So I want to talk today about money and happiness, which are two things a lot of us spend a lot of our time thinking about, either trying to earn them or trying to increase them. And a lot of us resonate with this phrase, we see it in religions and self-help books: money can't buy happiness. And I want to suggest today that, in fact, that's wrong.
Danas želim govoriti o novcu i sreći, što su dvije stvari za razmišljanje o kojima mnogi od nas troše mnogo svog vremena, ili ih pokušavajući zaraditi ili pokušavajući ih povećati . I mnogi od nas se slažu s tom rečenicom. Vidimo u religijama i knjigama za samopomoć, da novac ne može kupiti sreću. A danas želim pretpostaviti da je to, u biti, netočno.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
I'm at a business school, so that's what we do. So that's wrong, and in fact, if you think that, you're just not spending it right. So instead of spending it the way you usually spend it, maybe if you spent it differently, that might work a little bit better. Before I tell you the ways you can spend it that will make you happier, let's think about the ways we usually spend it that don't, in fact, make us happier. We had a little natural experiment. So CNN, a little while ago, wrote this interesting article on what happens to people when they win the lottery. It turns out people think when they win the lottery their lives will be amazing. This article's about how their lives get ruined. What happens when people win the lottery is, one, they spend all the money and go into debt; and two, all of their friends and everyone they've ever met find them and bug them for money. It ruins their social relationships, in fact. So they have more debt and worse friendships than they had before they won the lottery.
Ja sam u poslovnoj školi pa je to ono što radimo. Dakle, to je netočno, i, u biti, ako tako mislite, zapravo ga ne trošite ispravno. Dakle, umjesto da ga trošite na uobičajeni način na koji to činite, možda ako ga potrošite drugačije, to bi moglo ispasti malčice bolje. I prije no što vam kažem načine na koje ga možete potrošiti, a da vas to učini sretnijima, razmislimo o načinima na koje ga obično trošimo, a koji nas, zapravo, ne čine sretnijima. Imali smo mali prirodni pokus. Dakle, CNN je nedavno napisao ovaj zanimljiv članak o tome što se dogodi s ljudima kada dobiju na lotu. Ispada da ljudi misle da će njihovi životi biti nevjerojatni kada dobiju na lotu. Ovaj članak govori o tome kako se njihovi životi unište. Dakle, ono što se dogodi kada ljudi dobiju na lotu jest, kao prvo, da potroše sav novac i odu u dug, i kao drugo, svi njihovi prijatelji i svi ljudi koje su ikad upoznali pronađu ih i žicaju ih novac. A to, u biti, uništi njihove društvene veze. Pa imaju više dugova i lošija prijateljstva nego prije no što su dobili na lotu. Ono što je zanimljivo kod tog članka
What was interesting about the article was, people started commenting on the article, readers of the thing. And instead of talking about how it made them realize that money doesn't lead to happiness, everyone started saying, "You know what I'd do if I won the lottery ...?" and fantasizing about what they'd do. Here's just two of the ones we saw that are interesting to think about. One person wrote, "When I win, I'm going to buy my own little mountain and have a little house on top."
jest da su ljudi počeli komentirati članak, čitatelji članka. I umjesto da govore o tome kako ih je to dovelo do spoznaje da novac ne vodi do sreće, svi su odmah počeli govoriti: "Znaš li što bih ja učinio da dobijem na lotu...?" i fantazirati o tome što bi napravili. I evo samo dva od onih za koje smo primijetili da su zanimljivi za razmišljanje. Netko je napisao: "Kada ja dobijem, kupit ću vlastitu malu planinu i imati malu kuću na njenom vrhu."
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And another person wrote, "I would fill a big bathtub with money and get in the tub while smoking a big fat cigar and sipping a glass of champagne." This is even worse: "... then I'd have a picture taken and dozens of glossies made. Anyone begging for money or trying to extort from me would receive a copy of the picture and nothing else."
Jedna druga osoba je napisala: "Ja bih napunio veliku kadu novcem i ušao u nju pušeći veliku debelu cigaru i pijuckajući čašu šampanjca." Ovo sad je još gore: "Tada bih se slikao i dao napraviti desetke slika. Bilo tko tko bi me molio za novac ili ga pokušao iznuditi od mene dobio bi primjerak slike i ništa drugo."
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
And so many of the comments were exactly of this type, where people got money and, in fact, it made them antisocial. So I told you it ruins people's lives and their friends bug them. Also, money often makes us feel very selfish and we do things only for ourselves. We thought maybe the reason money doesn't make us happy is that we're spending it on the wrong things; in particular, we're always spending it on ourselves. And we wondered what would happen if we made people spend more of their money on others. So instead of being antisocial with your money, what if you were more pro-social with it?
I toliko komentara je bilo baš tog tipa, gdje su ljudi dobili novac i, zapravo, to ih je učinilo antisocijalnima. Rekao sam vam da to uništi ljudske živote i da ih prijatelji gnjave. Također, zbog novca se često osjećamo sebičnima i činimo stvari samo za sebe. Pa možda je razlog što nas novac ne usrećuje taj da ga uvijek trošimo na krive stvari, posebice to što ga uvijek trošimo na sebe. I pomislili smo, pitam se što bi se dogodilo kada bismo potakli ljude da troše više svog novca na druge ljude. Umjesto da ste antisocijalni sa svojim novcem, što kada biste bili malo više prosocijalni sa svojim novcem?
We thought, let's make people do it and see what happens. Let's have some people do what they usually do, spend money on themselves, and let's make some people give money away, and measure their happiness and see if, in fact, they get happier. The first way we did this was, one Vancouver morning, we went out on the campus at University of British Columbia, approached people and said, "Do you want to be in an experiment?" They said, "Yes." We asked them how happy they were, and then gave them an envelope. One of the envelopes had things in it that said, "By 5pm today, spend this money on yourself." We gave some examples of what you could spend it on. Other people got a slip of paper that said, "By 5pm today, spend this money on somebody else." Also inside the envelope was money.
I pomislili smo, hajmo natjerati ljude da to učine i pogledajmo što će se dogoditi. Dakle, neka neki ljudi učine ono što i inače čine i potroše novac na sebe, a druge ljude natjerajmo da daju svoj novac, i izmjerimo njihovu sreću i provjerimo da li su, u biti, postali sretnijima. Evo prvog načina na koji smo to učinili. Jednog jutra u Vancouveru, otišli smo na kampus Sveučilišta Britanske Kolumbije i prišli smo ljudima s pitanjem: "Želite li sudjelovati u pokusu?" Rekli su: "Želimo." Pitali smo ih koliko su sretni, a onda smo im dali kuvertu. Jedna od kuverti imala je poruku koja je glasila: "Do 17h danas, potrošite ovaj novac na sebe." Pa smo dali neke primjere načina na koji ga se može potrošiti. Drugi ljudi su, ujutro, dobili komad papira s porukom: "Do 17h danas, potrošite ovaj novac na nekoga drugoga." A u kuverti je bio novac.
And we manipulated how much money we gave them; some people got this slip of paper and five dollars, some got this slip of paper and 20 dollars. We let them go about their day and do whatever they wanted. We found out they did spend it in the way we asked them to. We called them up and asked them, "What did you spend it on? How happy do you feel now?" What did they spend it on? These are college undergrads; a lot of what they spent it on for themselves were things like earrings and makeup. One woman said she bought a stuffed animal for her niece. People gave money to homeless people. Huge effect here of Starbucks.
I manipulirali smo iznosom novca koji su dobili. Neki ljudi su dobili ovaj komad papira i pet dolara. Neki su dobili ovaj komad papira i 20 dolara. Pustili smo ih da prožive svoj dan. Radili su što god su htjeli raditi. Otkrili smo da su ga zapravo potrošili na način koji smo tražili da to i učine. Nazvali smo ih u noći i pitali: "Na što ste ga potrošili i koliko sretnima se sada osjećate?" Na što su ga potrošili? Pa ovo su studenti pa su velik dio onoga što su kupili sebi bile stvari poput naušnica i šminke. Jedna je žena rekla da je kupila plišanu igračku za svoju nećakinju. Ljudi su dali novac beskućnicima. Velik utjecaj Starbucksa. (Smijeh)
(Laughter)
Dakle, ako studentima date pet dolara, to njima izgleda kao kava
So if you give undergraduates five dollars, it looks like coffee to them, and they run over to Starbucks and spend it as fast as they can. Some people bought coffee for themselves, the way they usually would, but others bought coffee for somebody else. So the very same purchase, just targeted toward yourself or targeted toward somebody else. What did we find when we called at the end of the day? People who spent money on others got happier; people who spent it on themselves, nothing happened. It didn't make them less happy, it just didn't do much for them.
i otrče do Starbucksa i potroše ga najbrže što mogu. No, neki ljudi su kupili kavu za sebe, kao što bi to i inače učinili, ali drugi ljudi su rekli da su nekome drugom platili kavu. Dakle, ista kupovina, samo usmjerena prema sebi ili usmjerena prema nekom drugom. Što smo otkrili kada smo ih pozvali natrag na kraju dana? Ljudi koji su novac potrošili na druge postali su sretniji. Kod ljudi koji su novac potrošili na sebe, ništa se nije dogodilo. To ih nije učinilo manje sretnima, samo im nije posebno doprinijelo.
The other thing we saw is the amount of money doesn't matter much. People thought 20 dollars would be way better than five. In fact, it doesn't matter how much money you spent. What really matters is that you spent it on somebody else rather than on yourself. We see this again and again when we give people money to spend on others instead of on themselves. Of course, these are undergraduates in Canada -- not the world's most representative population. They're also fairly wealthy and affluent and other sorts of things.
A drugo što smo vidjeli jest da novčani iznos i nije toliko bitan. Dakle, ljudi su mislili da će 20 dolara biti mnogo bolje od 5 dolara. U biti, nije važno koliko ste novca potrošili. Ono što je važno jest da ste ga potrošili na nekoga drugog, a ne na sebe. Vidimo to opet i iznova kad ljudima damo novac da ga potroše na nekoga drugog, umjesto na sebe. Naravno, to su kanadski studenti - nisu baš najreprezentativniji uzorak svjetskog stanovništva. Oni su također dosta bogati, dobrostojeći i sve te slične stvari.
We wanted to see if this holds true everywhere in the world or just among wealthy countries. So we went to Uganda and ran a very similar experiment. Imagine, instead of just people in Canada, we say, "Name the last time you spent money on yourself or others. Describe it. How happy did it make you?" Or in Uganda, "Name the last time you spent money on yourself or others and describe that." Then we asked them how happy they are, again. And what we see is sort of amazing, because there's human universals on what you do with your money, and real cultural differences on what you do as well. So for example, one guy from Uganda says this: "I called a girl I wished to love." They basically went out on a date, and he says at the end that he didn't "achieve" her up till now.
Htjeli smo provjeriti je li to točno svugdje u svijetu ili samo u bogatim zemljama. Otišli smo, naime, u Ugandu i proveli veoma sličan pokus. Zamislite, umjesto iskrenih ljudi u Kanadi, rekli smo: "Recite nam kada ste zadnji put potrošili novac na sebe ili druge ljude. Opišite to. Koliko sretnima vas je to učinilo?" Ili u Ugandi: "Navedite zadnji put kada ste potrošili novac na sebe ili druge ljude i opišite to." A tada smo ih opet pitali koliko su sretni. I ono što vidimo je nevjerojatno zato što postoje ljudske univerzalnosti u onome što radimo sa svojim novcem i onda prave kulturne razlike također u tome što radimo. Pa na primjer, jedan čovjek iz Ugande kaže ovo. Rekao je: "Nazvao sam djevojku koju bih želio voljeti." Oni su u biti bili na jednom spoju, i na kraju kaže da je do sada nije "pridobio".
(Laughter)
Evo čovjeka iz Kanade.
Here's a guy from Canada. Very similar thing. "I took my girlfriend out for dinner. We went to a movie, we left early, and then went back to her room for ... cake," just cake.
Vrlo slična stvar. "Odveo sam djevojku na večeru. Otišli smo u kino, izašli prije kraja i otišli u njenu sobu na..." samo tortu - samo komad torte. Ljudske univerzalnosti - trošite novac na druge ljude,
(Laughter)
Human universal: you spend money on others, you're being nice. Maybe you have something in mind, maybe not. But then we see extraordinary differences. So look at these two. This is a woman from Canada. We say, "Name a time you spent money on somebody else." She says, "I bought a present for my mom. I drove to the mall, bought a present, gave it to my mom." Perfectly nice thing to do. It's good to get gifts for people you know. Compare that to this woman from Uganda: "I was walking and met a longtime friend whose son was sick with malaria. They had no money, they went to a clinic and I gave her this money." This isn't $10,000, it's the local currency. So it's a very small amount of money, in fact. But enormously different motivations here. This is a real medical need, literally a lifesaving donation. Above, it's just kind of, I bought a gift for my mother.
dobri ste prema njima. Možda nešto smjerate, možda ne. Ali onda vidimo nevjerojatne razlike. Pogledajte ove dvije. Ovo je žena iz Kanade. Mi kažemo: "Navedite vrijeme kada ste potrošili novac ne nekog drugog." Ona kaže: "Kupila sam dar za svoju mamu, odvezla sam se do trgovačkog centra svojim autom, kupila dar, dala ga mami." Veoma lijepa stvar za učiniti. Lijepo je kupovati darove ljudima koje znate. Usporedite to s ovom ženom iz Ugande. "Šetala sam i srela dugogodišnju prijateljicu čiji sin je bolovao od malarije. Nisu imali novca, otišli su u kliniku i ja sam joj dala ovaj novac." To nije 10,000 dolara, to je lokalna valuta. To je zapravo veoma malen iznos. Ali prisutna je bitno drugačija motivacija. Ovo je prava medicinska potreba, doslovno donacija koja spašava život. Kod prve žene, to je kao, kupila sam dar za svoju mamu.
What we see again, though, is that the specific way you spend on other people isn't nearly as important as the fact that you spend on other people in order to make yourself happy, which is really quite important. So you don't have to do amazing things with your money to make yourself happy. You can do small, trivial things and still get the benefits from doing this. These are only two countries. We wanted to look at every country in the world if we could, to see what the relationship is between money and happiness.
Što vidimo, međutim, jest da određen način na koji trošite na druge ljude nije ni približno važan kao činjenica da trošite na druge ljude da biste sebe usrećili, što je zapravo dosta važno. Dakle, ne morate raditi čudesne stvari sa svojim novcem da biste se usrećili. Možete raditi male, trivijalne stvari i opet imati dobiti od toga. To su samo dvije zemlje. Htjeli smo otići i dalje i pogledati svaku zemlju u svijetu kada bismo mogli da vidimo koja je veza između novca i sreće. Dobili smo podatke od organizacije Gallup,
We got data from the Gallup Organization, which you know from all the political polls happening lately. They asked people, "Did you donate money to charity recently?" and, "How happy are you with life in general?" We can see what the relationship is between those two things. Are they positively correlated, giving money makes you happy? Or are they negatively correlated? On this map, green will mean they're positively correlated, red means they're negatively correlated. And you can see, the world is crazily green. So in almost every country in the world where we have this data, people who give money to charity are happier people than people who don't give money to charity. I know you're looking at the red country in the middle. I would be a jerk and not tell you what it is, but it's Central African Republic. You can make up stories. Maybe it's different there for some reason. Just below that to the right is Rwanda, though, which is amazingly green.
koju znate iz svih političkih anketa koje su se nedavno održavale. Oni pitaju ljude: "Jeste li nedavno donirali novac u dobrotvorne svrhe?", zatim: "Koliko ste sretni sa svojim životom općenito?" I možemo vidjeti koja je veza između te dvije stvari. Jesu li u pozitivnoj korelaciji? Davanje novca vas čini sretnima. Jesu li u negativnoj korelaciji? Na ovoj karti, zeleno će značiti da su u pozitivnoj korelaciji, a crveno znači da su u negativnoj korelaciji. I kao što vidite, svijet je ludo zelen. U skoro svakoj zemlji na svijetu za koju imamo ove podatke, ljudi koji daju novac u dobrotvorne svrhe su sretniji ljudi od ljudi koji ne daju novac u dobrotvorne svrhe. Znam da svi gledate u ovu crvenu zemlju u sredini. Bio bih kreten kad vam ne bih rekao koja je to zemlja, ali zapravo, to je Centralna Afrička Republika. Možete izmišljati priče. Možda je tamo drugačije iz ovog ili onog razloga. Međutim, odmah ispod na desno je Ruanda, koja je čudesno zelena. Dakle, skoro svugdje gdje pogledamo
So almost everywhere we look, we see that giving money away makes you happier than keeping it for yourself. What about work, which is where we spend the rest of our time, when we're not with the people we know. We decided to infiltrate some companies and do a very similar thing. These are sales teams in Belgium. They work in teams, go out and sell to doctors and try to get them to buy drugs. We can look and see how well they sell things as a function of being a member of a team. We give people on some teams some money "Spend it however you want on yourself," just like we did with the undergrads in Canada. To other teams we say, "Here's 15 euro. Spend it on one of your teammates. Buy them something as a gift and give it to them. Then we can see, we've got teams that spend on themselves and these pro-social teams who we give money to make the team better. The reason I have a ridiculous pinata there is one team pooled their money and bought a pinata, they smashed the pinata, the candy fell out and things like that. A silly, trivial thing to do, but think of the difference on a team that didn't do that at all, that got 15 euro, put it in their pocket, maybe bought themselves a coffee, or teams that had this pro-social experience where they bonded together to buy something and do a group activity. What we see is that the teams that are pro-social sell more stuff than the teams that only got money for themselves.
vidimo da vas darivanje novca čini sretnijima nego kada biste ga zadržali za sebe. Što je s vašim poslovnim životom, gdje provodimo ostatak svog vremena kada nismo s ljudima koje znamo? Odlučili smo ubaciti se u neke tvrtke i napraviti vrlo sličnu stvar. Ovo su prodajni timovi u Belgiji. Rade u timovima; izađu i prodaju liječnicima i pokušavaju ih nagovoriti da kupe lijekove. Pa možemo pogledati i vidjeti kako dobro prodaju robu kao funkciju člana tima. Neki timovi, damo ljudima iz tima nešto novca za njih same i kažemo: "Potrošite ga kako god želite na sebe", baš kao što smo to učinili sa studentima u Kanadi. Ali drugim timovima kažemo: "Evo 15 eura. Potrošite ih ovaj tjedan na nekoga iz tima. Kupite im nešto na dar i dajte im to." I tada možemo vidjeti, sada imamo timove koji troše na sebe i imamo te prosocijalne timove kojima dajemo novac kako bismo tim učinili malo boljim. Ondje imam smiješnu pinjatu zato što je jedan od timova udružio svoj novac i kupio pinjatu, i svi su se skupili oko nje i izlupali pinjatu i svi slatkiši su ispali iz nje i tako. Vrlo blesava, trivijalna stvar za napraviti, ali razmislite o razlici između tima koji to uopće nije napravio, koji je dobio 15 eura, stavio ih u svoj džep, možda si je kupio kavu, i timova koji su imali ovo prosocijalno iskustvo gdje su se svi povezali skupa da bi nešto kupili i imali grupnu aktivnost. Ono što ovdje vidimo, zapravo, jest da timovi koji su prosocijalni prodaju više robe nego timovi koji su samo dobili novac za sebe.
One way to think of it is: for every 15 euro you give people for themselves, they put it in their pocket and don't do anything different than before. You don't get money from that; you lose money, since it doesn't motivate them to perform better. But when you give them 15 euro to spend on their teammates, they do so much better on their teams that you actually get a huge win on investing this kind of money.
Jedan način na koji se o tome može razmišljati jest da za svakih 15 eura koje date ljudima za njih same, oni ih stave u svoj džep, ne učine ništa drugačije od onoga što su prije činili. Iz toga ne dobivate novac. Zapravo gubite novac jer vas ne motivira da bolje radite. Ali onda im date 15 eura da potroše na članove svoje grupe, toliko bolje rade u svom timu da zapravo imate veliku korist od ulaganja takvog novca.
You're probably thinking to yourselves, this is all fine, but there's a context that's incredibly important for public policy, and I can't imagine it would work there. And if he doesn't show me that it works here, I don't believe anything he said. I know what you're all thinking about are dodgeball teams.
I shvaćam da vjerojatno mislite u sebi da je sve to u redu, ali postoji kontekst koji je od nevjerojatne važnosti za državnu politiku i ne mogu zamisliti da bi to tamo funkcioniralo. I, u biti, ako mi ne pokaže da to tamo djeluje, ne vjerujem u ništa što je rekao. I znam da svi razmišljate o timovima u graničaru.
(Laughter)
(Smijeh)
This was a huge criticism that we got, that if you can't show it with dodgeball teams, this is all stupid. So we went and found these dodgeball teams and infiltrated them, and did the exact same thing as before. So we give people on some teams money to spend on themselves. Other teams, we give them money to spend on their dodgeball teammates. The teams that spend money on themselves have the same winning percentages as before. The teams we give the money to spend on each other become different teams; they dominate the league by the time they're done.
Bila je to velika kritika koju smo dobili, ako ne možeš to pokazati na timovima u graničaru, sve je to glupost. Pa smo izašli i našli te timove u graničaru i ubacili se među njih. I napravili smo baš istu stvar kao i prije. Dakle, nekim timovima, damo ljudima u timu novac, oni ga potroše na sebe. Kod drugih timova, damo im novac da ga potroše na članove svog graničarskog tima. Timovi koji potroše novac na sebe imaju isti postotak pobjeda kao i prije. Timovi kojima dajemo novac kako bi ga potrošili jedni na druge, oni postanu drugačiji tim i, zapravo, dominiraju ligom do kada su gotovi.
Across all of these different contexts -- your personal life, you work life, even things like intramural sports -- we see spending on other people has a bigger return for you than spending on yourself. So if you think money can't buy happiness, you're not spending it right. The implication isn't you should buy this product instead of that product, and that's the way to make yourself happier. It's that you should stop thinking about which product to buy for yourself, and try giving some of it to other people instead.
Kroz sve te različite kontekste - vaš privatni život, vaš poslovni život, čak i blesave stvari kao što su školski sportovi - vidimo da trošenje na druge ljude ima veći povratni efekt na vas nego trošenje na sebe same. I zato ću samo reći, ako vi mislite da novac ne može kupiti sreću, mislim da ga ne trošite ispravno. Pretpostavka nije da biste trebali kupiti ovaj proizvod umjesto onog proizvoda i da je to način na koji ćete se učiniti sretnijima. Pretpostavka je, u biti, da trebate prestati razmišljati o tome koji proizvod kupiti za sebe i probati umjesto toga dati nešto drugim ljudima.
And we luckily have an opportunity for you. DonorsChoose.org is a nonprofit for mainly public school teachers in low-income schools. They post projects like, "I want to teach Huckleberry Finn and we don't have the books," or, "I want a microscope to teach my students science and we don't have a microscope." You and I can go on and buy it for them. The teacher and the kids write you thank-you notes, sometimes they send pictures of them using the microscope. It's an extraordinary thing.
I, srećom, imamo priliku za vas. DonorsChoose.org je neprofitan i uglavnom pomaže učiteljima državnih škola s niskim prihodima. Oni objavljuju projekte, i kažu: "Želim svoj razred naučiti o Huckleberryju Finnu, ali nemamo knjige", ili "Želim mikroskop da bih svoje učenike naučila o znanosti, ali nemamo mikroskope." Vi i ja možemo otići i kupiti ih za njih. Učitelj vam napiše pismo zahvale. Djeca vam napišu pismo zahvale. Ponekad vam pošalju slike sebe kako koriste mikroskop. To je nevjerojatna stvar.
Go to the website and start yourself on the process of thinking less about "How can I spend money on myself?" and more about "If I've got five dollars or 15 dollars, what can I do to benefit other people?" Ultimately, when you do that, you'll find you benefit yourself much more.
Otiđite na web stranicu i započnite razmišljati, ponavljam, manje o tome kako možete potrošiti novac na sebe, a više o načinu na koji kada imate pet ili 15 dolara možete pomoći drugim ljudima. Jer, na kraju krajeva, kada to učinite, vidjet ćete da sebi pomažete mnogo više.
Thank you.
Hvala vam.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)