otišli smo do brazilske vlade i FIFA nam je predložila, da prvi udarac na prvenstvu 2014. bude od brazilskog paraplegičara koji koristi egzoskeleton kontroliran od strane mozga koji mu omogućava da udari loptu I osjeti kontakt s loptom. Pogledali su nas, misleći da smo potpuno poludjeli, I rekli „U redu, hajmo pokušati.“ Imali smo 18 mjeseci da sve napravimo. Od nule. Od početka. Nismo imali niti egzoskeleton, niti pacijenata, ništa nije bilo gotovo. Ovi ljudi su se okupili i u roku od 18 mjeseci, dobili smo 8 pacijenata u rutinskim treninzima i zapravo sagradili od ničega – ovo, što zovemo Bra-Santos Dumont 1. Prvi egzoskeleton kontroliran od strane mozge ikad napravljen nazvali smo ga po najslavnijem brazilskom znanstveniku svih vremena, Albertu Santosu Dumontu, Koji je 19.10.1901. napravio a zatim se njime odvezao u prvom kontroliranom zrakoplovu u Parizu, pred milijunima ljudi Oprostite, moji američki prijatelji, ja živim u Sjevernoj Karolini, ali prošlo je dvije godine prije nego su braća Wright doletjela na obalu Sjeverne Karoline. (Pljesak) Kontrola leta je brazilska. (Smijeh)
So we went together with these guys and we basically put this exoskeleton together, 15 degrees of freedom, hydraulic machine that can be commanded by brain signals recorded by a non-invasive technology called electroencephalography that can basically allow the patient to imagine the movements and send his commands to the controls, the motors, and get it done. This exoskeleton was covered with an artificial skin invented by Gordon Cheng, one of my greatest friends, in Munich, to allow sensation from the joints moving and the foot touching the ground to be delivered back to the patient through a vest, a shirt. It is a smart shirt with micro-vibrating elements that basically delivers the feedback and fools the patient's brain by creating a sensation that it is not a machine that is carrying him, but it is he who is walking again.
Stoga smo otišli zajedno s tim ljudima i zapravo sklopili egzoskeleton. 15 stupnjeva slobode, hidraulični stroj koji može biti kontroliran od strane moždanih signala zabilježeno neinvanzivnom tehnologijom zvanom elektroencefalografija. koja u biti dozvoljava pacijentu da zamisli pokrete i pošalje komande kontroli i motoru, da ih obavi. Egzoskeleton je bio prekriven umjetnom kožom koju je napravio Gordon Cheng, jedan od mojih najboljih prijatelja, u Munchenu, kako bi se osjetili podražaji zlgobova koji se kreću i nogu koje dodiruju pod te se vrate nazad pacijentu kroz odijelo, majicu. To je pametna majica s mikro-vibrirajućim elementima koja zapravo donosi povratnu informaciju i vara mozak pacijenta stvarajući osjećaj da nije stroj taj koji ga nosi, već on sam hoda ponovno.
So we got this going, and what you'll see here is the first time one of our patients, Bruno, actually walked. And he takes a few seconds because we are setting everything, and you are going to see a blue light cutting in front of the helmet because Bruno is going to imagine the movement that needs to be performed, the computer is going to analyze it, Bruno is going to certify it, and when it is certified, the device starts moving under the command of Bruno's brain. And he just got it right, and now he starts walking. After nine years without being able to move, he is walking by himself. And more than that -- (Applause) -- more than just walking, he is feeling the ground, and if the speed of the exo goes up, he tells us that he is walking again on the sand of Santos, the beach resort where he used to go before he had the accident. That's why the brain is creating a new sensation in Bruno's head.
Uspjeli smo u tome, i ovdje možete vidjeti po prvi put jedan od naših pacijenata, Bruno, zapravo je hodao. Treba mu nekoliko sekundi jer pripremamo sve i vidjet ćete plavo svjetlo kako se urezuje u prednji dio kacige jer će Bruno zamisliti pokrete koji se trebaju obaviti, računalo će ih analizirati, Bruno će ih potvrditi, i kada su potvrđeni, uređaj će krenuti s pokretima upravljanim Bruninim mozgom. Sve je dobro prošlo, i on sada može početi hodati. Nakon što se devet godina nije uspio niti pokrenuti, ponovno samostalno hoda. I više od toga –- (Pljesak) -- više od samog hoda, on osjeća tlo, i ako se brzina egzoa poveća, govori nam da opet hoda na pijesku Santosa, plaže gdje je običavao ići prije nesreće. Zato mozak stvara novi osjećaj u Bruninoj glavi.
So he walks, and at the end of the walk -- I am running out of time already -- he says, "You know, guys, I need to borrow this thing from you when I get married, because I wanted to walk to the priest and see my bride and actually be there by myself. Of course, he will have it whenever he wants.
On hoda, i na kraju toga -- već mi ističe vrijeme -- kaže „Znate, ljudi, moram ovo čudo posuditi od vas kad se budem ženio jer sam htio došetati do svećenika i zapravo vidjeti mladu, biti tamo sam. Naravno da će ga dobiti kad god zaželi.
And this is what we wanted to show during the World Cup, and couldn't, because for some mysterious reason, FIFA cut its broadcast in half. What you are going to see very quickly is Juliano Pinto in the exo doing the kick a few minutes before we went to the pitch and did the real thing in front of the entire crowd, and the lights you are going to see just describe the operation. Basically, the blue lights pulsating indicate that the exo is ready to go. It can receive thoughts and it can deliver feedback, and when Juliano makes the decision to kick the ball, you are going to see two streams of green and yellow light coming from the helmet and going to the legs, representing the mental commands that were taken by the exo to actually make that happen. And in basically 13 seconds, Juliano actually did. You can see the commands. He gets ready, the ball is set, and he kicks. And the most amazing thing is, 10 seconds after he did that, and looked at us on the pitch, he told us, celebrating as you saw, "I felt the ball." And that's priceless. (Applause)
i to je ono što smo željeli pokazati tijekom svjetskog prvenstva, a nismo mogli jer je iz nekog misterioznog razloga, FIFA odrezala dio prijenosa. Ono što ćete sad na brzinu vidjeti je Juliano Pinto u svom egzo-udarcu par minuta prije nego smo otišli na teren i napravili pravu stvar pred cijelom publikom, i svjetla koja ćete vidjeti samo opisuju operaciju. U biti, plavo pulsirajuće svjetlo ukazuje na to da je egzo spreman. Može primati misli i uzvratiti povratnu informaciju, i kada je Juliano odlučio udariti loptu, vidjet ćete dva slijeda zelenog i žutog svjetla kako izlaze iz kacige i idu prema nogama predstavljajući mentalne naredbe koje je napravio egzo kako bi se one zaista dogodile. I u svega 13 sekundi, Juliano je zapravo uspio. Možete vidjeti naredbe. Priprema se, lopta se namješta, i on udara. A najnevjerojatnije od svega je, 10 sekundi nakon što je to napravio, i pogledao nas na terenu, rekao nam je, slaveći, kao što ste vidjeli, „Osjetio sam loptu.“ A to je neprocjenjivo. (Pljesak)
So where is this going to go? I have two minutes to tell you that it's going to the limits of your imagination. Brain-actuating technology is here. This is the latest: We just published this a year ago, the first brain-to-brain interface that allows two animals to exchange mental messages so that one animal that sees something coming from the environment can send a mental SMS, a torpedo, a neurophysiological torpedo, to the second animal, and the second animal performs the act that he needed to perform without ever knowing what the environment was sending as a message, because the message came from the first animal's brain.
I gdje ćemo odavdje? Imam dvije minute da vam kažem da to ide do granica vaše mašte. Tehnologija pokretana mozgom je pred nama. Ovo je posljednje: to smo objavili tek prije godinu dana prvo mozak-mozak sučelje koji omogućava dvjema životinjama da razmjene mentalne poruke tako da jedna životinja koja vidi nešto što dolazi iz okoliša može poslati mentalni „sms“ torpedo, neurofiziološki torpedo, drugoj životinji, a druga će životinja reagirati na način na koji treba reagirati bez da ikad sazna što je okoliš poslao kao poruku, jer je poruka došla od mozga prve životinje.
So this is the first demo. I'm going to be very quick because I want to show you the latest. But what you see here is the first rat getting informed by a light that is going to show up on the left of the cage that he has to press the left cage to basically get a reward. He goes there and does it. And the same time, he is sending a mental message to the second rat that didn't see any light, and the second rat, in 70 percent of the times is going to press the left lever and get a reward without ever experiencing the light in the retina.
Evo prvi demo. Bit ću veoma brz jer vam želim pokazati najnovije. Ali ono što vidite ovdje jest prvi štakor biva informiran svjetlom koje će se pojaviti na lijevoj strani kaveza da mora pritisnuti lijevi kavez kako bi u biti dobio nagradu. On ide tamo i napravi to. U isto vrijeme šalje mentalnu poruku drugom štakoru koji nije vidio nikavo svjetlo, i drugi štakor, u 70 posto slučajeva će također pritisnuti lijevu polugu i dobiti nagradu bez da je ikad iskusio svjetlo na mrežnici.
Well, we took this to a little higher limit by getting monkeys to collaborate mentally in a brain net, basically to donate their brain activity and combine them to move the virtual arm that I showed you before, and what you see here is the first time the two monkeys combine their brains, synchronize their brains perfectly to get this virtual arm to move. One monkey is controlling the x dimension, the other monkey is controlling the y dimension. But it gets a little more interesting when you get three monkeys in there and you ask one monkey to control x and y, the other monkey to control y and z, and the third one to control x and z, and you make them all play the game together, moving the arm in 3D into a target to get the famous Brazilian orange juice. And they actually do. The black dot is the average of all these brains working in parallel, in real time. That is the definition of a biological computer, interacting by brain activity and achieving a motor goal.
Prenijeli smo ovo na malo veću skalu uzevši majmune da surađuju mentalno u moždanoj mreži, u biti da doniraju svoju moždanu aktivnost i kombiniraju je s pokretom vritualne ruke koju sam pokazao ranije, i ono što ovdje vidite je prvi put dva majmuna kombiniraju svoje mozgove, savršeno sinkronizirajući njihove mozgove kako bi se ova virtualna ruka pomakla. Jedan majmun kontrolira x dimenziju, a drugi majmun kontrolira y dimenziju. Ali postaje malo zanimljivije kad dodate još jednog majmuna ovdje pa zatražite da jedan upravlja x i y, drugi s y i z, a treći s x i z, i napravite da se igraju svi zajedno pokrećući 3D ruku u metu kako bi se dobio slavni brazilski sok od naranče. I zapravo uspijevaju. Crna točka je prosjek svog moždanog rada paralelno, u realnom vremenu. To je definicija biološkog računala, koji je u interakciji s moždanom aktivnošću I ispunjava motoričke ciljeve.
Where is this going? We have no idea. We're just scientists. (Laughter) We are paid to be children, to basically go to the edge and discover what is out there. But one thing I know: One day, in a few decades, when our grandchildren surf the Net just by thinking, or a mother donates her eyesight to an autistic kid who cannot see, or somebody speaks because of a brain-to-brain bypass, some of you will remember that it all started on a winter afternoon in a Brazilian soccer field with an impossible kick.
Gdje ovo sve vodi? Nemamo pojma. Mi smo samo znanstvenici. (Smijeh) Mi smo plaćeni da budemo djeca, da zapravo idemo do ruba i otkrivamo što je tamo. Ali jednu stvar znam: jednog dana, za nekoliko desetljeća, kad naši unuci budu surfali netom samo zamišljajući ili majka bude donirala svoj vid autističnom djetetu koje ne može vidjeti, ili netko progovori zbog premosnice s mozga na mozak neki od vas će se sjetiti da je sve počelo jednog zimskog popodneva na brazilskom nogometnom terenu s nemogućim udarcem.
Thank you.
Hvala.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
Thank you.
Hvala
Bruno Giussani: Miguel, thank you for sticking to your time. I actually would have given you a couple more minutes, because there are a couple of points we want to develop, and, of course, clearly it seems that we need connected brains to figure out where this is going. So let's connect all this together. So if I'm understanding correctly, one of the monkeys is actually getting a signal and the other monkey is reacting to that signal just because the first one is receiving it and transmitting the neurological impulse.
Bruno Giussani: Miguel, hvala što si se držao zadanog vremena. Zapravo bih ti bio dao još par minuta jer postoji još par pojedinosti koje smo htjeli razviti, i, naravno izgleda da trebamo spojene mozgove kako bismo skužili gdje ovo vodi. Stoga hajmo spojiti sve skupa. Ako sam dobro razumio, jedan od majmuna zapravo dobiva signal a drugi majmun reagira na taj signal samo zato jer ga je prvi majmun primio i prenio neurološki impuls.
Miguel Nicolelis: No, it's a little different. No monkey knows of the existence of the other two monkeys. They are getting a visual feedback in 2D, but the task they have to accomplish is 3D. They have to move an arm in three dimensions. But each monkey is only getting the two dimensions on the video screen that the monkey controls. And to get that thing done, you need at least two monkeys to synchronize their brains, but the ideal is three. So what we found out is that when one monkey starts slacking down, the other two monkeys enhance their performance to get the guy to come back, so this adjusts dynamically, but the global synchrony remains the same. Now, if you flip without telling the monkey the dimensions that each brain has to control, like this guy is controlling x and y, but he should be controlling now y and z, instantaneously, that animal's brain forgets about the old dimensions and it starts concentrating on the new dimensions. So what I need to say is that no Turing machine, no computer can predict what a brain net will do. So we will absorb technology as part of us. Technology will never absorb us. It's simply impossible.
Miguel Nicolelis: Ne, malo je drugačije. Majmun nije svjestan postojanja ostala dva majmuna. Oni dobivaju povratnu informaciju u 2D-u, ali zatadak koji trebaju obaviti je u 3D-u. Moraju pomicati ruku u tri dimenzije. Ali svaki majmun dobiva samo video ekran s dvije dimenzije koje on kontrolira. I kako bi se to napravilo, trebamo najmanje dva majmuna koji bi sinkronizirali svoje mozgove, ali idealno je troje. Ono što smo saznali jest da kad jedan majmun krene usporavati, druga dvojica poboljašaju učinkovitost kako bi „povratili“ trećega stoga se ovo dinamički prilagođava, dok globalni sinkronicitet ostaje isti. E sad, ako prebaciš bez da kažeš majmunima dimenziju koju svaki mozak treba kontrolirati, kao što ovaj kontrolira x i y, a trebao bi kontrolirati x i z. mozak životinje instantno zaboravlja stare dimenzije i počne se koncentrirati na nove dimenzije. Stoga moram reći da nijedan Turingov stroj, nijedno računalo predvidjeti što će moždana mreža učiniti. Stoga ćemo apsorbirati tehnologiju kao da je dio nas. Tehnologija nikad neće apsorbirati nas. Jednostavno je nemoguće.
BG: How many times have you tested this? And how many times have you succeeded versus failed?
BG: Koliko puta ste testirali ovo? I koliko puta ste uspjeli, napsram koliko puta niste uspjeli?
MN: Oh, tens of times. With the three monkeys? Oh, several times. I wouldn't be able to talk about this here unless I had done it a few times. And I forgot to mention, because of time, that just three weeks ago, a European group just demonstrated the first man-to-man brain-to-brain connection. BG: And how does that play? MN: There was one bit of information -- big ideas start in a humble way -- but basically the brain activity of one subject was transmitted to a second object, all non-invasive technology. So the first subject got a message, like our rats, a visual message, and transmitted it to the second subject. The second subject received a magnetic pulse in the visual cortex, or a different pulse, two different pulses. In one pulse, the subject saw something. On the other pulse, he saw something different. And he was able to verbally indicate what was the message the first subject was sending through the Internet across continents.
MN: Na desetke puta. S tri majmuna? Nekoliko puta. Ne bih bio u stanju pričati o tome ovdje bez da sam to napravio već nekoliko puta. Zbog stiske s vremenom, zaboravio sam spomenuti, da je prije samo tri tjedna, europska grupa demonstrirala prvu mozak-mozak vezu između dva čovjeka. BG: I kako to radi? MN: Postoji jedna sitnica -- velike ideje kreću vrlo skromno -- ali zapravo moždana aktivnost jednog subjekta prebačena je na drugi subjekt a sve neinvanzivnom tehnologijom. Stoga je prvi subjekt dobio poruku, kao naši štakori, vizualnu poruku, i prenio je drugom subjektu. Drugi je subjekt primio magnetski impuls u vidnom korteksu ili drugačiji impuls, dva drugačija impulsa. U jednom impulsu subjekt je nešto vidio. A u drugom je vidio nešto drugo. I bio je sposoban verbalno naznačiti kakva je poruka koju je prvi subjekt poslao kroz Internet diljem kontinenata.
Moderator: Wow. Okay, that's where we are going. That's the next TED Talk at the next conference. Miguel Nicolelis, thank you. MN: Thank you, Bruno. Thank you.
Moderator: Wow. Okej, tamo idemo. To je sljedeći TED govor na sljedećoj konferenciji. Miguel Nicolelis, hvala ti. MN: Hvala tebi, Bruno. Hvala.