The kind of neuroscience that I do and my colleagues do is almost like the weatherman. We are always chasing storms. We want to see and measure storms -- brainstorms, that is. And we all talk about brainstorms in our daily lives, but we rarely see or listen to one. So I always like to start these talks by actually introducing you to one of them.
Hii sayansi ya ubongo ninayofanya na wenzangu ni kama mtabiri wa hali ya hewa. Tunakimbizana na dhoruba kila wakati. Tunataka kuona na kupima dhoruba--namaanisha dhoruba za ubongo. Sisi sote huongea kuhusu dhoruba za ubongo maishani mwetu lakini ni nadra kuona au kuisikia mojawapo. Hivyo basi mimi hupenda kuanza mazungumzo haya kwa kuwatambulisheni kwa mojawapo.
Actually, the first time we recorded more than one neuron -- a hundred brain cells simultaneously -- we could measure the electrical sparks of a hundred cells in the same animal, this is the first image we got, the first 10 seconds of this recording. So we got a little snippet of a thought, and we could see it in front of us.
Kusema kweli, mara yetu ya kwanza kupima zaidi ya neuron moja-- seli za ubongo mia moja kwa wakati mmoja-- tungeweza pima cheche za umeme za seli mia moja kutoka kwa mnyama mmoja, hii ndio picha ya kwanza tuliyopata, sekunde kumi za kwanza za rekodi hii. Sasa tukajaribu kufikiria, na tukaweza kuiona mbele yetu.
I always tell the students that we could also call neuroscientists some sort of astronomer, because we are dealing with a system that is only comparable in terms of number of cells to the number of galaxies that we have in the universe. And here we are, out of billions of neurons, just recording, 10 years ago, a hundred. We are doing a thousand now. And we hope to understand something fundamental about our human nature. Because, if you don't know yet, everything that we use to define what human nature is comes from these storms, comes from these storms that roll over the hills and valleys of our brains and define our memories, our beliefs, our feelings, our plans for the future. Everything that we ever do, everything that every human has ever done, do or will do, requires the toil of populations of neurons producing these kinds of storms.
mimi huwaambia wanafunzi kuwa tunaweza waita wanasayansi wa ubongo kama pia wataalam wa anga, kwa sababu tunakabiliana na mfumo ambao unalingana kwa ncha ya nambari ya viini na nambari za galaksi tulizo nazo ulimwenguni. Kwa hivyo hapa ndipo tulipo, katika mabilioni ya neuroni, tukirekodi tu, miaka kumi iliyopita, alafu mia moja. Sasa hivi tunarekodi hadi miaka elfu moja. Na tunatumai kuelewa cha msingi kuhusu asili yetu ya kibinadamu. Kwa sababu, kama bado hujui, kila kitu tunachotumia kutambua asili ya binadamu kimetoka katika dhoruba hizi, katika dhoruba zishukazo kutoka milima na mabonde ya akili zetu na ambazo zinaeleza kumbukumbu zetu, imani zetu, hisia zetu, mipango yetu ya siku za usoni. Kila kitu tunachofanya, kila kitu ambacho binadamu amekifanya, anakifanya ama atakifanya, kinahitaji bidii ya idadi kubwa ya neuroni zinazozalisha dhoruba hizi.
And the sound of a brainstorm, if you've never heard one, is somewhat like this. You can put it louder if you can. My son calls this "making popcorn while listening to a badly-tuned A.M. station." This is a brain. This is what happens when you route these electrical storms to a loudspeaker and you listen to a hundred brain cells firing, your brain will sound like this -- my brain, any brain. And what we want to do as neuroscientists in this time is to actually listen to these symphonies, these brain symphonies, and try to extract from them the messages they carry.
Na sauti ya dhoruba ya ubongo, kama hujawaisikia moja, huwa hivi. Unaweza ongeza sauti kama waweza. Mwanangu huiita "kutengeneza popcorn huku ukiskiza kituo cha redio kilichoegezwa vibaya." Huu ni ubongo. Haya ndiyo yanayotokea unapoelekeza dhoruba hizi za umeme kwenye kipaza sauti na usikie seli mia moja vya ubongo vikirushwa, haya ndiyo yatakayosikika katika ubongo wako--ubongo wangu, na ubongo wowote. Kile tunachotaka kufanya kama wanasayansi ya ubongo katika wakati huu ni kuskiza kwa makini sauti hizi, sauti hizi za ubongo, na kujaribu kudondoa zile jumbe zinazobeba
In particular, about 12 years ago we created a preparation that we named brain-machine interfaces. And you have a scheme here that describes how it works. The idea is, let's have some sensors that listen to these storms, this electrical firing, and see if you can, in the same time that it takes for this storm to leave the brain and reach the legs or the arms of an animal -- about half a second -- let's see if we can read these signals, extract the motor messages that are embedded in it, translate it into digital commands and send it to an artificial device that will reproduce the voluntary motor wheel of that brain in real time. And see if we can measure how well we can translate that message when we compare to the way the body does that.
Haswa, takriban miaka kumi na mbili iliyopita tulitengeneza muundo tuliouita mashine ya akili. Na hapa una mpango unaoeleza vile inavyotumika. Lengo ni, tuwe na vitega hisia vinavyosikiza dhoruba hizi, vile umeme unavyozalishwa, na kuona kama inawezekana, kwa wakati huo huo wakati unaopita kabla ya dhoruba hii kutoka kwa akili na kufika kwenye miguu ama mikono ya mnyama kama nusu sekunde-- wacha tuone kama tunaweza kusoma ishara hizi, kudondoa jumbe za ubongo inazobeba, kuitafsiri iwe amri za kikompyuta na kuituma hadi kwenye kifaa kilichoundwa na binadamu kitakachozalisha ule mzunguko hiari wa akili wakati ule ule. tuone kama tunaweza kupima ni vipi tunaweza tafsiri ujumbe huo vyema zaidi wakati tunapolinganisha na vile mwili unavyofanya kazi hio.
And if we can actually provide feedback, sensory signals that go back from this robotic, mechanical, computational actuator that is now under the control of the brain, back to the brain, how the brain deals with that, of receiving messages from an artificial piece of machinery.
Wakati tunapotoa maoni, viashiria hisia sasa iliyo chini ya udhibiti wa ubongo, hadi tena kwa ubongo, vile ubongo unavyokabiliana na kazi hiyo, ya kupokea jumbe kutoka mashine zilizoundwa na binadamu
And that's exactly what we did 10 years ago. We started with a superstar monkey called Aurora that became one of the superstars of this field. And Aurora liked to play video games. As you can see here, she likes to use a joystick, like any one of us, any of our kids, to play this game. And as a good primate, she even tries to cheat before she gets the right answer. So even before a target appears that she's supposed to cross with the cursor that she's controlling with this joystick, Aurora is trying to find the target, no matter where it is. And if she's doing that, because every time she crosses that target with the little cursor, she gets a drop of Brazilian orange juice. And I can tell you, any monkey will do anything for you if you get a little drop of Brazilian orange juice. Actually any primate will do that. Think about that.
Na ndivyo haswa tulivyofanya miaka kumi iliyopita. Tulianza na nyani nyota kwa jina Aurora aliyekuwa nyota kwenye eneo hili. Na Aurora alipenda kucheza michezo ya kompyuta. Mnavyoona hapa, anapenda kutumia kijiti, kama vile kila mmoja wetu, na watoto wetu, kucheza mchezo huu. Kama mnyama mwerevu, anajaribu kudanganya kabla afikie jibu sahihi. Kwa hivyo kabla ya hatua anayopaswa kupita akitumia mshale anaodhibiti kwa kijiti, Aurora anajaribu kufikia hatua, popote ilipo. Na anapofanya hivyo, kwa sababu kila wakati anapovuka hatua akitumia ule mshale mdogo, anapata tone la juisi ya machungwa. nakuambia, nyani yeyote atakufanyia chochote kama utampa tone la juisi ya machungwa. Kwa kweli mnyama yeyote anaweza kufanya hivyo. Hebu tafakari hayo.
Well, while Aurora was playing this game, as you saw, and doing a thousand trials a day and getting 97 percent correct and 350 milliliters of orange juice, we are recording the brainstorms that are produced in her head and sending them to a robotic arm that was learning to reproduce the movements that Aurora was making. Because the idea was to actually turn on this brain-machine interface and have Aurora play the game just by thinking, without interference of her body. Her brainstorms would control an arm that would move the cursor and cross the target. And to our shock, that's exactly what Aurora did. She played the game without moving her body.
Hivyo basi, wakati Aurora alikuwa akicheza mchezo huu, vile mlivyoona, na kufanya majaribio elfu moja kwa siku na kupata asilimia tisini na saba sahihi na milimita mia tatu na hamsini za juisi ya machungwa, tunarekodi dhorubaza ubongo zitokazo kichwani mwake na kuzituma kwenye mkanda wa mashine unaotoa zile dhoruba haswa Aurora alikuwa akitoa. Kwa sababu wazo lilikuwa ni kuwasha hii mashine ya ubongo na kuona Aurora akicheza mchezo ule kwa kufikiria tu, bila mwili wake kuingilia kati. Dhoruba zake za akili zitadhibiti mkono utakaosogeza ule mshale na kuvuka hatua. Na kwa mshangao wetu, hivyo haswa ndivyo Aurora alifanya. Alicheza mchezo huo bila kusogeza mwili wake.
So every trajectory that you see of the cursor now, this is the exact first moment she got that. That's the exact first moment a brain intention was liberated from the physical domains of a body of a primate and could act outside, in that outside world, just by controlling an artificial device. And Aurora kept playing the game, kept finding the little target and getting the orange juice that she wanted to get, that she craved for.
Hivyo basi kila msogezo unaoona sasa kwenye kijiti hivyo ndivyo haswa alivyofanya mara ya kwanza. Hiyo ndiyo ilikuwa mara ya kwanza nia kwenye ubongo ilitolewa kutoka kwenye mwili wa nyani na iliweza kufanya kazi nje ya mwili, hapa ulimwengu wa nje, kwa kudhibiti mashine. Na Aurora aliendelea kucheza mchezo huo, aliendelea kufikia ile hatua na kupata juisi ya machungwa aliyotaka, aliyotamani.
Well, she did that because she, at that time, had acquired a new arm. The robotic arm that you see moving here 30 days later, after the first video that I showed to you, is under the control of Aurora's brain and is moving the cursor to get to the target. And Aurora now knows that she can play the game with this robotic arm, but she has not lost the ability to use her biological arms to do what she pleases. She can scratch her back, she can scratch one of us, she can play another game. By all purposes and means, Aurora's brain has incorporated that artificial device as an extension of her body. The model of the self that Aurora had in her mind has been expanded to get one more arm.
Kwa kweli, alifanya hivyo kwa sababu, wakati ule, yeye alipata mkono mpya. Mkono ule wa roboti unaoona ukitembea hapa siku thelathini baadaye, baada ya ile video ya kwanza niliyowaonyesheni, uko chini ya udhibiti wa ubongo ya Aurora na unasongeza mshale ule ili kufikia ile hatua. Na Aurora sana anajua kuwa anaweza kucheza mchezo huu akitumia mkono mashine, lakini hajapoteza uwezo wa kutumia mkono wake asili kwa chochote angependa kufanya. Anaweza kujikuna mgongo, anaweza kukuna mmoja wetu, anaweza kucheza mchezo wowote mwingine. Kwa nia zote na madhumuni, akili ya Aurora imehusisha kile kifaa bandia kama muendelezo wa mwili wake. Huu mfano wa ubinafsi ambao Aurora alikuwa nao kwa akili yake umepanuliwa kupata mkono mmoja zaidi.
Well, we did that 10 years ago. Just fast forward 10 years. Just last year we realized that you don't even need to have a robotic device. You can just build a computational body, an avatar, a monkey avatar. And you can actually use it for our monkeys to either interact with them, or you can train them to assume in a virtual world the first-person perspective of that avatar and use her brain activity to control the movements of the avatar's arms or legs.
Tulifanya hivyo miaka kumi iliyopita. Sasa songea mbele miaka kumi. Mwaka uliopita tu tuligundua kuwa huhutaji kuwa na kifaa cha mashine. Unaweza tu kutengeneza kifaa cha kompyuta. Na unaweza kuitumia kwa nyani zetu kuleta uhusiano kati yao ama unaweza wafunza kudhania ulimwengu gushi maono ya mtu kuhusiana na mashine ile na kutumia msisimko wa akili yake kudhibiti matembezi ya mikono na miguu ya mashine.
And what we did basically was to train the animals to learn how to control these avatars and explore objects that appear in the virtual world. And these objects are visually identical, but when the avatar crosses the surface of these objects, they send an electrical message that is proportional to the microtactile texture of the object that goes back directly to the monkey's brain, informing the brain what it is the avatar is touching. And in just four weeks, the brain learns to process this new sensation and acquires a new sensory pathway -- like a new sense. And you truly liberate the brain now because you are allowing the brain to send motor commands to move this avatar. And the feedback that comes from the avatar is being processed directly by the brain without the interference of the skin.
Na cha msingi tulichofanya kilikuwa kufunza hawa wanyama njia ya kudhiiti mashine hizi na kuchunguza vidude vinavyojitokeza katika ulimwengu gushi. Na vidude hivi vimefanana lakini wakati mashine inapovuka mbele ya vidude hivi, zinatuma ujumbe wa umeme uliyosawia na uso wa kile kidude ambao unaenda moja kwa moja hadi kwenye ubongo wa nyani, ukieleza ubongo kile hasa machine ile inagusa. Na kwa muda wa wiki nne tu, akili inajifunza kuhisi hii hisia mpya na inapata njia mpya ya hisia--kama hisia mpya. Sasa unaiacha akili iwe huru kwa sababu unaikubali akili kutuma jumbe ili kuthibiti mashine hii. Na maoni yanayotoka kwenye mashine yanachanganuliwa kwenye ubongo moja kwa moja bila ya ngozi kuingilia kati.
So what you see here is this is the design of the task. You're going to see an animal basically touching these three targets. And he has to select one because only one carries the reward, the orange juice that they want to get. And he has to select it by touch using a virtual arm, an arm that doesn't exist. And that's exactly what they do.
Kwa hivyo kile mnachoona hapa ni ule ubunifu wa kazi ile. Mtaweza kuona mnyama akigusa sehemu au hatua hizi tatu. Lazima achague moja kwa vile ni moja pekee inayoelekea palipo na zawadi, ile juisi ya machungwa ambayo wanayoitaka. Na inambidi aichague kwa mguso akitumia mkono gushi, mkono amao haupo. Na hivyo ndivyo hasa wanavyofanya.
This is a complete liberation of the brain from the physical constraints of the body and the motor in a perceptual task. The animal is controlling the avatar to touch the targets. And he's sensing the texture by receiving an electrical message directly in the brain. And the brain is deciding what is the texture associated with the reward. The legends that you see in the movie don't appear for the monkey. And by the way, they don't read English anyway, so they are here just for you to know that the correct target is shifting position. And yet, they can find them by tactile discrimination, and they can press it and select it.
Huu ni uhuru kamili wa akili kutokana na vikwazo vya kimwili na kazi ya akili ya kuona. Yule mnyama anathibiti mashine ile kugusa malengo hayo. Na anahisi vile ilivyo kwa kupokea ujumbe umeme moja kwa moja kwenye ubongo. Na huo ubongo unaamua ni hisia ipi inayoashiria ile zawadi. Wale wakongwe uwaonao kwenye filamu hawawakilishi nyani huyu. Na kusema kweli, hata hawawezi kusoma Kiingereza, kwa hivyo wako hapa kuwaonyesheni ya kwamba lengo sahihi linabadilika badilika. Hata hivyo, wanawezazipata kwa kubagua, na wanawezazibonyeza na kuzichagua.
So when we look at the brains of these animals, on the top panel you see the alignment of 125 cells showing what happens with the brain activity, the electrical storms, of this sample of neurons in the brain when the animal is using a joystick. And that's a picture that every neurophysiologist knows. The basic alignment shows that these cells are coding for all possible directions. The bottom picture is what happens when the body stops moving and the animal starts controlling either a robotic device or a computational avatar. As fast as we can reset our computers, the brain activity shifts to start representing this new tool, as if this too was a part of that primate's body. The brain is assimilating that too, as fast as we can measure.
Hivyo basi tunapoangalia bongo za wanyama hawa, katika sehemu ya juu mtaona mpangilio wa viini mia na ishirini na tano vikionyesha kile kinachotokea kwenye ubongo, zile dhoruba umeme, za sampuli hii ya neuron kwenye ubongo wakati mnyama huyo anatumia kijiti. Na hiyo ndio picha kila mwanafiziolojia ayoinajua. Mpangilio wa kimsingi unaonyesha kuwa viini hivi vinafuata kila mwelekeo. Picha iliyo chini inaonyesha kinachotokea wakati mwili uachapo kusongea na yule mnyama aanzapo kuthibiti kidude cha roboti ama mashine ya kikompyuta. Kwa kasi ile ile tunayoweza kubadilisha kompyuta zetu, kazi inayoendelea akilini hubadilika ili kuwakilisha kifaa hiki kipya, kana kwamba ilikuwa sehemu ya mwili wa mnyama huyo. Akili inaichanganua pia, kwa kasi ile ile tunayopima nayo.
So that suggests to us that our sense of self does not end at the last layer of the epithelium of our bodies, but it ends at the last layer of electrons of the tools that we're commanding with our brains. Our violins, our cars, our bicycles, our soccer balls, our clothing -- they all become assimilated by this voracious, amazing, dynamic system called the brain.
Hiyo inatuashiria kuwa hisia za kibinafsi haziishi kwenye safu ya mwisho ya ngozi ya miili yetu, bali inaisha kwenye safu ya mwisho ya electroni za vifaa tunavyotumia akili zetu kuvithibiti. Vayolini zetu, magari yetu, baiskeli zetu, mipira yetu ya kandanda, nguo zetu zote zinabadilishwa na hiki chombo thabiti, huu mfumo badilifu unaoitwa ubongo.
How far can we take it? Well, in an experiment that we ran a few years ago, we took this to the limit. We had an animal running on a treadmill at Duke University on the East Coast of the United States, producing the brainstorms necessary to move. And we had a robotic device, a humanoid robot, in Kyoto, Japan at ATR Laboratories that was dreaming its entire life to be controlled by a brain, a human brain, or a primate brain.
Ni umbali upi tunaoweza kuipeleka? Katika jaribio tulilofanya miaka chache iliyopita, tuliipeleka hadi kikomo. Tulikuwa na mnyama aliyekimbia kwenye baiskeli zoezi katika chuo kikuu cha Duke katika mashariki ya pwani ya Marekani, ikizalisha dhoruba bongo zinazohitajika kusonga. Na tukawa na chombo cha roboti, roboti ya kibinadamu, huko Kyoto, Ujapani katika maabara ya ATR iliyopanga maisha yake yote kuthibitiwa na ubongo, akili ya binadamu, ama ya mnyama.
What happens here is that the brain activity that generated the movements in the monkey was transmitted to Japan and made this robot walk while footage of this walking was sent back to Duke, so that the monkey could see the legs of this robot walking in front of her. So she could be rewarded, not by what her body was doing but for every correct step of the robot on the other side of the planet controlled by her brain activity.
Kile kinachotokea hapa ni kwamba shighuli katika ubongo uliozalisha msongeo katika nyani huyo ulisambazwa hadi Ujapani na ukafanya roboti kutembea na ukanda ya matembezi haya ukapelekwa hadi Duke, ili nyani huyo aone miguu ya yule roboti ikitembea mbele yake. Ilmradi azawadiwe, sio kwa kile mwili wake ulikuwa ukifanya bali kwa kila hatua sahihi iliyochukuliwa na roboti aliyekuwa sehemu ya pili ya ulimwengu ikithibitiwa na shughuli ya akili yake.
Funny thing, that round trip around the globe took 20 milliseconds less than it takes for that brainstorm to leave its head, the head of the monkey, and reach its own muscle. The monkey was moving a robot that was six times bigger, across the planet. This is one of the experiments in which that robot was able to walk autonomously. This is CB1 fulfilling its dream in Japan under the control of the brain activity of a primate.
Cha kuchekesha ni kwamba, safari hiyo ilichukua milisekunde ishirini chini ya wakati dhoruba bongo inayochukua kutoka kichwani mwake, kichwa cha nyani, hadi kwenye msuli wake. Nyani alikuwa akisongeza roboti iliyokuwa na ukubwa mara sita wake yeye, kutoka sehemu moja ya ulimwengu hadi nyengine. Hii ni moja wapo ya majaribio ambapo roboti iliweza kutembea bila usaidizi. Hii ni CB1 ikitimiza ndoto yake Ujapani chini ya uthibiti wa shughuli ya ubongo wa mnyama.
So where are we taking all this? What are we going to do with all this research, besides studying the properties of this dynamic universe that we have between our ears? Well the idea is to take all this knowledge and technology and try to restore one of the most severe neurological problems that we have in the world. Millions of people have lost the ability to translate these brainstorms into action, into movement. Although their brains continue to produce those storms and code for movements, they cannot cross a barrier that was created by a lesion on the spinal cord.
Kwa hivyo ni wapi tunapopeleka haya yote? Ni wapi tunapoenda na huu utafiti, kando na kusomea tabia za ulimwengu huu badilifu tulionao katikati ya masikio yetu? Nia yetu ni kutumia usomi huu na teknolojia hii na duniani.kujaribu kurekebisha mojawapo ya shida kubwa zaidi katika ufahamu wa ubongo tulizonazo hapa ulimwenguni. Mamilioni ya watu wamepoteza uwezo wakutafsiri hizi dhoruba za ubongo ziwe hatua, au harakati. Ingawaje akili zao zinazidi kuzaa dhoruba hizo na matembezi, haziwezi kilichoundwa kwa lesheni kwenye uti wa mgongo.kupita kizuizi
So our idea is to create a bypass, is to use these brain-machine interfaces to read these signals, larger-scale brainstorms that contain the desire to move again, bypass the lesion using computational microengineering and send it to a new body, a whole body called an exoskeleton, a whole robotic suit that will become the new body of these patients.
Kwa hivyo lengo letu ni kutengeneza njia, tukitumia hizi mashine za ubongo kutafsiri viashiria hivi, dhoruba kubwa akilini zilizo na hamu ya kutembea tena, kupita ile lesheni tukitumia uhandisi wa kikompyuta na kuituma hadi kwenye mwili mpya, mwili mpya kabisa unaoitwa eksoskeletoni, suti mpya ya kiroboti inatakayokuwa mwili mpya wa wagonjwa hawa.
And you can see an image produced by this consortium. This is a nonprofit consortium called the Walk Again Project that is putting together scientists from Europe, from here in the United States, and in Brazil together to work to actually get this new body built -- a body that we believe, through the same plastic mechanisms that allow Aurora and other monkeys to use these tools through a brain-machine interface and that allows us to incorporate the tools that we produce and use in our daily life. This same mechanism, we hope, will allow these patients, not only to imagine again the movements that they want to make and translate them into movements of this new body, but for this body to be assimilated as the new body that the brain controls.
Na unaweza kuona picha inayojitokeza kutokana na muungano huu. Huu ni muungano uitwao Walk Again Project unaoleta pamoja wanasayansi kutoka Uropa, kutoka hapa Marekani, na Brazili kufanya kazi ili kutengeneza mwili huu mpya— mwili tunaoamini, katika mfumo plastiki ule ule uliowezesha Aurora na nyani wengine kutumia hivi vifaa kupitia kwa mashine ya ubongo na ambayo ilituwezesha kuingiza vifaa tunavyoweza kutengeneza na kutumia katika maisha yetu, siku baada ya siku. Mfumo huu huu, tunatumai, utawezesha wagonjwa hawa, Mfumo huu huu, tunatumai, utawezesha wagonjwa hawa, bali pia kutafsiri mafikira hayo kuwa matembezi ya mwili huu mpya, lakini kwa mwili huu kubadilika kama ule mwili mpya unaothibitiwa na ubongo.
So I was told about 10 years ago that this would never happen, that this was close to impossible. And I can only tell you that as a scientist, I grew up in southern Brazil in the mid-'60s watching a few crazy guys telling [us] that they would go to the Moon. And I was five years old, and I never understood why NASA didn't hire Captain Kirk and Spock to do the job; after all, they were very proficient -- but just seeing that as a kid made me believe, as my grandmother used to tell me, that "impossible is just the possible that someone has not put in enough effort to make it come true."
Niliambiwa miaka kumi iliyopita kuwa haya yote hayatatokea, ati hii ilikuwa haiwezekani. Na naweza kuwaamia kama mwanasayansi, nilikua huko Brazili ya kusini katika miaka ya sitini nikiangalia wale wenye maono wakituambia kuwa wataenda Mwezini. Na nilikuwa na umri wa miaka mitano, na sikuwahi kuelewa sababu gani NASA haikuwaajiri manahodha Kirk na Spock kufanya kazi hiyo; kwani, si walikuwa na ustadi wa hali ya juu— lakini kuona tu kama mtoto ilinifanya kuamini, kama nyanyangu alivyokuwa akiniambia, kwamba "kisichowezekana ni kile tu kinachowezekana lakini mtu hajatia bidii ya kutosha kukitimiza."
So they told me that it's impossible to make someone walk. I think I'm going to follow my grandmother's advice.
Kwa hivyo waliniambia kuwa haiwezekani kufanya mtu atembee. Nafikiri nitafuata wasia wa nyanyangu.
Thank you.
Asanteni.
(Applause)
(Makofi)