On March 3, 1913, protesters parted for the woman in white: dressed in a flowing cape and sitting astride a white horse, the activist Inez Milholland was hard to miss.
1913 年三月三日 抗爭者讓出一條路 給一位身穿白衣的女人 她披著飄揚的斗篷 跨坐在白馬上
She was riding at the helm of the Women’s Suffrage Parade- the first mass protest for a woman’s right to vote on a national scale. After months of strategic planning and controversy, thousands of women gathered in Washington D.C. Here, they called for a constitutional amendment granting them the right to vote.
你很難忽視這位社運人士 伊內絲·米爾荷蘭 她是這場婦女參政權遊行的掌舵人 這是首次針對婦女投票權舉行的 國家級大型抗議遊行 經過數月的戰略規劃和辯論 成千上萬的婦女齊集於華盛頓特區 她們在此呼籲修憲
By 1913, women’s rights activists had been campaigning for decades. As a disenfranchised group, women had no voice in the laws that affected their– or anyone else’s– lives. However, they were struggling to secure broader support for political equality. They’d achieved no major victories since 1896, when Utah and Idaho enfranchised women. That brought the total number of states which recognized a women’s right to vote to four.
賦予女性投票權 至 1913 年,女權運動者 已為此造勢了數十年 婦女身為被剝奪選舉權的團體 無法為會影響自己 或別人生命的法律發聲 然而,她們始終無法為政治平等 爭取到更廣泛的支持 自 1896 年後一直沒有取得重大勝利 那年,猶他州及愛達荷州 授予婦女選舉權 此舉使全美承認婦女有投票權的州
A new, media-savvy spirit arrived in the form of Alice Paul. She was inspired by the British suffragettes, who went on hunger strikes and endured imprisonment in the early 1900s. Rather than conduct costly campaigns on a state-by-state basis, Paul sought the long-lasting impact of a constitutional amendment, which would protect women’s voting rights nationwide.
到四個! 直到精通媒體炒作的新成員 艾麗斯·保爾出現 她受英國女性參政權運動者啟發—— 她們於 1900 年代初期 絕食抗議、忍受監禁 保爾認為與其在各州發動 所費不貲的造勢運動 還不如尋求有長期影響的憲法修正案
As a member of the National American Women Suffrage Association, Paul proposed a massive pageant to whip up support and rejuvenate the movement. Washington authorities initially rejected her plan- and then tried to relegate the march to side streets. But Paul got those decisions overturned and confirmed a parade for the day before the presidential inauguration of Woodrow Wilson. This would maximize media coverage and grab the attention of the crowds who would be in town.
可以保障全國婦女的投票權 保爾身為全美婦女選舉協會的成員 她提議發起一場大規模的遊行 以鼓動支持並重振運動 華盛頓當局本來拒絕了她的計畫 然後又試圖降低遊行的規模 到周邊小街上 保爾不但推翻了這些決定 還確定要在伍德羅·威爾遜總統 就職大典前一天來場大遊行 此舉將會得到最多的媒體報導 並吸引城裡人群的目光
However, in planning the parade, Paul mainly focused on appealing to white women from all backgrounds, including those who were racist. She actively discouraged African American activists and organizations from participating- and stated that those who did so should march in the back.
然而,保爾在計畫遊行時 只專注於吸引各種 出身背景的白種女性 包括種族主義者 她積極勸阻非裔的運動人士 及團體組織參加遊行 並表述如果非裔美人要參加 應該走在隊伍後面
But black women would not be made invisible in a national movement they helped shape. On the day of the march, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, a ground-breaking investigative journalist and anti-lynching advocate, refused to move to the back and proudly marched under the Illinois banner. The co-founder of the NAACP, Mary Church Terrell, joined the parade with the 22 founders of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, an organization created by female students from Howard University. In these ways and more, black women persevered despite deep hostility from white women in the movement, and at great political and physical risk.
但是黑人婦女不應該在 她們幫助發展的全國運動中隱形 遊行當天 艾達·貝爾·韋爾斯 這位開創性的調查報導記者 和反私刑的倡導者 拒絕移到隊伍後面 還在伊利諾伊州標幟下昂首遊行 美國全國有色人種協進會的共同創辦人 瑪麗·秋池·特瑞爾 與 22 位 ΔΣΘ (DST) 姊妹會 創始人一起參加遊行 這個姊妹會由霍華大學的女學生組成 藉由此舉和其它方式 黑人婦女不屈不撓 儘管這個運動中的白人 對她們有深深的敵意 而且她們還冒著極大的 政治及人身危險
On the day of the parade, suffragists assembled to create a powerful exhibition. The surging sections of the procession included international suffragists, artists, performers and business-owners. Floats came in the form of golden chariots; an enormous Liberty Bell; and a map of enfranchised countries. On the steps of the Treasury Building, performers acted out the historical achievements of women to a live orchestra.
遊行當天 婦女參政權支持者 集會展示了強大的力量 遊行中的團體 包括國際女權主義者 藝術家、表演家及企業主 遊行的花車裡有金色的戰車 超大的自由鐘 以及標著有投票權國家的地圖 財政部大樓的階梯上
The marchers carried on even as a mob blocked the route, hurling insults and spitting at women, tossing cigars, and physically assaulting participants. The police did not intervene, and in the end, over 100 women were hospitalized.
演員配著管弦樂的現場演奏 表演著歷史上女性的成就 遊行不斷持續 即使遇上一群擋路的人 他們對婦女說粗話、吐痰 丟香菸,還對參與者施暴 警察沒有干預
Their mistreatment, widely reported throughout the country, catapulted the parade into the public eye— and garnered suffragists greater sympathy. National newspapers lambasted the police, and Congressional hearings investigated their actions during the parade. After the protest, the "Women’s Journal" declared, “Washington has been disgraced. Equal suffrage has scored a great victory."
最後有上百名女性被送醫住院治療 她們所遭受的虐待 被媒體在全國大幅報導 使這場遊行快速吸引大眾眼光—— 並讓婦女參政支持者獲得更大的同情 全國性的報紙嚴責警方 國會也召開聽證會 調查他們在遊行時採取的行動 《女權期刊》於抗議遊行之後宣稱
In this way, the march initiated a surge of support for women’s voting rights that endured in the coming years. Suffragists kept up steady pressure on their representatives, attended rallies, and petitioned the White House.
「華盛頓蒙受羞辱 婦女參政運動獲得重大勝利」 此場遊行激增了對女性投票權的支持 用這個方法 並持續多年 婦女參政支持者持續對地方民代施壓
Inez Milholland, the woman on the white horse, campaigned constantly throughout the United States, despite suffering from chronic health problems. She did not live to see her efforts come to fruition. In 1916, she collapsed while giving a suffrage speech and died soon after. According to popular reports, her last words were, “Mr. President, how long must women wait for liberty?”
參加造勢活動並向白宮請願 伊內絲·米爾荷蘭這位騎白馬的女性 儘管患著慢性疾病 也不斷在美國各地造勢 她沒有活著看到自己努力的成果 1916 年 她在一場婦女參政演講中昏倒 不久即撒手人寰 根據大眾報導 她的遺言是:
Though full voting inclusion would take decades, in 1920, Congress ratified the 19th amendment, finally granting women the right to vote.
「總統先生,女性還要等多久 才能獲得自由?」 雖然婦女還要再等數十年 才有完整的選舉權 1920 年,國會認可了 美國憲法第十九修正案