He was a powerful king whose break with the church of Rome would forever change the course of English history. But was he a charismatic reformer or a bullying tyrant? Find out on History versus Henry VIII.
Dia seorang raja digdaya yang memisahkan Inggris dari gereja Roma dan mengubah perjalanan sejarah Bangsa Inggris selamanya. Tetapi apakah dia pembaharu karismatik ataukah penguasa kejam? Mari putuskan itu dalam Sejarah vs Henry VIII.
Judge: Order, order. Now, who do we have here? Looks like quite the dashing fellow.
(Ketukan palu) Hakim (H): Harap tenang.
Defense: Indeed, your honour. This is Henry VIII, the acclaimed king who reformed England's religion and government and set it on course to becoming a modern nation.
Tampaknya kita kedatangan orang yang sangat menarik. Pembela (P): Benar yang mulia. Ini Henry VIII, raja terpuji yang mengubah sistem agama dan pemerintahan Inggris dan menjadikan Inggris bangsa yang maju.
Prosecutor: I beg to differ. This is a cruel, impulsive, and extravagant king who had as little regard for his people as he did for his six wives.
Jaksa (J): Keberatan. Dia adalah raja yang kejam, lalim, dan suka berfoya-foya yang tidak memperhatikan rakyat dan keenam istrinya.
Judge: Six wives?
H: enam istri?
Defense: Your honor, Henry's first marriage was arranged for him when he was only a child. He only married Catherine of Aragon to strengthen England’s alliance with Spain.
P: (Dehem) Yang Mulia, istri pertamanya adalah hasil perjodohan saat dia masih kecil. Dia menikahi Catherine dari Aragon untuk memperkuat hubungan Inggris dan Spanyol.
Prosecutor: An alliance he was willing to toss aside with no regard for the nation.
J: Persekutuan yang dia singkirkan tanpa mempedulikan bangsanya.
Defense: Henry had every regard for the nation. It was imperative to secure the Tudor dynasty by producing a male heir – something Catherine failed to do in over twenty years of marriage.
P: Henry sangat memperhatikan bangsanya. Dinasti Tudor harus diteruskan oleh seorang putra mahkota dan Catherine tak bisa melahirkan putra selama lebih dari 20 tahun pernikahan.
Prosecutor: It takes two to make an heir, your honor.
J: Ini bukan hanya kesalahan Catherine, Yang Mulia.
Defense: Ahem. Regardless, England needed a new queen to ensure stability, but the Pope refused to annul the union and let the king remarry.
P: (Dehem) Bagaimanapun, Inggris membutuhkan ratu baru demi stabilitas, tetapi Paus menolak pembatalan pernikahan sehingga raja tidak bisa menikah lagi.
Judge: Sounds like quite a pickle. Can’t argue with the Pope.
H: Situasi yang sulit. Keputusan Paus tak boleh dilanggar.
Prosecutor: And yet that’s exactly what the king decided to do. He uprooted the country’s religious foundations and broke the Church of England away from Rome, leading to centuries of strife.
J: Justru itulah yang dilakukan oleh raja. Dia menumbangkan pondasi agama yang dianut Inggris dan memisahkan Gereja Inggris dari Gereja Katolik Roma menimbulkan perselisihan berkepanjangan.
Defense: All Henry did was give the Church honest domestic leadership. He freed his subjects from the corrupt Roman Catholic establishment. And by rejecting the more radical changes of the Protestant reformation, he allowed his people to preserve most of their religious traditions.
P: Henry hanya ingin Gereja dipimpin oleh kearifan lokal. Dia membebaskan rakyatnya dari Gereja Katolik Roma yang korup. Dia juga menolak usulan-usulan perubahan yang diajukan kaum Protestan, dan mengizinkan rakyatnya untuk melestarikan ibadah sesuai tradisi.
Prosecutor: Objection! The Church had been a beloved and popular institution that brought comfort and charity to the masses. Thanks to Henry, church property was seized; hospitals closed, and precious monastic libraries lost forever, all to enrich the Crown.
J: Keberatan! Gereja Katolik sangat dicintai dan terkenal yang memberikan ketenangan dan bantuan bagi rakyat. Di masa Henry, kekayaan gereja disita; rumah sakit ditutup, dan perpustakaan agama yang berharga hilang selamanya, demi memperkaya tahta.
Defense: Some of the funds were used to build new cathedrals and open secular schools. And it was necessary for England to bring its affairs under its own control rather than Rome’s.
P: Sebagian dana digunakan untuk membangun katedral baru dan untuk membuka sekolah sekuler. Dan Inggris memang perlu menjalankan pemerintahan di bawah kekuasaan bangsanya sendiri, bukan kekuasaan Roma.
Prosecutor: You mean under Henry’s control.
J: Maksudmu di bawah kekuasaan Henry.
Defense: Not true. All of the king’s major reforms went through Parliament. No other country of the time allowed its people such a say in government.
P: Tidak benar. Semua perubahan besar dilakukan raja melalui Parlemen. Pada saat itu tidak ada negara yang menganut sistem Parlemen.
Prosecutor: He used Parliament as a rubber stamp for his own personal will. Meanwhile he ruled like a tyrant, executing those he suspected of disloyalty. Among his victims were the great statesman and philosopher Thomas More – once his close friend and advisor – and Anne Boleyn, the new queen Henry had torn the country apart to marry.
J: Dia menggunakan Parlemen untuk melegalkan keinginan pribadinya. Ia bertindak bak tirani, mengeksekusi semua orang yang dianggap berkhianat. Di antaranya yaitu Thomas More, seorang negarawan dan filsuf besar - yang dulu adalah sahabat dan penasihatnya - dan Anne Boleyn, ratu baru yang Henry nikahi dengan menghancurkan negaranya.
Judge: He executed his own wife?
H: Dia menghukum mati istrinya?
Defense: That…wasn’t King Henry’s initiative. She was accused of treason in a power struggle with the King’s minister, Thomas Cromwell.
P: Itu... bukan atas perintah Henry. Boleyn didakwa melakukan kudeta bersama perdana menteri, Thomas Cromwell.
Prosecutor: The trial was a sham and she wouldn’t have been convicted without Henry’s approval. Besides, he wasn’t too upset by the outcome - he married Jane Seymour just 11 days later!
J: Pengadilannya palsu dan dia tak akan dihukum tanpa persetujuan Henry. Lagipula, Henry tak begitu sedih atas keputusan itu. Dia menikahi Jane Seymour, 11 hari setelahnya!
Defense: A marriage that, I note, succeeded in producing a male heir and guaranteeing a stable succession… though the new queen tragically died in childbirth.
P: Pernikahan yang, saya tekankan, berhasil melahirkan putra pewaris dan menjamin penerus tahta... walaupun sayangnya sang ratu meninggal saat melahirkan.
Prosecutor: This tragedy didn’t deter him from an ill conceived fourth marriage to Anne of Cleves, which Henry then annulled on a whim and used as an excuse to execute Cromwell. As if that weren’t enough, he then married Catherine Howard – a cousin of Anne Boleyn – before having her executed too.
J: Tragedi itu tidak menghalangi raja dari pernikahan gegabah dengan Anne dari Cleves, yang kemudian dibatalkan oleh Henry dan dimanfaatkan untuk mengeksekusi Cromwell. Belum cukup, dia kemudian menikahi Catherine Howard - sepupu Anne Boleyn - sebelum dia dihukum mati juga.
Defense: She was engaged in adultery to which she confessed! Regardless, Henry’s final marriage to Catherine Parr was actually very successful.
P: Howard diduga berselingkuh dan akhirnya mengaku! Bagaimanapun, pernikahan terakhir Henry dengan Catherine Parr sangat berhasil.
Prosecutor: His sixth! It only goes to show he was an intemperate king who allowed faction and intrigue to rule his court, concerned only with his own pleasure and grandiosity.
J: Pernikahan keenam! Yang menunjukan sang raja sudah melewati batas, menggunakan perselisihan dan intrik dalam memerintah, ia hanya peduli dengan kesenangan dan kejayaannya sendiri.
Defense: That grandiosity was part of the king’s role as a model for his people. He was a learned scholar and musician who generously patronized the arts, as well as being an imposing warrior and sportsman. And the lavish tournaments he hosted enhanced England’s reputation on the world stage.
P: Kejayaan itu adalah bagian dari peran raja sebagai contoh bagi rakyatnya. Dia adalah cendekiawan dan musisi yang dermawan dalam melestarikan kesenian, selain juga seorang petarung dan olahragawan yang mengesankan. Kemewahan pertandingan yang diadakannya meningkatkan reputasi Inggris di tingkat dunia.
Prosecutor: And yet both his foreign and domestic policies were a disaster. His campaigns in France and his brutal invasion of Scotland drained the treasury, and his attempt to pay for it by debasing the coinage led to constant inflation. The lords and landowners responded by removing access to common pastures and turning the peasant population into beggars.
J: Tetapi kebijakan dalam dan luar negerinya sangat buruk. Penyerangan ke Perancis dan invasi brutal ke Skotlandia menghabiskan kekayaan negara dan kebijakannya memotong nilai mata uang berujung pada inflasi. Akibatnya para bangsawan dan tuan tanah melarang akses ke lahan-lahan umum sehingga membuat rakyat jelata menjadi pengemis.
Defense: Beggars who would soon become yeomen farmers. The enclosures made farming more efficient, and created a labor surplus that laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution. England would never have become the great power that it did without them …and without Henry.
P: Pengemis ini menjadi <i>yeoman</i>, petani di ladang sendiri. Sistem lahan ini membuat pertanian lebih efisien dan menghasilkan kelebihan tenaga kerja yang menjadi dasar Revolusi Industri. Inggris tidak akan menjadi sebesar sekarang tanpa mereka ...dan tanpa Henry.
Judge: Well, I think no matter what, we can all agree he looks great in that portrait.
H: Di luar semua itu, harus diakui dia tampak keren di foto itu.
A devout believer who broke with the Church. A man of learning who executed scholars. A king who brought stability to the throne, but used it to promote his own glory, Henry VIII embodied all the contradictions of monarchy on the verge of the modern era. But separating the ruler from the myth is all part of putting history on trial.
Seorang umat yang membelot dari Gereja Roma. Orang terpelajar yang menghukum mati para cendekiawan. Raja yang membawa stabilitas kerajaan, tetapi menggunakan kekuasaan untuk kepentingan pribadi, Henry VIII memiliki semua kontradiksi pemerintahan monarki di awal era modern. Memisahkannya dari mitos di sekitarnya,