I remember thinking to myself, "This is going to change everything about how we communicate."
Atceros, kā pie sevis nodomāju: "Šis pilnībā mainīs to, kā mēs sazināmies."
[Small thing.] [Big idea.]
[Maza lieta.] [Liela ideja.]
[Margaret Gould Stewart on the Hyperlink]
[Mārgareta Gulda Stjuarte par hipersaiti]
A hyperlink is an interface element, and what I mean by that is, when you're using software on your phone or your computer, there's a lot of code behind the interface that's giving all the instructions for the computer on how to manage it, but that interface is the thing that humans interact with: when we press on this, then something happens.
Hipersaite ir saskarnes elements, un ar to es domāju, ka, lietojot telefona vai datora programmatūru, aiz saskarnes ir ļoti daudz koda, kas instruē datoru, kā ar to rīkoties, taču šī saskarne ir tas, ar ko cilvēki mijiedarbojas. Ja nospiežam uz šo, kaut kas notiek.
When they first came around, they were pretty simple and not particularly glamorous. Designers today have a huge range of options. The hyperlink uses what's called a markup language -- HTML. There's a little string of code. And then you put the address of where you want to send the person. It's actually remarkably easy to learn how to do. And so, the whole range of references to information elsewhere on the internet is the domain of the hyperlink.
Sākotnēji tās bija visai vienkāršas un ne visai pievilcīgas. Mūsdienās dizaineriem ir ārkārtīgi daudz iespēju. Hipersaite izmanto iezīmēšanas valodu, sauktu par HTML. Tur ir koda rindiņa, un tad tajā ievieto adresi, uz kurieni cilvēku vēlas nosūtīt. Iemācīties to veidot patiesībā ir pavisam viegli. Un tā visdažādākā veida atsauces uz informāciju kaut kur internetā ir hipersaites domēns.
Back when I was in school -- this is before people had wide access to the internet -- if I was going to do a research paper, I would have to physically walk to the library, and if they had the book that you needed, great. You sometimes had to send out for it, so the process could take weeks. And it's kind of crazy to think about that now, because, like all great innovations, it's not long after we get access to something that we start to take it for granted.
Manos skolas laikos – tas bija, vēl pirms internets kļuva plaši pieejams – lai sagatavotu pētījumu, man bija kājām jāiet uz bibliotēku. Ja vajadzīgā grāmata tur bija, lieliski. Reizēm tā bija jāpasūta no citas nodaļas, tā ka šis process varēja prasīt nedēļas. Tagad ir jocīgi par to domāt, jo, kā mēdz notikt ar izcilām inovācijām, drīz vien pēc to apgūšanas mēs sākam tās uztvert par pašsaprotamām.
Back in 1945, there was this guy, Vannevar Bush. He was working for the US government, and one of the ideas that he put forth was, "Wow, humans are creating so much information, and we can't keep track of all the books that we've read or the connections between important ideas." And he had this idea called the "memex," where you could put together a personal library of all of the books and articles that you have access to. And that idea of connecting sources captured people's imaginations.
1945. gadā bija kāds puisis, vārdā Vanīvars Bušs. Viņš strādāja ASV valdības labā, un viena no viņa paustajām domām bija: "Paskat, cilvēki rada tik daudz informācijas, un mēs nespējam paturēt prātā visas izlasītās grāmatas un saiknes starp svarīgām idejām." Un viņam bija ideja par memeksu – personīgo bibliotēku, kurā būtu visas grāmatas un raksti, kas jums pieejami. Un šī ideja par avotu sasaisti rosināja cilvēku iztēli.
Later, in the 1960s, Ted Nelson launches Project Xanadu, and he said, "Well, what if it wasn't just limited to the things that I have? What if I could connect ideas across a larger body of work?" In 1982, researchers at the University of Maryland developed a system they called HyperTIES. They were the first to use text itself as a link marker. They figured out that this blue link on a gray background was going to work really well in terms of contrast, and people would be able to see it.
Vēlāk, 1960. gados, Teds Nelsons palaida projektu un teica: "Kā būtu, ja tas ietvertu ne tikai man vajadzīgo? Ja nu es spētu savienot idejas plašākā darbu lokā?" 1982. gadā Merilendas Universitātes pētnieki izveidoja sistēmu. Viņi bija pirmie, kas saišu iezīmēšanai izmantoja pašu tekstu. Viņi izdomāja, ka zilā saite uz pelēcīgā fona būs ļoti labs risinājums kontrasta ziņā un cilvēki to ieraudzīs.
Apple invented HyperCard in 1987. You had these stacks of cards, and you could create links in between the cards. HyperCard actually created the ability to jump around in a story. These kinds of notions of nonlinear storytelling got a huge boost when the hyperlink came along, because it gave people the opportunity to influence the narrative.
izgudroja 1987. gadā. Tās bija tādas kā kāršu kavas, un starp kartiņām varēja izveidot saites. patiesībā radīja iespēju pārlēkt stāstā no vienas vietas uz otru. Šādas idejas par nelineāriem stāstiem piedzīvoja uzplaukumu, kad parādījās hipersaite, jo tā bija iespēja piedalīties stāstījuma veidošanā.
These ideas and inventions, among others, inspired Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web. The hyperlink almost feels like a LEGO block, this very basic building block to a very complex web of connections that exists all around the world. Because of the way that hyperlinks were first constructed, they were intended to be not only used by many people, but created by many people. To me, it's one of the most democratic designs ever created.
Šīs idejas un izgudrojumi bija starp tām, kas iedvesmoja Timu Bērnersu-Lī, vispasaules tīmekļa izgudrotāju. Hipersaite šķiet gandrīz kā klucītis, pats pamata klucītis ļoti sarežģītam savienojumu tīklam, kas pastāv visapkārt pasaulei. Pateicoties vienkāršajam hipersaites veidošanas principam, bija paredzams, ka daudzi ne vien tās lietos, bet daudzi arī tās radīs. Man hipersaite ir viens no visdemokrātiskākajiem dizainiem,