Successful companies don't invest in talent so the competition can hire them away. They keep their people motivated to grow with the company and inspire those around them to lean in with them. I believe that talent retention, the same tool used to grow successful companies, can be used to build great neighborhoods for the people born and raised in them.
成功的公司不会投资于人才, 这样竞争对手就可以雇佣他们。 成功企业会让员工有动力 与公司一起成长, 并激励周围的人 与他们一起努力。 我相信“人才保留”, 这个适用于发展 成功企业的相同手法, 可用于那些生于、长于成功社区的人。
My hometown is the South Bronx in New York City,
我的家乡在纽约市南布朗克斯区,
(Cheers)
(欢呼)
holla --
嘿——
(Applause)
(掌声)
And it’s the kind of neighborhood that, some might say, actually has a talent repulsion strategy.
有人可能会说, 这种社区实际上有一种 人才排斥策略。
Back in the 1980s, I walked by this crack house on the way to the subway that would take me to my high school, one of the best in the country, the Bronx High School of Science. Alright, figured there'd be at least some of you in here. Neighborhoods like mine are places where inequality is assumed by the people who live there and by everyone else on the outside looking in. These are places where the schools, public health, air and water, parks and trees, food options, career opportunities are worse than in other parts of the same town. Government subsidized rental housing and health clinics, homeless shelters, liquor stores, dollar stores predominate. Few banks, but plenty of check cashing stores or pawnshops that charge you to use the money you may have. I refer to these communities as low-status. I don’t call them poor or underprivileged because frankly, status implies something larger and deeper at work and that inequality is a well-established fact.
回到 1980 年代, 我在去地铁的路上 路过这座破房子, 地铁可以带我去我的高中, 它是全国最好的高中之一, 布朗克斯科学高中。 我想你们中有一部分人 也在那里上过学。 像我这样的社区, 居住在那里的人 和外面的人都认为 这是个不平等的地方。 这些地方的学校、 公共卫生、空气和水、 公园和树木、食物选择、职业机会, 比在同一个镇的其他地方更糟。 政府补贴的出租房屋和健康诊所、 无家可归者收容所、酒类商店、 一元店主导地位。 银行很少, 但有很多支票兑现店或当铺 向你收取使用 你可能拥有的钱的费用。 我将这些社区称为 低地位社区。 我不称它们为贫困或底层社区, 因为实话说, 地位意味着工作中更大、 更深层次的东西, 不平等是一个公认的事实。
Think of the communities like that near you. They're everywhere, they're inner cities, they're reservations, white Rust Belt towns and all over the world. And bright kids who grow up in them are expected to measure success by how far they get away from them. I was one of those kids, and now I’m a real estate developer and strategy consultant. And I work nationally, but the South Bronx is my research and development laboratory, where I actually practice restorative community development. And that same corner that was once a crack house is now the home of my hip hop cafe -- award-winning hip hop cafe -- excuse me, The Boogie Down Grind.
想想你附近的社区。 它们无处不在, 它们是内城, 是保留地, 是衰退的工业城镇, 它们遍布世界各地。 在这里长大的那些聪明孩子, 衡量他们成功的标准是 离这里有多远。 我是那些孩子中的一员, 现在我是一名 房地产开发商和战略顾问。 我在全国范围内工作, 但南布朗克斯是我的研发实验室, 实际上我在那里进行 恢复性社区发展。 曾经是破屋的同一个角落, 现在是我的嘻哈咖啡馆的地址, 一个屡获殊荣的嘻哈咖啡馆—— 抱歉, The Boogie Down Grind.
(Applause and cheers)
(掌声和欢呼)
And it's two blocks away from the house I grew up in and around the corner from where I live right now. So I have embraced my inner capitalist and my inner socialist and my inner libertarian among a bunch of other things, however. But I'd like to talk now about how capitalism, and the spirit behind it, and it's application, that's what determines its outcomes.
它离我长大的房子只有两个街区, 就在我现在住的地方的拐角处。 因此,我接受了我内心的资本家、 社会主义者和自由意志主义者、 以及许多其他的东西。 但我现在想谈谈资本主义, 它背后的精神, 它的应用, 如何决定其结果。
US capitalism supported slavery. And it's supported Black Wall Streets, those communities of Black folks formerly enslaved or just one generation out of it. And where they built great businesses and wealth and communities. And the most famous of which was the town of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Black Wall Streets were destroyed, burned down, and the Black people in them murdered by white mobs, savagely and without consequence. Now was that capitalism's fault or some kind of white cultural flaw? Or distinction that has gone unaddressed to this day? Now, I know some people don't like hearing about it, but imagine what it feels like to experience it.
美国资本主义支持奴隶制, 它支持黑人华尔街, 那些曾经被奴役、 或仅有一代人幸免的黑人社区。 他们在这里创建了伟大的企业、 财富和社区。 其中最著名的是俄克拉荷马州 塔尔萨的格林伍德镇。 黑人华尔街被摧毁, 烧毁, 其中的黑人被白人暴徒 残忍地杀害, 且不用承担任何后果。 那是资本主义的错 还是某种白人文化缺陷? 还是至今仍未解决的区别? 我知道有些人不喜欢听到这件事, 但想象一下体验它的感觉。
I mean, America has had a talent retention strategy or something like it in place since 1619. Slavery provided white Americans with all the benefits of that barbaric and predatory industry. And although Black Wall Streets were built on the sustainable ideals of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness and property ownership, Black Wall Streets were destroyed because the people who built them were not white. Same system, very different outcomes.
我的意思是, 自 1619 年以来, 美国就制定了人才保留战略 或类似的战略。 奴隶制为美国白人提供了野蛮 和掠夺性行业的所有好处。 尽管黑人华尔街是建立在 生活、自由、追求幸福 和财产所有权的可持续理想之上的, 但黑人华尔街被摧毁了, 因为建造它们的人不是白人。 相同的系统,截然不同的结果。
Citigroup estimates that the racial wealth gap in the US has actually cost us 16 trillion dollars over the last 20 years alone. Now, let's just think about that for just a moment, the money that could have gone into the economy but didn't because of systemic racism that defined who benefited from America's growth.
花旗银行估计, 仅在过去的 20 年里, 美国的种族贫富差距 导致 16 万亿美元的损失。 让我们想一想, 这些钱本可以投入经济, 但却没有, 因为系统性的种族主义定义了 谁从美国的增长中受益。
There's no need to reinvent the wheel here. If we want to make America as good as its promise, then we should apply the same tools of capitalism that built white wealth to build wealth in low-status communities. Especially --
这不需要另起炉灶。 如果我们想让美国像 它承诺的一样好, 那么我们应该使用建立 白人财富的资本主义工具来 在低地位社区建立财富。 特别是——
(Applause)
(鼓掌)
Especially in terms of property ownership and real estate development, because real estate development in low-status communities in the US currently takes one of two paths. You know, first, poverty maintenance, wherein you'll see things like the concentration of things, such as health clinics and government subsidized housing, excuse me, rental housing, pharmacies, philanthropic and government dollars pour in, and the nonprofit industrial complex seems to view poverty sort of as an authentic cultural attribute of the area. And thus you'll see all sorts of programs that are designed to sort of manage that poverty, but the communities do not improve. Money will be made, lots of it, but not for the local people. And in fact, one can view many of the well-intentioned programs as talent extraction, because the promising talent is encouraged to grow up and be somebody, but certainly not in their own hood.
特别是在产权和房地产开发方面, 因为美国低地位社区的房地产开发 目前奉行的是两条路之一。 首先是持续贫困, 你会看到这集中了许多东西。 例如诊所和政府补贴住房 之类的东西的集中, 抱歉,是房屋出租,药房, 慈善机构和政府资金大量涌入, 非营利性工业联合体似乎将贫困 视为该地区真正的文化属性。 因此,你会看到 各种旨在管理贫困的计划, 但社区并没有得到改善。 钱赚到了, 但不是为了当地人。 事实上,人们可以将 许多善意的计划视为人才培养, 因为有前途的人才 被鼓励成长并成为名人, 但肯定不是在他们自己的圈子里。
(Applause)
(掌声)
And the other type is gentrification displacement. When urban populations grow, even some politicians and even some activists will resist greater density. So you have rising demand and limited supply. And then prices go up. And gentrification generally means outsiders coming in to a community in order to build one that suits their needs and their desires, and it's not for the needs and desires of the people that are already in that community. But let's just be real, it's not always mutually exclusive, because people in those communities want nice things, too. They do. And that's why they leave whenever they can in order to experience them. So capitalism can fuel gentrification and displacement or poverty maintenance, but neither of these strategies actually help, the people in those communities live in the kind of neighborhoods that we all deserve.
还有一种是士绅化的位移。 当城市人口增长时, 一些政客和激进分子 会抵制更大的密度。 因此,你的需求不断增加, 但供应有限, 然后价格会上涨。 士绅化通常意味着 外来者进入一个社区 是为了建立一个 满足他们需求和愿望的社区, 而不是为了满足那些 已经在社区里的人的需求和愿望。 但让我们真实一点, 它并不总是相互排斥, 因为这些社区的人们也 向往美好的事物。 同样的, 这就是为什么他们尽可能地 离开原来的社区去 体验美好的东西。 因此,资本主义可以助长 士绅化和流离失所 或维持贫困。 但这些策略都没有真正起作用, 这些资本主义人群生活在 我们都应得的那种社区。
What if we looked at low-status communities as though they were struggling companies? How would we turn them around? How would a talent retention model work on a neighborhood scale? So municipalities, they hand out corporate retention deals because they believe that the economic activity that it will produce is actually worth the subsidy that they pay out. And so we'll need to do the same thing in low-status communities for the people that were led to believe that they need to measure success by how far they get away from those places. You know, we can't really force anybody to stay, but we can nudge them with lifestyle infrastructure, the type of stuff that we learned through our own market research that people told us that they wanted. Places like cafes and bars and bookstores and farmer's markets and, you know, the places that, frankly, you probably all like to go to, too. They build positive community interactions and make people feel really cool. So another nudge would be real access to property ownership and business ownership that keeps people vested in their neighborhoods. These are like benefits, you know, and company stock options, so when the community does well, so do the residents. It's kind of like the employees of a hot start-up. So how do we make sure that these benefits and stock options get in the right hands and appreciate and value for them?
如果我们把低地位社区看作是 陷入困境的公司会怎样? 我们将如何扭转他们的局面? 人才保留模式如何在 社区范围内发挥作用? 因此,市政当局发放企业保留协议, 因为他们相信其将产生的经济活动 实际上值得他们支付的补贴。 因此我们需要在 低地位社区做同样的事情, 引导那些认为他们需要通过 远离这些地方来获得成功的人。 你知道,我们不能强迫 任何人留下来, 但我们可以通过 基础生活设施来触动他们, 我们通过自己的市场研究 了解到人们想要的那种东西。 像咖啡馆、酒吧、书店和 农贸市场这样的地方。 坦率地说, 你们可能也都喜欢去的地方。 他们建立积极的社区互动, 让人们感觉很酷。 另一个推动因素是 真正获得财产所有权 和企业所有权, 使人们归属于他们的社区。 这些就像红利和公司股票期权, 当社区做得好时, 居民也会做得好。 这有点像热门初创公司的员工。 那么,我们如何确保这些 红利和股票期权 落到真正欣赏和珍惜他们的人手中?
Now in the US, if you're accused of a crime and can't afford legal counsel, a public defender will be assigned to you. The same can be done for local property owners. Before a real estate transaction goes forward within a low-status community, the seller should receive quality legal and financial counsel, so they are fully aware of the value of their land and how they could maximize it through sensible refinancing, by building, you know, vertical additions for rentals and also accessory dwelling units and also using the value to do sensible refinancing, put their kids through college, build a business. You know, or maybe, you know, property owners might even be considered a protected class by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission in order to protect Black wealth in particular and other low-status community wealth from the continuing liquidation that they still deal with. Because it is common for people who do own property in low-status communities to be approached all the time for quick cash offers. These are actual solicitations that I've received at my home. These can be very enticing to people who have never been led to believe that there's any real value in their community. And the thing is, it's all legal. And real estate companies, big and small, as well as private equity, have done a very effective job of increasing wealth inequality in the US by separating financially unsavvy people from any hope of generational wealth potential. So, you know --
现在在美国, 如果你被控犯罪又 无法支付律师费, 将会被指派一名公设辩护人。 当地业主也可以这样做。 在低地位社区内进行 房地产交易之前, 卖方应获得优质的法律和财务顾问, 以便他们充分了解其土地的价值 以及如何通过合理的再融资 使其最大化, 通过建造用于出租的垂直附加设施 和附属住宅单元, 并利用其价值进行 合理的再融资, 让他们的孩子 上完大学,开办企业。 或者, 财产所有者甚至可能被 美国证券交易委员会 视为受保护的阶层, 以保护黑人财富 和其他低地位社区财富, 免受他们仍在处理的持续清算。 因为对于在低地位社区 拥有房产的人来说, 获得快速现金报价是很常见的。 这些是我在家里收到的真实邀约。 对于那些从未获知 他们社区真正价值的人来说, 这些可能非常吸引人。 问题是,这一切都是合法的。 房地产公司,无论大小, 以及私募股权公司, 通过将财务状况不佳的人 与所有潜在财富的希望隔离开, 成功地加剧了美国的贫富悬殊。 所以,你知道——
(Applause)
(掌声)
The SEC recently proposed new rules requiring businesses to report their greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to increase transparency of the risk to its investors. Maybe they should do the same thing for taxpayers. We know real estate and private equity firms can engage in predatory practices at the expense of taxpayers by privatizing the profits and socializing the costs. And this is because a business model that reduces opportunities for home ownership also creates more landless renters, exacerbates the concentration of poverty, and statistically increases poverty's ill effects, including higher rates of bad policing and incarceration and lower health and educational outcomes. Their message shut out aspiring homeowners from the American dream. It comes at a cost to all of us, and so it should come at a far greater cost to those who do business like that.
美国证券交易委员会最近 提出了新规则, 要求企业报告其温室气体排放量, 以提高对投资者的风险透明度。 也许他们应该为纳税人 做同样的事情。 我们知道房地产和私募股权公司 可以通过利润私有化 和成本社会化, 以牺牲纳税人为代价 进行掠夺行为。 这是因为商业模式 减少了拥有住房的机会, 也创造了更多无土地的租户, 加剧了贫困的集中, 并在统计上增加了贫困的负面影响, 包括更高的不良治安和监禁率, 以及更低的健康和教育成果。 他们的信息将有抱负的房主 排除在美国梦之外。 这对我们所有人都是有代价的, 对那些做这种生意的人来说, 代价应该要大得多。
Another issue is that some renters actually pay more in rent than they would on a mortgage. But most of us who actually need a mortgage cannot compete with the speed at which predatory speculators show up with all-cash deals. Period. A possible solution is for philanthropic organizations to buy properties at market value from those who actually choose to sell -- once they’re fully aware of what they’re selling ... and then hold them so that other folks within the communities have the time to get financing and then buy. That's a valuable cushion of time for people, and it gives people a chance to participate in the American dream. And it's a low-risk place to park capital.
另一个问题是, 一些房客实际支付的房租 比抵押贷款要高。 但我们大多数真正需要 抵押贷款的人 无法与掠夺性投机者 以全现金交易的速度相抗衡。 时期。 一个可能的解决方案是, 慈善组织以市场价值从那些 真正选择出售的人手中购买房产—— 一旦他们完全意识到 自己在卖什么, 出售的人会继续持有它们, 这样社区内的其他人 就有时间获得资金, 然后购买。 这对人们来说是宝贵的时间缓冲, 它给了人们参与美国梦的机会。 这是一个低风险的投资场所。
These are some examples of just how we can build a restorative economic approach to capitalism. It's still capitalism, but with rules and practices that favor the outcomes that we need as a nation.
这些都是我们如何参照资本主义 建立恢复性经济的一些例子。 它仍然是资本主义, 但有利于我们作为一个国家所 需要的结果的规则和实践。
But folks on the ground, they are not waiting. They're absolutely not waiting. In West Oakland, California, third generation West Oaklander Noni Session leads the East Bay Permanent Real Estate Cooperative. They have recently acquired property collectively to build a permanent, affordable, mixed-use real estate development that benefits its resident owners. The cooperative offers these lunchtime learning sessions so people can fully understand things about investment and development. And their current membership includes about 500 community, investor, resident and staff owners. And they have, to date, raised five million dollars for their community, landing and housing fund.
但是脚踏实地的人们, 他们没有等待。 他们绝对不会等待。 在加利福尼亚州西奥克兰, 第三代西奥克兰德人诺尼会议 领导着东湾永久房地产合作社。 他们最近集体收购了房产, 以建设一个永久的、 负担得起的、 混合用途的房地产开发项目, 使居民业主受益。 合作社提供这些 午餐时间的学习课程, 让人们能够充分了解投资和发展。 他们目前的会员包括 大约 500 个社区、投资者、 居民和员工所有者。 到目前为止,他们已经为社区、土地 和住房基金筹集了 500 万美元。 (掌声)
(Applause)
在费城, 名为Jumpstart的社区发展项目
In Philadelphia, a community development program called Jumpstart, started by Ken Weinstein. He’s a commercial real estate developer, and the program provides training, mentoring and loans to aspiring local residential developers, mostly women and people of color. Since 2015, they’ve trained more than 2,500 people, more than 350 loans totaling more than 40 million dollars that have actually rehabbed more than 350 units, had been totally rehabilitated. Their respective activities actually improve the value of each other's properties. And they're reducing blight in Philly neighborhood by neighborhood, from the inside out. Jumpstart's now in more than 13 communities around the country.
由肯·温斯坦( Ken Weinstein)发起。 他是一名商业房地产开发商, 该项目为有抱负的当地住宅开发商 提供培训、指导和贷款, 这些开发商大多是女性和有色人种。 自 2015 年以来, 他们已经培训了 2500 多人, 发放超过 350 笔贷款, 总计超过 4000 万美元, 实际上已经 修复了 350 多个单元。 他们各自的活动实际上 提高了彼此财产的价值。 他们正在从内到外 逐个逐个社区减少 费城的枯萎病。 Jumpstart现在在 全国超过 13 个社区开展。
And Dune Lankard is a member of the Eyak tribe in Alaska. And what he's working on is securing livelihoods for aspiring Native youth and women, you know, where he's from. And he's doing it through kelp farming in ancestral native waters. Kelp is a traditional food source, number one, and it also has important commercial components in bioplastics, in pharmaceuticals. And also they use it as an additive in cow feed to reduce the methane in it. I mean, it's amazing what it could do. But he is competing against multinational companies to actually own a piece of this emerging ocean industry for his people. He's going to be up against it, but he's got to be doing this. It's so important.
而邓恩·兰卡德(Dune Lankard) 是阿拉斯加埃雅克部落的一员。 他所做的是确保 有抱负的土著青年和妇女的生计, 你知道,那是他的家乡。 他通过在祖传的本地水域 养殖海带来做到这一点。 海带是排名第一的传统食物来源, 它在生物塑料和制药中 也有重要的商业价值。 他们还将其用作 奶牛饲料中的添加剂, 以减少其中的甲烷。 我是说, 它的用处真是太棒了。 但他正在与跨国公司竞争, 以确保他的人民拥有 这一新兴海洋产业的一部分。 他会面对它, 他必须这样做, 这太重要了。
And in the South Bronx, there's this historic rail station, that brought my daddy, who was a Pullman porter, into the neighborhood where I was born and raised. Back in the 1940s, it was even harder to get a mortgage while Black. And he won 15,000 dollars in a horse race and carried it in a satchel back across the country and purchased a home near that rail station for his family. And that rail station has recently been acquired by his baby daughter, me, who is --
在南布朗克斯, 有一个历史悠久的火车站, 它把我的父亲, 一个普尔曼搬运工, 带到了我出生和长大的地方。 早在 20 世纪 40 年代的黑人时期, 获得抵押贷款就更难了。 他在一场赛马比赛中 赢了 15000 美元, 把它装在背包里 穿越这个国家带回来, 并在火车站附近 为家人买了一套房子。 最近,他的宝贝女儿 就是我, 我买下了那个火车站,
(Applause and cheers)
(掌声和欢呼)
transforming it into a multi-use performance venue, an event hall for music and weddings and quinceañeras and gaming tournaments. And I ...
我正在把它改造成一个 多用途的表演场所, 一个音乐和婚礼、五日庆典和 游戏比赛的活动厅。 而且我……
(Applause and cheers)
(掌声和欢呼)
I am the manifestation of my mommy and daddy's wildest dreams.
我是我母亲和父亲 最疯狂梦想的化身。
(Applause and cheers)
(掌声和欢呼)
I'm not saying that talent retention is going to solve all the problems associated with poverty maintenance or displacement and gentrification, or solve all the wrongs of capitalism. But I know we are not going to solve any of those problems without it. We don't have to keep building monuments that honor the shameful practices that created the inequality that low status-communities experience. If we use the tools of capitalism that we have, but in a much more restorative way, we can help people in low-status communities show that you don't have to move out of our neighborhoods to live in better ones.
我并不是说留住人才会解决 与持续贫困、流离失所和 士绅化相关的所有问题, 也不是说解决资本主义的所有错误。 但我知道没有它, 我们无法解决任何这些问题。 我们不必继续建造纪念碑, 纪念那些造成低地位社区 遭受到的不平等的可耻行为。 如果我们使用我们 现有的资本主义工具, 但以一种更具恢复性的方式, 我们可以帮助 低地位社区的人们表明, 你不必离开我们的社区, 就能生活在更好的社区。
Thank you.
谢谢。
(Applause and cheers)
(掌声和欢呼)