I grew up in a family of social scientists, but I was the weird child who drew.
我在社會科學家的家庭中長大, 但我是個怪小孩,我畫畫。
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
From making sketches of the models in my mom's Sears catalog ... to a bedroom so full of my craft projects that it was like my own personal art gallery, I lived to make. I don't think anyone in my family was surprised when I became an architect. But to be honest with you, the real foundation of the architect I became was not laid in that bedroom art gallery but by the conversations around my family's dinner table. There were stories of how people lived and connected to one another, from the impact of urban migration on a village in Zambia to the complex health care needs of the homeless in the streets of San Francisco.
我母親的西爾斯目錄的 模特兒都是我素描的對象… 我的臥房滿滿都是我的工藝作品, 就像是我個人的美術館, 我活著是為了製造。 我想,當我成為建築師時, 我的家人都不覺得意外。 但老實說, 我成為建築師,背後的積累成因, 其實並不是歸因於我的臥房美術館, 而是我們一家在晚餐時的對話。 我們聊的一些故事是關於 人們的居住狀況以及彼此關聯, 從都市遷徒對於尚比亞的 村落有什麼影響, 到舊金山街頭的 流浪人群亟待健康照護的複雜局面。
Now, it would be fair if you're looking over at your seatmate and wondering, "What the hell does that have to do with architecture?" Well, all of these stories involved space and how it did or didn't accommodate us. The fact is, we share some of our deepest connections in physical space. And our stories play out, even in this crazy age of texting and tweeting, in physical space. Unfortunately, architecture hasn't done a great job of telling all of our stories equally. Too often, we see the building of monuments like the Gherkin or even Trump Tower ...
此刻,我並不意外 如果你正與坐你鄰座的人對視, 並納悶:「那到底和建築 有什麼關係啊?」 其實,所有那些故事都涉及空間, 以及空間有或沒有容納我們。 事實是, 我們在實體空間中共有一些 最深層的關聯。 即使是在這個 網路傳訊和推特瘋速發展的年代, 我們的故事也發生在 實體空間中。 遺憾的是,建築師沒把工作做好, 沒有均等地講述我們的故事。 我們太常見到紀念塔式的建築, 像英國的小黃瓜大樓 抑或是川普世界大廈…
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
that tell the story of the haves rather than the have-nots. Throughout my career, I've actively resisted the practice of building monuments to certain peoples' stories -- usually white, male, rich -- and bulldozing other peoples' stories -- usually people of color from low-income communities. I've tried to create a practice that is rooted in elevating the stories of those who have most often been silenced. That work -- it's been a mission in spatial justice.
它們講述的故事主角都是「有」 而不是「沒有」。 在我的職涯中, 我會主動抗拒設計那些為 某些人的故事建造紀念塔式的建築, 通常都是為有錢的白人男性而建, 然後把其他人的故事夷為平地, 通常是那些來自低收入社區的 有色人種。 我想要設計的建築是 根基於提升那些總是 被迫沉默的人群的故事。 那份工作 是一個維護空間正義的任務。
(Applause)
(掌聲)
Now, spatial justice means that we understand that justice has a geography, and that the equitable distribution of resources, services and access is a basic human right. So what does spatial justice look like? Well, I'd like to share a story with you.
空間正義意味著我們了解 正義也有地理學, 指資源、服務及使用權的公平分配 是一種基本人權。 那麼,空間正義是什麼樣子的? 嗯,我想和各位分享一個故事。
For years, I've been working in the historically African-American neighborhood of Bayview Hunters Point in San Francisco, on a plot of land that once held a power plant. Back in the '90s, a community group led by mothers who lived in the public housing on the hill above the plant fought for its closure. They won. The utility company finally tore it down, cleaned the soil and capped most of the site with asphalt so that the clean soil wouldn't blow away.
多年來, 我一直在一個歷史上是屬於 非裔美國人的街坊中工作, 位在舊金山的灣景獵人區, 以前在那塊地上有座發電廠。 在九○年代時, 有一個社區團體,由住在 電廠上方山丘上的 母親們所領導, 為關閉電廠而戰。 她們贏了。 公用事業公司終於把它拆除, 把土壤清乾淨 用瀝青覆蓋該地點大部分的區域 這樣乾淨土壤才不會吹走。
Sounds like a success story, right? Well, not so fast. You see, because of various issues like land entitlements, lease agreements, etc., the land actually couldn't be redeveloped for at least five to 10 years. What that meant is that this community that had been living near a power plant for decades, now had 30 acres of asphalt in their backyard. To put that in context for you, 30 acres is equal to about 30 football fields. Now, the utility company didn't want to be the bad guy here. Recognizing that they owed the community, they actually put out a call for designers to propose temporary uses for this site, hoping to turn it into a community benefit rather than blight.
聽起來是個成功故事,對嗎? 別急,還沒完。 因為各種議題,比如土地權利、 租約協議等等, 至少五到十年間, 該土地無法被再開發。 那意味著,這個社區 已經在電廠附近住了數十年, 現在他們的後院有三十英畝的瀝青。 為各位說明一下, 三十英畝差不多等同 三十個美式足球場。 公用事業公司不想 在這件事上當壞人。 他們承認他們虧欠這個社區, 他們開始徵尋設計師 提出對這塊地的暫時使用提案, 希望把它轉成社區的利益 而不是禍害。
I'm part of the diverse team of designers that responded to that call, and for the last four years, we've been collaborating with those mothers and other residents, as well as local organizations and the utility company. We've been experimenting with all types of events to try and address issues of spatial justice. Everything from job training workshops to an annual circus to even a beautiful, new shoreline trail. In the four years that we've been operational, over 12,000 people have come and done something on this site that we hope has transformed their relationship to it. But lately, I'm starting to realize that events are not enough.
我是回應該公司的多樣化 設計師團隊中的一員, 在過去四年間, 我們一直和那些母親 以及其他居民、 地方組織,及該公用事業公司合作。 我們在實驗各種活動 試圖處理空間正義的議題。 從工作訓練研習營 到年度馬戲團 甚至到美麗的海岸線新小徑。 我們在營運的這四年間, 有超過一萬兩千人來到 這個地方做出貢獻, 我們希望能轉變他們 與這個地方的關係。 但,近期, 我開始了解到,只有活動還不夠。
A few months ago, there was a community meeting in this neighborhood. The utility company was finally ready to talk concretely about long-term redevelopment. That meeting was kind of a disaster. There was a lot of yelling and anger. People asked things like, "If you're going to sell it to a developer, wouldn't they just build luxury condos like everyone else?" And "Where has the city been?" "Why aren't there more jobs and resources in this neighborhood?"
幾個月前, 在這個街坊有一場社區會議。 公用事業公司終於 準備好要具體地來談 長期的重新開發。 那場會議可說是場災難。 有很多吼叫和怒火。 大家會問這類問題: 「若你要把它賣給開發商, 他們難道不會像別人一樣 建造奢侈的公寓嗎?」 以及「城市跑到哪兒去了?」 「為什麼在這個街坊 沒有更多工作和資源?」
It was not that our events had failed to bring joy. But in spite of that, there was still pain here. Pain from a history of environmental injustice that left many industrial uses in this neighborhood, leaving residents living near toxic waste and, literally, shit. There's pain from the fact that this zip code still has one of the lowest per capita income, highest unemployment and highest incarceration rates in a city which tech giants like Twitter, Airbnb and Uber call home. And those tech companies -- hm -- they've actually helped to trigger a gentrification push that is rapidly redefining this neighborhood, both in terms of identity and population.
並不是我們的活動沒有帶來喜悅。 但儘管如此,這裡還是有痛苦。 這痛苦來自環境不公平的歷史, 在這個街坊留下很多工業的使用, 讓居民住在有毒廢物 和可說是糞便的附近。 有些痛苦是來自 這個郵遞區號的地區仍然是 每人收入最低的地區之一, 還有最高的失業率, 以及最高的監禁率, 這個城市可是科技巨人,如推特、 Airbnb,以及優步的家鄉。 而那些科技公司, 嗯, 他們其實是在助推中產階級化, 那會快速重新定義這個街坊, 在身分上以及人口上皆是如此。
Now let me pause for a moment to talk about gentrification. I suspect for a lot of us, it's kind of like a dirty word. It's become synonymous with the displacement of poor residents from their neighborhood by wealthier newcomers. If you've ever been displaced, then you know the agony of losing a place that held your story. And if you haven't experienced this, then I'm going to ask you to try and imagine your way into it right now. Think about what it would be like to find your favorite local spot, a place where you often went and hung out with the old-timers or your friends, had vanished. And then you get home, and you find a letter from your landlord, saying that your rent's been doubled. The choice to stay -- it's not yours to make. You no longer belong in your home. And know that this feeling you're feeling right now, it would be the same regardless of whether or not the person who harmed you meant to do so. Developer Majora Carter once said to me, "Poor people don't hate gentrification. They just hate that they rarely get to hang around long enough to enjoy its benefits."
我先暫停一下,來談談中產階級化。 我懷疑,對我們很多人而言, 這就像是一個髒字。 它變成了遷移的同義字, 貧窮的居民遷離他們的街坊, 由有錢的新來者接手。 如果你曾經被迫遷移, 就知道失去保有 你故事的地方有多痛苦。 如果你沒有這種經驗, 我想請你現在想像一下這個情況。 想想看,你在當地最喜歡的地點, 你常常和老居民或朋友 去打發時間的地方, 它消失了。 接著,你回到家, 你發現一封你房東寫的信, 寫說你的房租要加倍。 留下的選擇 不是你能決定的。 你不再屬於你的家。 你現在感受到的這個感覺, 它都會是一樣的, 不論傷害你的人是有心或無心。 開發者馬喬拉卡特曾經告訴我: 「窮人並不痛恨中產階級化。 他們只是痛恨他們 無法在這裡待得夠久, 以享受它帶來的益處。」
Why is it that we treat culture erasure and economic displacement as inevitable? We could approach development with an acknowledgment of past injustices -- find value not only in those new stories but the old ones, too. And make a commitment to build people's capacity to stay -- to stay in their homes, to stay in their communities, to stay where they feel whole.
為什麼我們會把文化抹除 和經濟位移視為不可避免? 我們在發展時, 仍然可以承認過去的不公正—— 不只在新故事中, 也在舊故事中找到價值。 並承諾保證所建立出來的 容量能讓大家留下, 留在家中, 留在他們的社區中, 留在讓他們感覺完整的地方。
But to do this rethink, it requires looking at those past injustices and the pain and grief that is interwoven into them. And as I started to reflect on my own work, I realized that pain and grief have been recurring themes. I heard it early on in the Bayview Hunters Point project when a man named Daryl said, "We've always been set aside like an island -- a no-man's-land." I also heard it in Houston, when I was working on a project with day laborers. And as Juan told me stories of being robbed of his wages many times on the corner in which he stood every day to earn a living to support his family, he asked, "Why can't anyone see the sacredness of this site?"
但若要做這種重新思考, 就需要去檢視那些過去的不公正 以及和它們交織 在一起的痛苦和悲慟。 當我開始反思我自己的工作, 我了解到,痛苦和悲慟 是不斷重覆發生的主題。 我先前在灣景獵人區計畫中聽到 有個叫做戴洛的人說: 「我們一直都被擱到一旁, 就像島嶼一樣, 無人的島嶼。」 我在也休士頓聽過, 當時我和計日工在進行一項計畫。 璜告訴我的故事是 他的薪資曾多次被搶劫, 就在他每天為了支助家人生計 所站的角落, 他問: 「為何沒人能看到 這個地方的神聖性?」
You know, you've seen the pain, too. From campaigns around statue removals in Charlottesville and New Orleans ... to towns that have lost their industrial lifeblood and are now dying, like Lorain, Ohio and Bolton, England. We often rush to remake these places, thinking that we can ease their pain. But in our boundless desire to do good, to get past all of our mistakes, to build places that hold possibility, we often maintain a blissful ignorance of a landscape filled with a very long trail of broken promises and squelched dreams. We are building on top of brokenness. Is it any wonder that the foundations cannot hold?
你們也看過這些痛苦。 從夏洛蒂鎮以及紐奧良的 雕像拆除運動… 到失去了產業命脈而現在正在 步向死亡的鄉鎮, 比如俄亥俄的洛蘭及英國的博爾頓。 我們通常會急著要重造這些地方, 認為我們能緩和他們的痛苦。 但雖然我們有無限慾望想要做善事、 想克服我們所有的錯誤, 來建立具有可能性的地方, 我們卻常有著樂而忘憂的無視, 忽略了地景上滿是 一長串被違背的承諾, 以及被碾碎的夢想。 我們在斷垣殘壁上建造。 有人納悶過,地基可能不穩嗎?
Holding space for pain and grief was never part of my job description as an architect -- after all, it's not expedient, focused on beauty, and hell, even requested by my clients. But I've seen what happens when there's space for pain. It can be transformational.
我身為建築師的工作內容從未包括 留出空間給痛苦和悲慟。 畢竟,那不是權宜的, 其焦點不在美好上, 而且我的客戶也沒有要求這點。 但我見過留些空間給痛苦會怎樣, 是可以轉型的。
Returning to our story, when we first started working in the neighborhood, one of the first things we did was go out and interview the activists who had led the fight to close the plant. We consistently heard and felt from them a sense of impending loss. The neighborhood was already changing, even back then. People were leaving or dying of old age, and with those departures, stories were being lost. To those activists, no one was going to know the amazing things that had happened in this community, because to everyone on the outside, it was the ghetto. At worst, a place of violence; at best, a blank slate. Neither was true, of course. So my colleagues and I, we reached out to StoryCorps. And with their support, and that of the utility company, we built a listening booth on our site. And we invited the residents to come and have their stories recorded for posterity. After a few days of recording, we held a listening party where we played clips, much like what you hear on NPR every Friday morning.
回到我們的故事, 當我一開始在這個街坊工作時, 我們最先做的事之一, 就是出去訪問那些要求關閉 電廠的激進分子領導者。 我們從他們那裡聽到和感受到, 有種即將發生的失去感。 這個街坊已經在改變, 即使是在那時。 大家都離開了,或是年老過世, 隨著他們離去,故事也遺失了。 對那些激進分子而言, 將來沒有人會知道在這個社區 發生過不可思議的事, 因為對於局外人而言 它就是個貧民窟。 最糟的情況是暴力之地, 最好的情況是空白的石板。 當然,兩者都不是真的。 所以我同事和我向 StoryCorps 求援。 有他們以及公用事業公司的支援 我們在這建立了一個傾聽站。 我們邀請居民過來 說他們的故事,記錄下來給後世。 在錄製了幾天之後, 我們舉行了一場傾聽派對。 播放一些片段, 就像你每個星期五早晨 在 NPR 聽到的一樣。
That party -- it was one of the most amazing community meetings I've ever been a part of. In part because we didn't just talk about joy but also pain. Two stories that I remember well -- AJ talked about what it was like to grow up in the neighborhood. There was always a kid to play with. But he also spoke with sadness of what it was like to first be stopped and questioned by a police officer when he was 11. GL also talked about the kids, and the ups and downs of the experience of living in this neighborhood, but he also spoke with pride of some of the organizations that had sprung up to provide support and empowerment. He wanted to see more of that. By holding space to first express pain and grief, we were then able to brainstorm ideas for a site -- amazing ideas that then became the seeds of what we did over the next four years.
那場派對 是我所參與過 最棒的社區會議之一。 有部分原因是我們不只談喜悅, 也談痛苦。 我清楚記得兩個故事。 AJ 談到在這個街坊長大的情況。 總是可以找到小孩一起玩。 但他也談到悲傷, 談到與其他人相比, 他更可能先被警察攔下來盤查, 那時他才十一歲。 GL 也談到孩子, 以及住在這個街坊的苦與樂, 但他也談到自豪, 有些突然出現的組織 來提供支援和賦能。 他想要看到更多那種現象。 藉由保有表述痛苦和悲慟的空間, 我們才能針對這個地方 腦力激盪想法。 有些很棒的想法成了種子, 促成了接下來四年的作為。
So why the radically different meeting now? Well ... the pain and grief woven into these spaces was not created in a day. Healing also takes time. After all, who here thinks you can go to therapy just once and be cured?
所以,為何現在的會議如此不同? 嗯… 與這些空間交織的痛苦和悲慟 並不是一天造成的。 治癒也需要時間。 畢竟,有人認為只要去 做一次治療就能被治好嗎?
(Laughter)
(笑聲)
Anyone? I didn't think so. In retrospect, I wish that we had held more listening sessions, not just joyful events. My work's taken me all over the world, and I have yet to set foot in a place where pain didn't exist and the potential for healing was absent. So while I've spent my career honing my skills as an architect, I realize that I'm now also a healer.
有人嗎? 我也認為沒有。 現在回顧起來, 我希望我們當初做過 更多的傾聽時段, 不只是歡樂的活動。 我的工作帶我到世界各地, 我去過的每個地方都一定會有痛苦, 也有療癒的可能性。 雖然我在整個職涯中 都在磨練建築師的技能, 我了解到,現在我也是個治療者。
I suppose this is the point in the talk where I should be telling you those five steps to healing, but I don't have the solution -- yet. Just a path. That being said, there are a few things I have learned along the way.
我想,演講進行到這裡, 我應該要告訴各位 療癒的五個步驟, 但我沒有解決方案, 目前還沒有。 只有路徑。 雖然如此, 這一路上我還是學到了幾件事。
First -- we cannot create cities for everyone unless we're first willing to listen to everyone. Not just about what they hope to see built in the future but also about what has been lost or unfulfilled. Second -- healing is not just for "those people." For those of us with privilege, we have to have a reckoning with our own guilt, discomfort and complicity. As non-profit leader Anne Marks once observed, "Hurt people hurt people; healed people heal people." And third -- healing is not about the erasure of pain. We often have a tendency to want to put a clean slate over our pain, much like that asphalt on the soil in Bayview Hunters Point. But it doesn't work that way. Healing is about acknowledging pain and making peace with it.
第一件事: 我們無法做到為每個人創建城市, 除非我們願意先傾聽每個人。 不只是聽他們希望看到 未來能建造出什麼, 也聽他們過去失去了什麼 或有什麼沒實現的。 第二件事: 療癒並不只給「那些人」, 社會中那些有特權的人, 我們得要去計算我們自己的罪過、 不安穩,以及共謀。 非營利領導人安馬克斯曾觀察到: 「被傷害的人會去傷害別人; 被療癒的人會去療癒別人。」 第三件事: 療癒的重點並不是消除痛苦。 我們通常傾向於 清除所有的痛苦記錄, 就像在灣景獵人區 土壤上的瀝青一樣。 但療癒不是這樣運作的。 療癒的重點是要承認痛苦 並且同它和平共存。
One of my favorite quotes says that healing renews our faith in the process of becoming. I stand here before you as an architect-healer because I'm ready to see what I can become, what my community and those that I work with can become, and what this country, and frankly, this world can become. And I was not meant to take that journey alone. I believe that many of you are unhappy with the way that things are now. Believe that it can be different. I believe that you all are far more resilient than you think. But the first step requires courage. The courage to see each other's pain, and to be willing to stay in the presence of it, even when it gets uncomfortable. Just imagine the change that we can make together if we all committed to that.
我最喜歡的引言之一是 在「成為」的過程中 療癒能夠恢復我們的信念。 我以建築師和治療者的身分 站在各位面前, 因為我準備好要看看我能成為什麼, 我的社區和與我合作的人 能成為什麼, 以及這個國家, 還有這個世界,能成為什麼。 我不打算獨自一人踏上這段旅程。 我相信許多人對現狀感到不開心。 請相信,它能有所不同。 我認為,你們都比你們 所想像的還要更有恢復力。 但踏出第一步需要勇氣。 看見彼此痛苦的勇氣, 在遇到痛苦時即使感到很不舒服, 也不逃走的勇氣。 想像若我們都能投入, 能同心協力做出多大的改變。
Thank you.
謝謝。
(Applause)
(掌聲)