This is poo, and what I want to do today is share my passion for poo with you, which might be quite difficult, but I think what you might find more fascinating is the way these small animals deal with poo.
Ovo je izmet i ono što želim da uradim danas je da podelim svoju strast prema izmetu sa vama, što može biti veoma teško, ali mislim da će vas više fascinirati način na koji ove male životinje postupaju sa izmetom.
So this animal here has got a brain about the size of a grain of rice, and yet it can do things that you and I couldn't possibly entertain the idea of doing. And basically it's all evolved to handle its food source, which is dung.
Ova životinja ovde ima mozak veličine zrna pirinča, a ipak može da radi stvari koje vi i ja ne možemo ni da zamislimo. U suštini, evoluirala je do toga da može da se nosi sa svojim izvorom hrane, balegom.
So the question is, where do we start this story? And it seems appropriate to start at the end, because this is a waste product that comes out of other animals, but it still contains nutrients and there are sufficient nutrients in there for dung beetles basically to make a living, and so dung beetles eat dung, and their larvae are also dung-feeders. They are grown completely in a ball of dung. Within South Africa, we've got about 800 species of dung beetles, in Africa we've got 2,000 species of dung beetles, and in the world we have about 6,000 species of dung beetles. So, according to dung beetles, dung is pretty good.
Dakle, pitanje je, gde ova priča počinje? Izgleda prikladno da počnemo na kraju, jer ovo su otpadne materije koje izlaze iz drugih životinja, ali su ipak hranljive i dovoljno su hranljive da obezbede balegarima život. Tako balegari jedu balegu i njihove larve se takođe hrane balegom. Kompletno su obmotane balegom. U Južnoj Africi, postoji oko 800 vrsta balegara, u Africi postoji 2 000 vrsta balegara, a na celom svetu postoji 6 000 vrsta balegara. Dakle, po mišljenju balegara, balega je prilično dobra.
Unless you're prepared to get dung under your fingernails and root through the dung itself, you'll never see 90 percent of the dung beetle species, because they go directly into the dung, straight down below it, and then they shuttle back and forth between the dung at the soil surface and a nest they make underground.
Ako niste spremni da zarijete nokte u balegu i kopate kroz samu balegu, nikada nećete videti 90 posto vrsta balegara jer oni idu direktno u balegu, tačno ispod nje i onda se kreću gore - dole između belege i površine zemlje i gnezda koje prave ispod zemlje.
So the question is, how do they deal with this material? And most dung beetles actually wrap it into a package of some sort. Ten percent of the species actually make a ball, and this ball they roll away from the dung source, usually bury it at a remote place away from the dung source, and they have a very particular behavior by which they are able to roll their balls. So this is a very proud owner of a beautiful dung ball. You can see it's a male because he's got a little hair on the back of his legs there, and he's clearly very pleased about what he's sitting on there. And then he's about to become a victim of a vicious smash-and-grab. (Laughter) And this is a clear indication that this is a valuable resource. And so valuable resources have to be looked after and guarded in a particular way, and we think the reason they roll the balls away is because of this, because of the competition that is involved in getting hold of that dung. So this dung pat was actually -- well, it was a dung pat 15 minutes before this photograph was taken, and we think it's the intense competition that makes the beetles so well-adapted to rolling balls of dung.
Pitanje je, kako oni obrađuju ovaj materijal? Većina balegara ga mota u neku vrstu paketa. Deset posto vrste u stvari pravi loptu i oni tu loptu kotrljaju od izvora balege, obično je zakopaju daleko od izvora balege i imaju specifično ponašanje koje im omogućava da kotrljaju svoje lopte. Ovo je veoma ponosan vlasnik prelepe lopte balege. Možete videti da je mužjak jer ima kratku dlaku na zadnjem delu nogu i očigledno je veoma zadovoljan time na čemu sedi. On će uskoro postati žrtva žestokog udari-i-zgrabi napada. (Smeh) Ovo je jasan pokazatelj da je ovo vredan resurs. O vrednim resursima treba voditi računa i čuvati ih na poseban način i mi smatramo da oni kotrljaju lopte zbog konkurencije koja hoće da se domogne te balege. Dakle, ova gomila balege bila je u stvari - pa, bila je gomila balege 15 minuta pre nego što je ova fotografija napravljena i smatramo da je jaka konkurencija ono što je osposobilo balegare da kotrljaju lopte balege.
So what you've got to imagine here is this animal here moving across the African veld. Its head is down. It's walking backwards. It's the most bizarre way to actually transport your food in any particular direction, and at the same time it's got to deal with the heat. This is Africa. It's hot.
Morate da zamislite ovu životinju ovde kako se kreće preko afričke livade. Njena glava je dole. Kreće se unazad. To je najčudniji način za transport hrane u bilo kom pravcu i u isto vreme mora da se nosi sa vrućinom. Ovo je Afrika. Vruće je.
So what I want to share with you now are some of the experiments that myself and my colleagues have used to investigate how dung beetles deal with these problems.
Ono što želim da podelim sa vama su neki od eksperimenata koje smo ja i moje kolege koristili da istražimo kako se balegari nose sa ovim problemima.
So watch this beetle, and there's two things that I would like you to be aware of. The first is how it deals with this obstacle that we've put in its way. See, look, it does a little dance, and then it carries on in exactly the same direction that it took in the first place. A little dance, and then heads off in a particular direction. So clearly this animal knows where it's going and it knows where it wants to go, and that's a very, very important thing, because if you think about it, you're at the dung pile, you've got this great big pie that you want to get away from everybody else, and the quickest way to do it is in a straight line. So we gave them some more tasks to deal with, and what we did here is we turned the world under their feet. And watch its response. So this animal has actually had the whole world turned under its feet. It's turned by 90 degrees. But it doesn't flinch. It knows exactly where it wants to go, and it heads off in that particular direction.
Gledajte ovog balegara i hoću da budete svesni dveju stvari. Prva je način na koji se nosi sa ovom preprekom koju smo mu stavili na put. Pogledajte, on izvodi mali ples i nastavlja u potpuno istom pravcu kojim je išao pre toga. Mali ples i nastavlja u određenom pravcu. Ova životinja očigledno zna kuda ide i zna kuda želi da ide i to je veoma, veoma važna stvar, jer ako razmislite o tome, nalazite se na gomili balege, imate lepu veliku pitu koju želite da sklonite od svih ostalih i najbrži način da to izvedete je da se krećete pravolinijski. Zadali smo im još nekoliko zadataka i ono što smo uradili bilo je to da smo okrenuli svet ispod njihovih nogu. Pogledajte njihovu reakciju. Ovoj životinji se ceo svet okrenuo ispod njenih nogu. Okrenuo se za 90 stepeni. Ali ona nije ustuknula. Tačno zna kuda želi da ide i odlazi baš u tom pravcu.
So our next question then was, how are they doing this? What are they doing? And there was a cue that was available to us. It was that every now and then they'd climb on top of the ball and they'd take a look at the world around them. And what do you think they could be looking at as they climb on top of the ball? What are the obvious cues that this animal could use to direct its movement? And the most obvious one is to look at the sky, and so we thought, now what could they be looking at in the sky? And the obvious thing to look at is the sun. So a classic experiment here, in that what we did was we moved the sun. What we're going to do now is shade the sun with a board and then move the sun with a mirror to a completely different position. And look at what the beetle does. It does a little double dance, and then it heads back in exactly the same direction it went in the first place. What happens now? So clearly they're looking at the sun. The sun is a very important cue in the sky for them.
Naše sledeće pitanje bilo je, kako oni ovo uspevaju? Šta oni to rade? Postojao je nagoveštaj koji nam je bio dostupan. S vremena na vreme oni bi se popeli na loptu i bacili pogled na svet oko sebe. Šta mislite, u šta su gledali kada bi se popeli na loptu? Koji su očigledni znakovi koje bi ova životinja mogla da iskoristi da usmeri svoje kretanje? Najočigledniji je da pogleda u nebo i pomislili smo u šta su to mogli da gledaju na nebu? Očigledna stvar u koju biste pogledali je sunce. Izveli smo klasičan eksperiment pomerivši sunce. Sada ćemo zakloniti sunce daskom i onda ga pomeriti ogledalom na potpuno različitu poziciju. Pogledajte šta balegar radi. Izvodi mali dvostruki ples i onda nastavlja u potpuno istom pravcu u kome se kretao pre toga. Šta se sada dešava? Jasno je da oni gledaju u sunce. Sunce je veoma bitan nebeski znak za njih.
The thing is the sun is not always available to you, because at sunset it disappears below the horizon. What is happening in the sky here is that there's a great big pattern of polarized light in the sky that you and I can't see. It's the way our eyes are built. But the sun is at the horizon over here and we know that when the sun is at the horizon, say it's over on this side, there is a north-south, a huge pathway across the sky of polarized light that we can't see that the beetles can see. So how do we test that? Well, that's easy. What we do is we get a great big polarization filter, pop the beetle underneath it, and the filter is at right angles to the polarization pattern of the sky. The beetle comes out from underneath the filter and it does a right-hand turn, because it comes back under the sky that it was originally orientated to and then reorientates itself back to the direction it was originally going in. So obviously beetles can see polarized light.
Problem je što nam sunce nije uvek dostupno jer kada zađe, ono nestane iza horizonta. Ono što se dešava na nebu je da postoji velika količina polarizovane svetlosti koju vi i ja ne možemo da vidimo. Takva je građa naših očiju. Ali sunce je ovde na horizontu, a mi znamo da, kada je sunce na horizontu, recimo na ovoj strani, nebom se, od severa ka jugu, pruža ogromna staza polarizovane svetlosti koju mi ne vidimo, a balegari vide. Kako to testiramo? Veoma lako. Uzmemo veliki polarizacioni filter, gurnemo balegara ispod njega, dok je filter pod pravim uglom u odnosu na polarizacionu stazu na nebu. Balegar izađe ispod filtera i skrene desno, jer se vraća ispod neba po kome se pre toga orijentisao i opet se vraća na pravac kojim se prvobitno kretao. Očigledno je da balegari mogu da vide polarizovanu svetlost.
Okay, so what we've got so far is, what are beetles doing? They're rolling balls. How are they doing it? Well, they're rolling them in a straight line. How are they maintaining it in a particular straight line? Well, they're looking at celestial cues in the sky, some of which you and I can't see.
Dakle, ono što smo do sada zaključili je, šta balegari rade? Kotrljaju lopte. Kako to rade? Kotrljaju ih pravolinijski. Kako zadržavaju pravolinijsko kretanje? Gledaju u znake na nebu, od kojih neke vi i ja ne možemo da vidimo.
But how do they pick up those celestial cues? That was what was of interest to us next. And it was this particular little behavior, the dance, that we thought was important, because look, it takes a pause every now and then, and then heads off in the direction that it wants to go in. So what are they doing when they do this dance? How far can we push them before they will reorientate themselves? And in this experiment here, what we did was we forced them into a channel, and you can see he wasn't particularly forced into this particular channel, and we gradually displaced the beetle by 180 degrees until this individual ends up going in exactly the opposite direction that it wanted to go in, in the first place. And let's see what his reaction is as he's headed through 90 degrees here, and now he's going to -- when he ends up down here, he's going to be 180 degrees in the wrong direction. And see what his response is. He does a little dance, he turns around, and heads back in this. He knows exactly where he's going. He knows exactly what the problem is, and he knows exactly how to deal with it, and the dance is this transition behavior that allows them to reorientate themselves.
Ali kako oni primećuju te nebeske znake? To je ono što nas sledeće interesuje. I baš ovo ponašanje, mali ples, smatrali smo važnim jer pogledajte, on pauzira s vremena na vreme, a onda nastavlja pravcem kojim želi da ide. Šta oni rade kada izvode ovaj ples? Koliko možemo da ih guramo pre nego što se preorijentišu? U ovom eksperimentu smo ih naterali da uđu u kanal i možete videti da ga nismo naterali da uđe baš u taj kanal i postepeno smo okrenuli balegara za 180 stepeni dok ovaj nije počeo da se kreće u potpuno suprotnom pravcu od onog kojim je prvobitno hteo da se kreće. I da vidimo njegovu reakciju dok prolazi prvih 90 stepeni i sada će - kada završi ovde dole, kretaće se 180 stepeni u pogrešnom pravcu. Vidite kakva je njegova reakcija. Izvede mali ples, okrene se, i vrati se ovde. On zna tačno kuda ide. On tačno zna u čemu je problem i tačno zna kako da se nosi s njim, a ples je prelazno ponašanje koje mu omogućava da se preorijentiše.
So that's the dance, but after spending many years sitting in the African bush watching dung beetles on nice hot days, we noticed that there was another behavior associated with the dance behavior. Every now and then, when they climb on top of the ball, they wipe their face. And you see him do it again. Now we thought, now what could be going on here? Clearly the ground is very hot, and when the ground is hot, they dance more often, and when they do this particular dance, they wipe the bottom of their face. And we thought that it could be a thermoregulatory behavior. We thought that maybe what they're doing is trying to get off the hot soil and also spitting onto their face to cool their head down.
Dakle, u tome je smisao plesa, ali posle mnogo godina provedenih u afričkom rastinju gledajući balegare u lepim toplim danima, primetili smo da postoji još jedna vrsta ponašanja koja se vezuje za ovaj ples. S vremena na vreme, kada se popnu na loptu, oni obrišu svoje lice. Vidite kako to radi opet. Pomislili smo, šta bi ovo moglo da bude? Očigledno je zemlja veoma topla, a kada je zemlja topla, oni češće izvode ples, a kada izvedu ovaj ples, oni obrišu donji deo svog lica. Pomislili smo da to može biti termoregulatorno ponašanje. Pomislili samo da možda pokušavaju da se sklone sa vrućeg tla i da pljuju na svoje lice da bi ohladili glavu.
So what we did was design a couple of arenas. one was hot, one was cold. We shaded this one. We left that one hot. And then what we did was we filmed them with a thermal camera. So what you're looking at here is a heat image of the system, and what you can see here emerging from the poo is a cool dung ball. So the truth is, if you look at the temperature over here, dung is cool. (Laughter)
Onda smo napravili dve arene. Jedna je bila vruća, druga hladna. Ovu smo zaklonili. Onu smo ostavili da bude vruća. A onda smo ih snimali termalnom kamerom. Ono što ovde vidite je termalna slika sistema i ono što ovde izranja iz izmeta je hladna lopta balege. Dakle, ako pogledate temperaturu, balega je hladna. (Smeh)
So all we're interested in here is comparing the temperature of the beetle against the background. So the background here is around about 50 degrees centigrade. The beetle itself and the ball are probably around about 30 to 35 degrees centigrade, so this is a great big ball of ice cream that this beetle is now transporting across the hot veld. It isn't climbing. It isn't dancing, because its body temperature is actually relatively low. It's about the same as yours and mine. And what's of interest here is that little brain is quite cool. But if we contrast now what happens in a hot environment, look at the temperature of the soil. It's up around 55 to 60 degrees centigrade. Watch how often the beetle dances. And look at its front legs. They're roaringly hot. So the ball leaves a little thermal shadow, and the beetle climbs on top of the ball and wipes its face, and all the time it's trying to cool itself down, we think, and avoid the hot sand that it's walking across.
Ono što nas interesuje je poređenje temperature balegara i okruženja. Temperatura okruženja je oko 50 stepeni Celzijusa. Balegar i lopta imaju oko 30 do 35 stepeni Celzijusa i ovo je velika lopta sladoleda koju ovaj balegar transportuje preko vruće livade. On se ne penje. On ne igra, zato što je njegova telesna temperatura relativno niska. Otprilike je ista kao vaša i moja. Ono što je bitno je da je taj mali mozak relativno hladan. Ali ako pogledamo sada šta se dešava u vrućem okruženju, pogledajte temperaturu tla. Iznosi oko 55 do 60 stepeni Celzijusa. Pogledajte koliko često balegar igra. Pogledajte njegove prednje noge. Užarene su. Lopta ostavlja malu termalnu senku i balegar se penje na loptu i briše svoje lice i sve vreme pokušava da se rashladi i da izbegne vrući pesak po kome se kreće.
And what we did then was put little boots on these legs, because this was a way to test if the legs were involved in sensing the temperature of the soil. And if you look over here, with boots they climb onto the ball far less often when they had no boots on. So we described these as cool boots. It was a dental compound that we used to make these boots. And we also cooled down the dung ball, so we were able to put the ball in the fridge, gave them a nice cool dung ball, and they climbed onto that ball far less often than when they had a hot ball. So this is called stilting. It's a thermal behavior that you and I do if we cross the beach, we jump onto a towel, somebody has this towel -- "Sorry, I've jumped onto your towel." -- and then you scuttle across onto somebody else's towel, and that way you don't burn your feet. And that's exactly what the beetles are doing here.
Stavili smo male čizme na ove nožice jer je to način da testiramo da li su nožice učestvovale u određivanju temperature tla. Ako obratite pažnju, sa čizmama oni se penju na loptu daleko ređe nego kada nemaju čizme. Opisali smo ove čizme kao hladne čizme. Koristili smo dentalnu smesu da ih napravimo. Takođe smo ohladili loptu balege i mogli smo da stavimo loptu u frižider, damo im lepo hladnu loptu balege i peli su se na loptu mnogo ređe nego kad su imali vruću loptu. Ovo se zove gacanje. To je termalno ponašanje koje se javlja i kod mene i kod vas kada idemo plažom, skočimo na peškir, tuđi peškir - "Izvinite, skočio sam na vaš peškir." - i onda otrčimo na nečiji drugi peškir da ne bismo izgoreli stopala. To je baš ono što balegari rade.
However, there's one more story I'd like to share with you, and that's this particular species. It's from a genus called Pachysoma. There are 13 species in the genus, and they have a particular behavior that I think you will find interesting. This is a dung beetle. Watch what he's doing. Can you spot the difference? They don't normally go this slowly. It's in slow motion. but it's walking forwards, and it's actually taking a pellet of dry dung with it. This is a different species in the same genus but exactly the same foraging behavior.
Ali, postoji još jedna priča koju bih hteo da podelim sa vama, a radi se baš o ovoj vrsti. Spada u rod koji se zove Pachysoma. U ovaj rod spada 13 vrsta i ponašaju se na određen način koji će vam se dopasti. Ovo je balegar. Posmatrajte šta radi. Možete li da uočite razliku? Oni se normalno ne kreću ovoliko sporo. Ovo je usporeni snimak. Ali kreće se unapred i nosi loptu sa balege sa sobom. Ovo je druga vrsta iz istog roda, ali sa istim sakupljačkim ponašanjem.
There's one more interesting aspect of this dung beetle's behavior that we found quite fascinating, and that's that it forages and provisions a nest. So watch this individual here, and what he's trying to do is set up a nest. And he doesn't like this first position, but he comes up with a second position, and about 50 minutes later, that nest is finished, and he heads off to forage and provision at a pile of dry dung pellets. And what I want you to notice is the outward path compared to the homeward path, and compare the two. And by and large, you'll see that the homeward path is far more direct than the outward path. On the outward path, he's always on the lookout for a new blob of dung. On the way home, he knows where home is, and he wants to go straight to it. The important thing here is that this is not a one-way trip, as in most dung beetles. The trip here is repeated back and forth between a provisioning site and a nest site. And watch, you're going to see another South African crime taking place right now. (Laughter) And his neighbor steals one of his dung pellets.
Postoji još jedan interesantan aspekt ponašanja ovog balegara koji smatramo fascinantnim, a to je da on sakuplja i snabdeva gnezdo. Pogledajte ovu jedinku - ono što ona pokušava da uradi je da napravi gnezdo. I ne sviđa mu se prvi položaj, ali on nalazi drugi položaj i oko 50 minuta kasnije, gnezdo je gotovo i on odlazi da prikuplja i da se snabdeva na gomili suvih lopti balege. Obratite pažnju na putanju koja odlazi od gnezda u poređenju sa putanjom koja vodi do gnezda i uporedite ih. Sve u svemu, primetićete da je putanja koja vodi ka gnezdu mnogo direktnija od one koja vodi od gnezda. Na putanji koja vodi od gnezda, on uvek pazi da ne propusti novu loptu balege. Na putu kući, on zna gde mu je kuća i hoće da ode pravo do nje. Ono što je važno je da ovo nije jednosmeran put, kao kod većine balegara. Ovaj put se ponavlja napred - nazad između mesta sakupljanja hrane i mesta gde je gnezdo. Pazite, vidite još jedan južnoafrički zločin koji se baš sada odvija. (Smeh) Njegov sused krade jednu od njegovih lopti balege.
So what we're looking at here is a behavior called path integration. And what's taking place is that the beetle has got a home spot, it goes out on a convoluted path looking for food, and then when it finds food, it heads straight home. It knows exactly where its home is. Now there's two ways it could be doing that, and we can test that by displacing the beetle to a new position when it's at the foraging site. If it's using landmarks, it will find its home. If it is using something called path integration, it will not find its home. It will arrive at the wrong spot, and what it's doing here if it's using path integration is it's counting its steps or measuring the distance out in this direction. It knows the bearing home, and it knows it should be in that direction. If you displace it, it ends up in the wrong place. So let's see what happens when we put this beetle to the test with a similar experiment.
Ono što ovde vidimo je ponašanje zvano integracija putanje. Ono što se dešava je da balegar ima kuću, ide vijugavom stazom i traži hranu i kada je nađe, ide pravo kući. Tačno zna gde mu se kuća nalazi. Radi to na dva načina, i možemo to da testiramo premeštajući balegara na novu poziciju kada je na mestu gde sakuplja hranu. Ako koristi orijentire, naći će put do kuće. Ako koristi integraciju putanje, neće naći put do kuće. Stići će na pogrešno mesto i ono što radi ako koristi integraciju putanje ja da broji korake ili meri rastojanje u ovom pravcu. Zna pod kojim uglom mu se nalazi kuća, i zna da bi trebalo da bude u tom pravcu. Ako ga pomerite, završiće na pogrešnom mestu. Da vidimo šta se dešava kada testiramo ovog balegara sličnim eksperimentom.
So here's our cunning experimenter. He displaces the beetle, and now we have to see what is going to take place. What we've got is a burrow. That's where the forage was. The forage has been displaced to a new position. If he's using landmark orientation, he should be able to find the burrow, because he'll be able to recognize the landmarks around it. If he's using path integration, then it should end up in the wrong spot over here.
Evo našeg lukavog vršioca eksperimenta. On pomera balegara i sada ćemo da vidimo šta će da se desi. Ovo je jazbina. Tu je bila hrana. Hrana je pomerena na novo mesto. Ako koristi orijentire, trebalo bi da nađe jazbinu jer može da prepozna orijentire oko nje. Ako koristi integraciju putanje, trebalo bi da završi na pogrešnom mestu ovamo.
So let's watch what happens when we put the beetle through the whole test. So there he is there. He's about to head home, and look what happens. Shame. It hasn't a clue. It starts to search for its house in the right distance away from the food, but it is clearly completely lost. So we know now that this animal uses path integration to find its way around, and the callous experimenter leads it top left and leaves it. (Laughter)
Da vidimo šta se dešava kada balegar prođe kroz ceo test. Evo ga ovde. Treba da krene kući i evo šta se dešava. Šteta. Nema pojma gde se nalazi. Počinje da traga za svojom kućom na pravom rastojanju od hrane, ali jasno je da je totalno izgubljen. Sada znamo da ova životinja koristi integraciju putanje da nađe put i naš surovi vršilac eksperimenta ga vodi gore levo i ostavlja ga. (Smeh)
So what we're looking at here are a group of animals that use a compass, and they use the sun as a compass to find their way around, and they have some sort of system for measuring that distance, and we know that these species here actually count the steps. That's what they use as an odometer, a step-counting system, to find their way back home. We don't know yet what dung beetles use.
Ovde vidimo grupu životinja koje koriste kompas i koriste sunce kao kompas da nađu put i imaju neku vrstu sistema za merenje rastojanja i znamo da ova vrsta u stvari broji korake. To je ono što oni koriste kao merač, sistem za brojanje koraka, da nađu svoj put do kuće. Još uvek ne znamo šta balegari koriste.
So what have we learned from these animals with a brain that's the size of a grain of rice? Well, we know that they can roll balls in a straight line using celestial cues. We know that the dance behavior is an orientation behavior and it's also a thermoregulation behavior, and we also know that they use a path integration system for finding their way home. So for a small animal dealing with a fairly revolting substance we can actually learn an awful lot from these things doing behaviors that you and I couldn't possibly do. Thank you. (Applause)
Šta smo naučili od ovih životinja čiji je mozak veličine zrna pirinča? Znamo da mogu da kotrljaju lopte pravolinijski koristeći nebeske znakove. Znamo da je ples orijentaciono ponašanje i takođe termoregulatorno ponašanje i znamo da koriste sistem integracije putanje da nađu put do kuće. Od ove male životinje koja ima posla sa prilično odvratnom materijom možemo mnogo da naučimo, iz njihovog ponašanja koje mi nikada ne bismo mogli da izvedemo. Hvala. (Aplauz)