Successful companies don't invest in talent so the competition can hire them away. They keep their people motivated to grow with the company and inspire those around them to lean in with them. I believe that talent retention, the same tool used to grow successful companies, can be used to build great neighborhoods for the people born and raised in them.
成功的公司不投資在人才身上 以便競爭對手把他們挖走, 而是讓員工有動機 想要跟著公司一起成長, 鼓舞他們身邊的人 和他們一起全心投入。 我相信人才保留 這項讓成功的公司得以成長的工具 也能為在鄰里中出生、長大的人 建立出美好的鄰里。
My hometown is the South Bronx in New York City,
我的家鄉是紐約市的南布朗克斯,
(Cheers)
(歡呼聲)
holla --
嘿——
(Applause)
(掌聲)
And it’s the kind of neighborhood that, some might say, actually has a talent repulsion strategy.
這種鄰里 被一些人認為根本是 策略性地排斥人才。
Back in the 1980s, I walked by this crack house on the way to the subway that would take me to my high school, one of the best in the country, the Bronx High School of Science. Alright, figured there'd be at least some of you in here. Neighborhoods like mine are places where inequality is assumed by the people who live there and by everyone else on the outside looking in. These are places where the schools, public health, air and water, parks and trees, food options, career opportunities are worse than in other parts of the same town. Government subsidized rental housing and health clinics, homeless shelters, liquor stores, dollar stores predominate. Few banks, but plenty of check cashing stores or pawnshops that charge you to use the money you may have. I refer to these communities as low-status. I don’t call them poor or underprivileged because frankly, status implies something larger and deeper at work and that inequality is a well-established fact.
在 1980 年代, 我經過這個賣古柯鹼的地方, 要前往地鐵站, 搭車到我就讀的高中, 全國最好的高中之一, 布朗克斯科學高中。 好耶,我就知道這裡會有幾個校友。 像我的鄰里這種地方, 當地居民都認定不平等是必然的了, 連所有從外面 向內看的人也這麼認為。 在這種地方,學校、 公共衛生、空氣和水、 公園和樹木、食物選項、 職業機會, 都不如同一個鎮上的其他地方。 政府補助的出租住房及健康中心、 遊民收容所、 販酒店、一元商店佔了絕大多數。 有幾間銀行,但很多支票兌現商店 或是當舖,讓你連要用 自己的錢都還得被收費。 我把這類鄰里稱為低階層。 我不會稱它們是貧窮 或弱勢,因為,坦白說, 階層一詞意指背後有 更大、更深的因素在運作, 且不平等是公認的事實。
Think of the communities like that near you. They're everywhere, they're inner cities, they're reservations, white Rust Belt towns and all over the world. And bright kids who grow up in them are expected to measure success by how far they get away from them. I was one of those kids, and now I’m a real estate developer and strategy consultant. And I work nationally, but the South Bronx is my research and development laboratory, where I actually practice restorative community development. And that same corner that was once a crack house is now the home of my hip hop cafe -- award-winning hip hop cafe -- excuse me, The Boogie Down Grind.
想想你身邊類似這樣的社區。 這種社區到處都有,包括內都市、 保留地、白人的已衰落地帶, 世界各地都有。 而在這些地方長大的聰明孩子 能脫離這些地方越遠就表示越成功。 我就是這種孩子, 現在我是不動產開發商及策略顧問。 我在全國各地工作,但 南布朗克斯是我的研發實驗室, 我在那裡實做整建式社區開發。 以前賣古柯鹼的那個街角, 現在是我的嘻哈咖啡廳的據點—— 得獎的嘻哈咖啡廳—— 抱歉,它叫 Boogie Down Grind。 (掌聲及歡呼聲)
(Applause and cheers)
And it's two blocks away from the house I grew up in and around the corner from where I live right now. So I have embraced my inner capitalist and my inner socialist and my inner libertarian among a bunch of other things, however. But I'd like to talk now about how capitalism, and the spirit behind it, and it's application, that's what determines its outcomes.
它離我長大的房子兩個街區, 且就在我現在住所的街角。 所以我已經擁抱了我內在的 資本主義者、內在的社會主義者, 和內在的自由論者, 還有一堆有的沒的。 但現在我想談的是 資本主義、它背後的精神, 以及它的應用 如何決定它的結果。
US capitalism supported slavery. And it's supported Black Wall Streets, those communities of Black folks formerly enslaved or just one generation out of it. And where they built great businesses and wealth and communities. And the most famous of which was the town of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Black Wall Streets were destroyed, burned down, and the Black people in them murdered by white mobs, savagely and without consequence. Now was that capitalism's fault or some kind of white cultural flaw? Or distinction that has gone unaddressed to this day? Now, I know some people don't like hearing about it, but imagine what it feels like to experience it.
美國的資本主義支持奴隸制度, 也支持黑人華爾街。 這些社區的居民是曾被奴役的 黑人或者他們的下一代, 他們在那裡建立了很棒的 事業、財富,和社區。 當中最有名的就是奧克拉荷馬州 土爾沙的格林伍德。 黑人華爾街被摧毀, 燒毀, 社區裡的黑人被白人暴民殺害, 手法兇殘,還不用負責。 那是資本主義的錯嗎? 還是某種白人文化的瑕疵? 或者是至今都尚未處理的差異歧視? 我知道有些人不喜歡聽, 但想像一下親身經歷 會是什麼樣的感覺?
I mean, America has had a talent retention strategy or something like it in place since 1619. Slavery provided white Americans with all the benefits of that barbaric and predatory industry. And although Black Wall Streets were built on the sustainable ideals of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness and property ownership, Black Wall Streets were destroyed because the people who built them were not white. Same system, very different outcomes.
美國早就有已經到位的 人才保留策略或類似的東西, 從 1619 年就有了。 奴隸制度讓白種美國人 能擁有那野蠻且掠奪性的 產業的所有益處。 雖然黑人華爾街的建立基礎 是生活、自由、 追求快樂,和產權的永續理想, 但黑人華爾街被摧毀了, 因為建造它的人不是白人。 同樣的體制,非常不同的結果。
Citigroup estimates that the racial wealth gap in the US has actually cost us 16 trillion dollars over the last 20 years alone. Now, let's just think about that for just a moment, the money that could have gone into the economy but didn't because of systemic racism that defined who benefited from America's growth.
花旗集團估計,種族財富落差 在美國過去二十年間 就造成了十六兆美金的成本。 咱們花點時間思考一下, 這些錢本來可以進入 經濟中,卻沒有, 因為制度上的種族歧視 定義了誰能夠從美國的成長中獲益。
There's no need to reinvent the wheel here. If we want to make America as good as its promise, then we should apply the same tools of capitalism that built white wealth to build wealth in low-status communities. Especially --
不需要浪費時間做已經做過的事。 如果我們想讓美國 跟它所許諾的一樣好, 那麼,我們就應該把建立 白人財富所用的資本主義工具 用來在低階層社區建立財富。 特別是——
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Especially in terms of property ownership and real estate development, because real estate development in low-status communities in the US currently takes one of two paths. You know, first, poverty maintenance, wherein you'll see things like the concentration of things, such as health clinics and government subsidized housing, excuse me, rental housing, pharmacies, philanthropic and government dollars pour in, and the nonprofit industrial complex seems to view poverty sort of as an authentic cultural attribute of the area. And thus you'll see all sorts of programs that are designed to sort of manage that poverty, but the communities do not improve. Money will be made, lots of it, but not for the local people. And in fact, one can view many of the well-intentioned programs as talent extraction, because the promising talent is encouraged to grow up and be somebody, but certainly not in their own hood.
特別是 要用在產權和地產開發上, 因為在美國低階層社區的不動產開發 目前會採用兩種途徑之一。 第一,維持貧困, 會看到的現象包括 密集集中的健康中心 和政府補助的住房, 抱歉,是出租的住房, 藥房,還有慈善 和政府的款項都灌進來, 而非營利與工業複合體 似乎把貧困視為是 該區域真實的文化特徵。 你也會看到各種計畫 設計來管理那種貧困, 但社區並沒有改善。 會有人賺錢,賺很多, 但不會是當地人。 事實上,可以把許多 立意很好的計畫視為是 人才粹取。 因為前景看好的人才 會被鼓勵去發展並出人頭地, 但肯定不是待在他們自己的鄰里。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
And the other type is gentrification displacement. When urban populations grow, even some politicians and even some activists will resist greater density. So you have rising demand and limited supply. And then prices go up. And gentrification generally means outsiders coming in to a community in order to build one that suits their needs and their desires, and it's not for the needs and desires of the people that are already in that community. But let's just be real, it's not always mutually exclusive, because people in those communities want nice things, too. They do. And that's why they leave whenever they can in order to experience them. So capitalism can fuel gentrification and displacement or poverty maintenance, but neither of these strategies actually help, the people in those communities live in the kind of neighborhoods that we all deserve.
另一種,則是中產階級化遷移。 當都市人口成長, 有些政治人物,甚至一些活動主義者 都會抗拒更高的密度。 所以需求上升,但供應有限。 價格就會提高。 中產階級化通常意味著 外來者進入社區, 以建立一個適合他們 需求和慾望的社區, 但不會考量該社區內 居民的需求和慾望。 但,咱們實際點, 兩者不見得一定相斥, 因為社區的居民也想要 好東西。他們想要。 那就是為什麼只要可以, 他們就會離開去體驗好東西。 所以資本主義會助長 中產階級化和遷移 或維持貧困, 但這兩種策略都沒辦法 真正協助那些社區的居民 能夠生活在所有人 都應得的那種鄰里中。
What if we looked at low-status communities as though they were struggling companies? How would we turn them around? How would a talent retention model work on a neighborhood scale? So municipalities, they hand out corporate retention deals because they believe that the economic activity that it will produce is actually worth the subsidy that they pay out. And so we'll need to do the same thing in low-status communities for the people that were led to believe that they need to measure success by how far they get away from those places. You know, we can't really force anybody to stay, but we can nudge them with lifestyle infrastructure, the type of stuff that we learned through our own market research that people told us that they wanted. Places like cafes and bars and bookstores and farmer's markets and, you know, the places that, frankly, you probably all like to go to, too. They build positive community interactions and make people feel really cool. So another nudge would be real access to property ownership and business ownership that keeps people vested in their neighborhoods. These are like benefits, you know, and company stock options, so when the community does well, so do the residents. It's kind of like the employees of a hot start-up. So how do we make sure that these benefits and stock options get in the right hands and appreciate and value for them?
如果我們把低階層社區視為 正在辛苦求生存的公司呢? 我們要如何為它們翻轉局勢? 在鄰里的規模中, 人才保留模型怎麼運作? 自治市會端出企業保留的交易提案, 因為它們相信它能產生的經濟活動 會讓它們付出的補助值回票價。 所以我們得要在 低階層社區做同樣的事, 為的是那些被誤導認為要成功 就要遠離那些社區的人。 所以, 要知道,我們無法迫使任何人留下, 但我們可以推波助瀾一下, 靠的是生活上的基礎設施, 我們從我們自己的市場調查 得知的那些東西, 大家說他們想要的東西。 比如像是咖啡廳、酒吧、 書店、農民市場等等, 可能坦白說連你也會很想去的地方。 這些地方能建立正面的 社區互動並讓大家感覺很酷。 另一種推波助瀾的方式 是讓大家能真正取得 產權和企業所有權, 這樣能讓他們持續投資自己的鄰里。 比如福利和公司的認股權, 這麼一來,當社區做得好, 居民就過得好。 有點像是熱門新創公司的員工。 那麼,我們要如何確保 這些福利和認股權 落入對的人手中, 並為他們做評鑑和估價?
Now in the US, if you're accused of a crime and can't afford legal counsel, a public defender will be assigned to you. The same can be done for local property owners. Before a real estate transaction goes forward within a low-status community, the seller should receive quality legal and financial counsel, so they are fully aware of the value of their land and how they could maximize it through sensible refinancing, by building, you know, vertical additions for rentals and also accessory dwelling units and also using the value to do sensible refinancing, put their kids through college, build a business. You know, or maybe, you know, property owners might even be considered a protected class by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission in order to protect Black wealth in particular and other low-status community wealth from the continuing liquidation that they still deal with. Because it is common for people who do own property in low-status communities to be approached all the time for quick cash offers. These are actual solicitations that I've received at my home. These can be very enticing to people who have never been led to believe that there's any real value in their community. And the thing is, it's all legal. And real estate companies, big and small, as well as private equity, have done a very effective job of increasing wealth inequality in the US by separating financially unsavvy people from any hope of generational wealth potential. So, you know --
在美國,如果你被指控犯罪 而又負擔不起法律顧問, 就會指派公設辯護律師給你。 同樣的方式也能用在 當地產權所有人身上。 在低階層社區中, 不動產交易要進行之前, 賣方應該要得到 有品質的法律及財務商議, 讓他們清楚知道 他們的土地有多少價值, 以及他們能如何將價值最大化, 透過妥當的再融資, 垂直向上加蓋來做出租, 以及額外加蓋可居住空間, 還可以用這價值來做妥當的再融資, 送孩子去讀大學,建立事業。 或者,也許, 產權所有者可能可以被 美國證券交易委員會 視為受保護的類別, 以特別保護黑人財富 以及其他低階層社區財富, 免於他們仍在處理的持續償付。 因為很常看到 低階層社區中的產權所有人 老是會成為別人商量 直接現金購買的對象。 這些是我家真實收到的收購傳單。 這招非常能吸引的對象, 是那些從來不相信 他們的社區會有真正價值的人。 重點是,這做法完全合法。 而不論大小的不動產公司 以及私募股權公司 一直都能非常有效地 增加美國的財富不平等, 因為它們不讓缺乏財務知識的人 有任何代際財富的可能性。 所以,要知道——
(Applause)
(掌聲)
The SEC recently proposed new rules requiring businesses to report their greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to increase transparency of the risk to its investors. Maybe they should do the same thing for taxpayers. We know real estate and private equity firms can engage in predatory practices at the expense of taxpayers by privatizing the profits and socializing the costs. And this is because a business model that reduces opportunities for home ownership also creates more landless renters, exacerbates the concentration of poverty, and statistically increases poverty's ill effects, including higher rates of bad policing and incarceration and lower health and educational outcomes. Their message shut out aspiring homeowners from the American dream. It comes at a cost to all of us, and so it should come at a far greater cost to those who do business like that.
證券交易委員會最近提出了新規定, 要求企業要回報 它們的溫室氣體排放, 試圖增加透明度, 讓其投資者更清楚風險。 也許他們應該要為 納稅人做同樣的事。 我們知道不動產和私募股權公司 可以做出掠奪性的行為, 代價由納稅人來承擔, 做法就是將利潤私有化, 將成本社會化。 這是因為,減少 房產權機會的商業模型 也會創造出更多沒有地產的租戶, 讓貧困的集中變得更嚴重, 且在統計上會增加貧困的不良效應, 包括差勁的維安及監禁的比率提高, 健康及教育的結果則變差。 它們的訊息將有抱負的 屋主擋在美國夢外面。 我們所有人都要付出代價, 所以,用這種方式做生意的人 應該要付出更高更高的成本。
Another issue is that some renters actually pay more in rent than they would on a mortgage. But most of us who actually need a mortgage cannot compete with the speed at which predatory speculators show up with all-cash deals. Period. A possible solution is for philanthropic organizations to buy properties at market value from those who actually choose to sell -- once they’re fully aware of what they’re selling ... and then hold them so that other folks within the communities have the time to get financing and then buy. That's a valuable cushion of time for people, and it gives people a chance to participate in the American dream. And it's a low-risk place to park capital.
另一個問題是,有些租戶 所付的房租其實高於 若抵押貸款要付的金額。 但我們真正需要 抵押貸款的人,大部分 又比不上掠奪性投機商人帶著 全現金交易提案出現的速度。 就這樣。 一個可行的解決方案是慈善組織 要向真正選擇要賣的人—— 一旦他們完全清楚知道他們在 賣什麼——以市價購買資產, 接著保有這些資產, 讓社區內的其他人能有時間 去取得資金,接著去購買。 那對大家來說是很寶貴的緩衝時間, 那會讓大家有機會可以參與美國夢。 那是個低風險的資本寄放處。
These are some examples of just how we can build a restorative economic approach to capitalism. It's still capitalism, but with rules and practices that favor the outcomes that we need as a nation.
上述只是一些例子, 說明我們能如何建立恢復式的 經濟方法來做到資本主義。 它仍然是資本主義, 但採用的規定和做法 能支持我們這個國家所需要的結果。
But folks on the ground, they are not waiting. They're absolutely not waiting. In West Oakland, California, third generation West Oaklander Noni Session leads the East Bay Permanent Real Estate Cooperative. They have recently acquired property collectively to build a permanent, affordable, mixed-use real estate development that benefits its resident owners. The cooperative offers these lunchtime learning sessions so people can fully understand things about investment and development. And their current membership includes about 500 community, investor, resident and staff owners. And they have, to date, raised five million dollars for their community, landing and housing fund.
但身在其中的人不等待, 絕對不等待。 在加州西奧克蘭, 第三代西奧克蘭人諾妮‧賽遜 領導東灣永久不動產合作社。 他們最近共同取得了產權, 要建立永久、平價、混合用途的 房地產開發地,讓其居民屋主受益。 合作社提供午餐時間的學習 課程,讓大家可以清楚了解 投資和開發相關的資訊。 他們目前的會員包括了五百個社區、 投資者、居民,以及員工所有者。 至今,他們已經募得五百萬美金, 做為社區、土地、住房的資金。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
In Philadelphia, a community development program called Jumpstart, started by Ken Weinstein. He’s a commercial real estate developer, and the program provides training, mentoring and loans to aspiring local residential developers, mostly women and people of color. Since 2015, they’ve trained more than 2,500 people, more than 350 loans totaling more than 40 million dollars that have actually rehabbed more than 350 units, had been totally rehabilitated. Their respective activities actually improve the value of each other's properties. And they're reducing blight in Philly neighborhood by neighborhood, from the inside out. Jumpstart's now in more than 13 communities around the country.
在費城,有個社區開發計畫 叫做 Jumpstart, 由肯‧溫斯坦創始, 他是商業不動產開發業者, 而這個計畫提供 訓練、指導及貸款 給有抱負的當地住宅區開發者, 主要是女性和有色人種。 從 2015 年起,他們已經 訓練了超過兩千五百人, 超過三百五十件貸款, 總金額超過四千萬美金, 實際上整建了超過 三百五十個住宅單位, 都完全整建完成。 他們各自的活動實際上也都 提升了彼此產權的價值。 他們讓費城的衰敗現象越來越少, 一個鄰里接著一個鄰里,從內到外, Jumpstart 現在已經 和全國十三個社區合作。
And Dune Lankard is a member of the Eyak tribe in Alaska. And what he's working on is securing livelihoods for aspiring Native youth and women, you know, where he's from. And he's doing it through kelp farming in ancestral native waters. Kelp is a traditional food source, number one, and it also has important commercial components in bioplastics, in pharmaceuticals. And also they use it as an additive in cow feed to reduce the methane in it. I mean, it's amazing what it could do. But he is competing against multinational companies to actually own a piece of this emerging ocean industry for his people. He's going to be up against it, but he's got to be doing this. It's so important.
而杜恩‧蘭卡德, 他是阿拉斯加埃雅克部落的成員。 他致力於協助保障 有抱負的年輕原住民及女性的生計, 協助家鄉人。 他的做法是透過在祖傳的 天然水域做海草養殖。 第一,海草是一種傳統的食物來源, 也含有重要的商用成份, 可用在生物塑膠以及藥物上; 它也被用作牛飼料的添加物, 以減少其中的甲烷。 它的用途十分驚人。 但他(杜恩‧蘭卡德)與跨國企業競爭, 為族人搶到這新興海洋產業的一塊。 他必然到處碰壁, 但他得這麼做,這很重要。 而在南布朗克斯,
And in the South Bronx, there's this historic rail station, that brought my daddy, who was a Pullman porter, into the neighborhood where I was born and raised. Back in the 1940s, it was even harder to get a mortgage while Black. And he won 15,000 dollars in a horse race and carried it in a satchel back across the country and purchased a home near that rail station for his family. And that rail station has recently been acquired by his baby daughter, me, who is --
有一個歷史性的火車站 將我的爸爸—— 他是位臥車搬運工—— 帶到我出生、長大的鄰里。 1940 年代,黑人要取得 抵押貸款更是難上加難。 他賭馬贏了一萬五千美金, 將錢放在小背包,帶著橫越全國, 並為家人在那個火車站 附近買了一個家。 而不久前那火車站 被他的寶貝女兒購得, 也就是我,把——
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transforming it into a multi-use performance venue, an event hall for music and weddings and quinceañeras and gaming tournaments. And I ...
把它轉型成多用途的 表演場地,音樂 及婚禮用的活動大廳, 也可用做成人禮和電玩競賽。 而我……
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I am the manifestation of my mommy and daddy's wildest dreams.
我實現了我爸媽最狂野的夢想。
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I'm not saying that talent retention is going to solve all the problems associated with poverty maintenance or displacement and gentrification, or solve all the wrongs of capitalism. But I know we are not going to solve any of those problems without it. We don't have to keep building monuments that honor the shameful practices that created the inequality that low status-communities experience. If we use the tools of capitalism that we have, but in a much more restorative way, we can help people in low-status communities show that you don't have to move out of our neighborhoods to live in better ones.
我的意思並不是人才保留 能解決所有和貧困維持相關的問題, 或遷移或中產階化的問題, 或解決資本主義所有做不好的地方。 但我知道,沒有它, 所有這些問題都無法解決。 我們不用繼續建造紀念碑 來表彰那些可恥的做法, 讓低階層社區遭遇到 不公平的那些做法。 如果我們運用我們 手上的資本主義工具, 但以更有助恢復的方式來運用, 我們可以協助低階層社區的人, 證明 無須搬離我們的鄰里 也能更好地生活。
Thank you.
謝謝。
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(掌聲及歡呼聲)