On March 3, 1913, protesters parted for the woman in white: dressed in a flowing cape and sitting astride a white horse, the activist Inez Milholland was hard to miss.
Dana 3. marta 1913. godine, demonstranti su napravili mesta za ženu u belom. U dugačkom plaštu i na belom konju, aktivistkinju Inez Milholand bilo je teško ne primetiti.
She was riding at the helm of the Women’s Suffrage Parade- the first mass protest for a woman’s right to vote on a national scale. After months of strategic planning and controversy, thousands of women gathered in Washington D.C. Here, they called for a constitutional amendment granting them the right to vote.
Jahala je na čelu parade sifražetkinja - prvog masovnog protesta za pravo glasa žena na nacionalnom nivou. Nakon nekoliko meseci strateškog planiranja i kontroverzi, hiljade žena se okupilo u Vašingtonu. Tu su tražile amandman u ustavu koji bi im priznao pravo glasa.
By 1913, women’s rights activists had been campaigning for decades. As a disenfranchised group, women had no voice in the laws that affected their– or anyone else’s– lives. However, they were struggling to secure broader support for political equality. They’d achieved no major victories since 1896, when Utah and Idaho enfranchised women. That brought the total number of states which recognized a women’s right to vote to four.
Sve do 1913. su pobornici prava žena decenijama vodili kampanju. Kao obespravljena grupa, žene nisu imale nikakvog udela u zakonima od uticaja na njihov život niti život bilo koga drugog. Međutim, borile su se da obezbede širu podršku političkoj jednakosti. Nisu postigle veće pobede još od 1896. godine, kada su u Juti i Ajdahu ženama dali pravo glasa. Time se ukupan broj država koje su priznale pravo žena da glasaju
A new, media-savvy spirit arrived in the form of Alice Paul. She was inspired by the British suffragettes, who went on hunger strikes and endured imprisonment in the early 1900s. Rather than conduct costly campaigns on a state-by-state basis, Paul sought the long-lasting impact of a constitutional amendment, which would protect women’s voting rights nationwide.
popeo na četiri. Novi duh koji je imao osećaj za medije došao je u obliku Alise Pol. Bila je inspirisana britanskim sifražetkinjama koje su štrajkovale glađu i izdržale zatvorsku kaznu početkom 1900-ih. Umesto da vodi skupe kampanje od države do države, Pol je zahtevala dugotrajan uticaj ustavnog amandmana,
As a member of the National American Women Suffrage Association, Paul proposed a massive pageant to whip up support and rejuvenate the movement. Washington authorities initially rejected her plan- and then tried to relegate the march to side streets. But Paul got those decisions overturned and confirmed a parade for the day before the presidential inauguration of Woodrow Wilson. This would maximize media coverage and grab the attention of the crowds who would be in town.
koji bi štitio prava glasa žena širom zemlje. Kao član Nacionalnog američkog udruženja sifražetkinja, Pol je predložila masovnu povorku radi prikupljanja podrške i podmlađivanja pokreta. Vlasti u Vašingtonu su najpre odbacile njen plan i zatim pokušale da potisnu marš u sporedne ulice. Ali Pol je uspela u tome da se te odluke ponište i potvrdila datum parade dan pre predsedničke inauguracije Vudroa Vilsona. To bi postiglo maksimalnu pokrivenost u medijima
However, in planning the parade, Paul mainly focused on appealing to white women from all backgrounds, including those who were racist. She actively discouraged African American activists and organizations from participating- and stated that those who did so should march in the back.
i privuklo pažnju publike koja bi bila u gradu. Međutim, pri planiranju parade, Pol se uglavnom fokusirala na privlačenje belih žena iz svih sredina, uključujući one koje su bile rasiste. Aktivno je odvraćala afroameričke aktivistkinje i organizacije od učestvovanja i istakla da one koje ipak dođu treba da marširaju na začelju.
But black women would not be made invisible in a national movement they helped shape. On the day of the march, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, a ground-breaking investigative journalist and anti-lynching advocate, refused to move to the back and proudly marched under the Illinois banner. The co-founder of the NAACP, Mary Church Terrell, joined the parade with the 22 founders of the Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, an organization created by female students from Howard University. In these ways and more, black women persevered despite deep hostility from white women in the movement, and at great political and physical risk.
Ali crnkinje nisu dozvolile da budu nevidljive u nacionalnom pokretu kojem su pomogle da se razvije. Na dan marša, Ajda B. Vels-Barnet, revolucionarna istraživačka novinarka i zagovornik protiv linča, odbila je da pređe pozadi i sa ponosom je marširala pod zastavom Ilinoisa. Suosnivač Nacionalnog udruženja za napredak obojenih, Meri Čerč Terel, pridružila se paradi sa 22 osnivača društva žena Delta sigma teta, organizacije koju su stvorile studentkinje Univerziteta Hauard. Na ove i druge načine, crnkinje su istrajale uprkos dubokom neprijateljskom stavu belkinja u pokretu, uz veliki politički i fizički rizik.
On the day of the parade, suffragists assembled to create a powerful exhibition. The surging sections of the procession included international suffragists, artists, performers and business-owners. Floats came in the form of golden chariots; an enormous Liberty Bell; and a map of enfranchised countries. On the steps of the Treasury Building, performers acted out the historical achievements of women to a live orchestra.
Na dan parade, sifražetkinje su se okupile da bi stvorile moćno izlaganje. Delovi povorke koji su nastupali obuhvatali su međunarodne sifražetkinje, umetnike, izvođače i preduzetnike. Platforme su bile u obliku zlatnih kočija, ogromnog Zvona slobode i mape zemalja koje su dale pravo glasa. Na stepenicama Trezora, izvođači su odigrali istorijska dostignuća žena uz orkestar uživo.
The marchers carried on even as a mob blocked the route, hurling insults and spitting at women, tossing cigars, and physically assaulting participants. The police did not intervene, and in the end, over 100 women were hospitalized.
Učesnice marša su nastavile čak i kada je masa ljudi blokirala put, dobacivala uvrede i pljuvala na žene, bacala cigare i fizički napadala učesnice. Policija nije intervenisala i na kraju je preko 100 žena bilo smešteno u bolnicu.
Their mistreatment, widely reported throughout the country, catapulted the parade into the public eye— and garnered suffragists greater sympathy. National newspapers lambasted the police, and Congressional hearings investigated their actions during the parade. After the protest, the "Women’s Journal" declared, “Washington has been disgraced. Equal suffrage has scored a great victory."
Loše ophođenje prema njima, o kome se izveštavalo širom zemlje, naglo je izbacilo paradu pred oči javnosti i pridobilo simpatije prema sifražetkinjama. Nacionalne novine su napadale policiju i saslušanja u Kongresu su istraživala njihove postupke tokom parade. Nakon protesta je „Ženski časopis“ izjavio: „Vašington je osramoćen.
In this way, the march initiated a surge of support for women’s voting rights that endured in the coming years. Suffragists kept up steady pressure on their representatives, attended rallies, and petitioned the White House.
Jednako pravo glasa ostvarilo je veliku pobedu.“ Na ovaj način, marš je inicirao talas podrške za glasačka prava žena koji je istrajao tokom predstojećih godina. Sifražetkinje su stalno vršile pritisak na svoje predstavnike, prisustvovale mitinzima i podnosile peticije Beloj kući.
Inez Milholland, the woman on the white horse, campaigned constantly throughout the United States, despite suffering from chronic health problems. She did not live to see her efforts come to fruition. In 1916, she collapsed while giving a suffrage speech and died soon after. According to popular reports, her last words were, “Mr. President, how long must women wait for liberty?”
Inez Milholand, žena na belom konju, konstantno je vodila kampanju širom Sjedinjenih Država uprkos hroničnim zdravstvenim problemima. Nije doživela da vidi plod svojih napora. Godine 1916, srušila se dok je držala govor o pravu glasa i ubrzo nakon toga umrla. Prema popularnim izveštajima, njene poslednje reči su bile: „Gospodine predsedniče, koliko će dugo žene morati da čekaju na slobodu?“
Though full voting inclusion would take decades, in 1920, Congress ratified the 19th amendment, finally granting women the right to vote.
Mada će za potpuno uključivanje u glasanje biti potrebne decenije, 1920. godine je Kongres usvojio 19. amandman, čime je konačno ženama odobrio pravo glasa.