So, I'll be speaking to you using language ... because I can. This is one these magical abilities that we humans have. We can transmit really complicated thoughts to one another. So what I'm doing right now is, I'm making sounds with my mouth as I'm exhaling. I'm making tones and hisses and puffs, and those are creating air vibrations in the air. Those air vibrations are traveling to you, they're hitting your eardrums, and then your brain takes those vibrations from your eardrums and transforms them into thoughts. I hope.
Xoʻsh, til ko'nikmalarimdan foydalanib, maʼruzani olib boraman. Chunki bu qoʻlimdan keladi. Til biz, insoniyat ega boʻlgan eng sehrli koʻnikmalardan biridir. U orqali chindan ham murakkab fikrlarni bir-birimiz bilan boʻlisha olamiz. Demak, men hozir nima qilyabman? Men nafas chiqarish mobaynida tovushlar hosil qilyabman. Mening pishillash va vishillashlarim havoda tebranish hosil qilmoqda. Bu tebranishlar havo orqali sizning quloq pardangiznga yetib bormoqda. Soʻng ushbu tebranishlar miyangiz tomonidan tahlil qilinib, fikrlarga aylanadi. Shunday deb umid qilaman.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
I hope that's happening. So because of this ability, we humans are able to transmit our ideas across vast reaches of space and time. We're able to transmit knowledge across minds. I can put a bizarre new idea in your mind right now. I could say, "Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library while thinking about quantum mechanics."
Umid qilamanki, shunday boʻlyapti. Aynan shu qobiliyatimiz bizga oʻz fikrlarimizni vaqt va makonlar osha boshqalarga yetkaza olish imkonini beradi. Biz istalgan bilimni boshqalar bilan ulashishimiz mumkin. Men hoziroq bir gʻayrioddiy fikrni siz bilan boʻlishishim mumkin. Aytaylik, "Kvant mexanikasi haqida fikrlayotib, kutubxonada vals tushayotgan meduzalarni tasavvur qiling".
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
Now, if everything has gone relatively well in your life so far, you probably haven't had that thought before.
Agar hayotingiz shu paytgacha nisbatan yaxshi kechgan boʻlsa, avval bu fikr sizning hayolingizga kelmagan.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
But now I've just made you think it, through language.
Biroq hozirgina til imkoniyatlaridan foydalanib, sizni bu haqida oʻylashga majbur qildim.
Now of course, there isn't just one language in the world, there are about 7,000 languages spoken around the world. And all the languages differ from one another in all kinds of ways. Some languages have different sounds, they have different vocabularies, and they also have different structures -- very importantly, different structures. That begs the question: Does the language we speak shape the way we think? Now, this is an ancient question. People have been speculating about this question forever. Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, said, "To have a second language is to have a second soul" -- strong statement that language crafts reality. But on the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say, "What's in a name? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet." Well, that suggests that maybe language doesn't craft reality.
Tabiiyki, dunyoda bittagina til mavjud emas. Dunyo aholisi 7000 xil tilda muloqot qiladi. Bu tillarning hammasi bir-biridan turli jihatlari bilan farq qiladi. Baʼzi tillarning tovushlari farqli, ularning soʻzlari turlicha, hamda ularning tuzilish tarkibi boshqacha– mana shu narsa juda muhim. Shunda bir savol paydo boʻladi: Biz soʻzlayotgan til fikrlashimizni shakllantira oladimi? Bu savolga azaldan javob qidiriladi. Bu borada insoniyat qadimdan taxminlar qilib kelmoqda. Buyuk Karl shunday degan edi: "Ikkinchi tilni bilish ikkinchi qalbga ega boʻlish degani". Til voqeʼlikni yaratishi haqidagi juda kuchli fikr-a? Biroq, Shekspirning Juliettasi boshqacha fikrni aytgandi: "Nom degan nima? Gulning nomi oʻzga boʻlsa nima boʻlurdi: Oʻzga nomda xushboʻyligi oʻzgararmidi?" Demak, til voqeʼlikni yaratmas, balki.
These arguments have gone back and forth for thousands of years. But until recently, there hasn't been any data to help us decide either way. Recently, in my lab and other labs around the world, we've started doing research, and now we have actual scientific data to weigh in on this question.
Shu asnodagi bahs-munozaralar ming yillarki davom etmoqda. Yaqin oragacha qay fikrni isbotlash uchun boʻlsa ham, bizda yetarli dalil boʻlmagan. Biroz avval dunyo olimlari bilan bir qatorda men ham oʻz tadqiqotlarimni boshladim. Ana endi bizda bu savolga javob berishga yetarli ilmiy dalillar bor.
So let me tell you about some of my favorite examples. I'll start with an example from an Aboriginal community in Australia that I had the chance to work with. These are the Kuuk Thaayorre people. They live in Pormpuraaw at the very west edge of Cape York. What's cool about Kuuk Thaayorre is, in Kuuk Thaayorre, they don't use words like "left" and "right," and instead, everything is in cardinal directions: north, south, east and west. And when I say everything, I really mean everything. You would say something like, "Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg." Or, "Move your cup to the north-northeast a little bit." In fact, the way that you say "hello" in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say, "Which way are you going?" And the answer should be, "North-northeast in the far distance. How about you?"
Keling, sizga eng yoqtirganlarimni aytib beraman. Birinchi misolim Avstraliyaning mahalliy aholisi haqida boʻladi. Bir vaqtlar ular bilan ishlagandim. Bu qabilaning nomi Kuuk Taayorre boʻlib, ular Keyp Yorkning gʻarbiy qirgʻogʻidagi Pormpuraav degan joyda yashashadi. Kuuk Taayorrening qiziq tarafi shundaki, ularning tilida "chap", "oʻng" degan soʻzlar yoʻq. Buning oʻrniga ular ufq tomonlari: shimol, janub, sharq, gʻarbni ishlatishadi Bu jumlalar hamma narsaga nisbatan qoʻllaniladi. Bu taxminan shunday yangrashi mumkin: "Voy, oyogʻingning janubi-gʻarbida chumoli yuribdi". Yoki: "Kosangni biroz shimoli-sharqqa sur". Aslida, Kuuk Taayorre tilida "salom" ham quyidagicha: "Qaysi tomonga ketyabsan?" Unga javoban taxminan shunday deysiz: "Uzoq shimoli-sharqqa. Oʻzingchi?"
So imagine as you're walking around your day, every person you greet, you have to report your heading direction.
Tasavvur qiling, shunchaki piyoda yuribsiz. Yoʻlingizdan chiqqan har bir odamga qay tomonga otlanganingizni aytishingiz kerak.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
But that would actually get you oriented pretty fast, right? Because you literally couldn't get past "hello," if you didn't know which way you were going. In fact, people who speak languages like this stay oriented really well. They stay oriented better than we used to think humans could. We used to think that humans were worse than other creatures because of some biological excuse: "Oh, we don't have magnets in our beaks or in our scales." No; if your language and your culture trains you to do it, actually, you can do it. There are humans around the world who stay oriented really well.
Lekin bu sizga moʻljalni aniqlab olishda yordam beradi. Shunday emasmi? Chunki qayerga ketayotganingizni bilmasangiz, "salom"dan uyogʻiga oʻtolmaysiz. Aslida, shu kabi tillarda soʻzlashuvchilar moʻljal aniqlashda usta boʻladi. U odamzot yoʻnalish aniqlashda oʻylagandan koʻra yaxshiroqligini koʻrsatadi. Biz inson ayrim biologik sabablar tufayli bu borada boshqa jonzotlardan orqada deb oʻylardik: "Ha, bizning tumshuq yo tangachalarimizda magnitlar yoʻq". Yoʻq, agar sizning til va madaniyatingiz sizni shu narsaga azaldan oʻrgatsa, siz buni qila olasiz. Dunyoda tomonlarni yaxshi aniqlay oladigan kishilar juda koʻp.
And just to get us in agreement about how different this is from the way we do it, I want you all to close your eyes for a second and point southeast.
Bu narsa aslida qanchalik qiyin ekanligini isbotlash uchun, keling, bir narsa qilamiz: bir soniyaga koʻzingizni yuming-da, janubi-sharq tomonni koʻrsating
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
Keep your eyes closed. Point. OK, so you can open your eyes. I see you guys pointing there, there, there, there, there ... I don't know which way it is myself --
Koʻzingizni yuming va koʻrsating. Xoʻp mayli, koʻzingizni ochishingiz mumkin. Biringiz bu, boshqangiz bu va bu taraflarni koʻrsatyabsiz. Qaysi tomonda ekanligini oʻzim ham bilmayman.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
You have not been a lot of help.
Sizdan ham foyda kam ekan.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
So let's just say the accuracy in this room was not very high. This is a big difference in cognitive ability across languages, right? Where one group -- very distinguished group like you guys -- doesn't know which way is which, but in another group, I could ask a five-year-old and they would know.
Bu borada xonadagilardan aniq javob chiqmadi deb qoʻya qolamiz. Bu turli tillar ongimizga turlicha taʼsir qilishini koʻrsatadi-a? Bir guruh vakillari, yaʼni siz, qay tomon qayerda ekanligini bilmagan bir paytda boshqa guruh vakillarida 5 yoshli bola ham bu narsani biladi.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
There are also really big differences in how people think about time. So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages. And if I ask an English speaker to organize time, they might lay it out this way, from left to right. This has to do with writing direction. If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic, you might do it going in the opposite direction, from right to left.
Yana turli tilda suhbatlashuvchilarda vaqtni his qilish ham farq qiladi. Bu yerda bobomning turli yoshdagi rasmlarini koʻrib turibsiz. Agar ingliz tilida gaplashuvchilardan vaqtni tartibi boʻyicha qoʻying desam, Ular buni quyidagicha, chapdan oʻngga qarab taxlashadi. Bu qay tarafga qarab yozishga bogʻliq. Agar siz arab yo yahudiy tilida gaplashsangiz siz buni teskarisini qilasiz: oʻngdan chapga.
But how would the Kuuk Thaayorre, this Aboriginal group I just told you about, do it? They don't use words like "left" and "right." Let me give you hint. When we sat people facing south, they organized time from left to right. When we sat them facing north, they organized time from right to left. When we sat them facing east, time came towards the body. What's the pattern? East to west, right? So for them, time doesn't actually get locked on the body at all, it gets locked on the landscape. So for me, if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way, and if I'm facing this way, then time goes this way. I'm facing this way, time goes this way -- very egocentric of me to have the direction of time chase me around every time I turn my body. For the Kuuk Thaayorre, time is locked on the landscape. It's a dramatically different way of thinking about time.
Endi sizga aytib bergan mahalliy aholi Kuuk Taayorrelar buni qanday qiladi deysizmi? Ularda "chap", "oʻng" degan narsa yoʻqku. Sizga kichik yordam beraman. Ularni janub tomon yuzlatib qoʻysak, ular rasmlarni chapdan oʻngga taxladi. Shimolga qaratsak esa, oʻngdan chapga taxlashdi. Sharq tomon yuzlanishganida rasmlarni oʻzlariga qarab taxlashdi. Bu yerda qandaydir mutanosiblik bor: rasmlar doim sharqdan gʻarbga qarab taxlanyapti. Demak, ular uchun vaqt bizning tanamizda emas, atrof-muhitda yashiringan. Agar men bu tomonga qarasam, vaqt buyoqqa qarab ketadi. Agar buyoqqa yuzlansam, vaqt buyoqqa ketyapti. Bu yerga qarasam, vaqt buyoqqa. Har safar tanamni boshqa tarafga qaratib, vaqtni oʻzgartirish biroz xudbinlik-a? Kuuk Taayorreliklar uchun vaqt landshaftda yashirin ekan. Bu vaqtni juda oʻzgacha qabul qilish.
Here's another really smart human trick. Suppose I ask you how many penguins are there. Well, I bet I know how you'd solve that problem if you solved it. You went, "One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight." You counted them. You named each one with a number, and the last number you said was the number of penguins. This is a little trick that you're taught to use as kids. You learn the number list and you learn how to apply it. A little linguistic trick. Well, some languages don't do this, because some languages don't have exact number words. They're languages that don't have a word like "seven" or a word like "eight." In fact, people who speak these languages don't count, and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities. So, for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins to the same number of ducks, you would be able to do that by counting. But folks who don't have that linguistic trick can't do that.
Yana bir hiylani eshiting: bu yerda nechta pingvin bor? Xoʻsh, bu masalani qay tarzda yechishingizni bilaman. "Bir, ikki, uch, toʻrt, besh olti, yetti, sakkiz" – siz ularni shunchaki sanadingiz. Siz har bir pingvinni raqamladingiz. Siz aytgan oxirgi son esa, pingvinlarning umumiy soni. Bu kichik hiylani biz yoshlikdan bilamiz. Siz raqamlar tartibini oʻrganib, uni qanday qoʻllashni ham bilib borasiz. Kichik lingvistik fokus. Xoʻsh, baʼzi tillarda bu narsa yoʻq. Chunki ularda raqamlar uchun aniq bir soʻz yoʻq. Ularning tillarida "yetti"ga oʻxshagan soʻzlar yoʻq. Yoki "sakkiz". Bu til soʻzlashuvchilari sanashmaydi. Shu sababli ham sanoq bilan bogʻliq masalalarda ular qiynaladi. Masalan, sizga yuqoridagi pengvinlar soniga teng o'rdaklarni tanlang desam, siz buni darrov sanab, belgilaysiz. Bunday lingvistik xususiyati yo'q tillarda suhbatlashuvchilar esa,bunday qila olmaydi
Languages also differ in how they divide up the color spectrum -- the visual world. Some languages have lots of words for colors, some have only a couple words, "light" and "dark." And languages differ in where they put boundaries between colors. So, for example, in English, there's a word for blue that covers all of the colors that you can see on the screen, but in Russian, there isn't a single word. Instead, Russian speakers have to differentiate between light blue, "goluboy," and dark blue, "siniy." So Russians have this lifetime of experience of, in language, distinguishing these two colors. When we test people's ability to perceptually discriminate these colors, what we find is that Russian speakers are faster across this linguistic boundary. They're faster to be able to tell the difference between a light and dark blue. And when you look at people's brains as they're looking at colors -- say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue -- the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark, as if, "Ooh, something has categorically changed," whereas the brains of English speakers, for example, that don't make this categorical distinction, don't give that surprise, because nothing is categorically changing.
Tillar ranglar spektrini belgilashda ham farq qiladi. Yaʼni, dunyoni turlicha koʻradi. Baʼzi tillarda rangni ifodalovchi soʻzlar juda koʻp, boshqalari esa bir necha juft bilan cheklangan: "toʻq", "och" Ranglar orasidagi chegara ham turlicha. Masalan, ingliz tilida ekrandagi barcha ranglarni bir soʻz bilan – "koʻk deymiz. Rus tilida esa, bunday bir soʻz yoʻq. Buning oʻrniga siz bu rangni guruhlarga ajratasiz: moviy – "goluboy" va toʻq koʻk – "siniy". Demak, ruslar bu rangni oʻzini taniganidan beri ikki xil qabul qilishadi. Agar ranglarni bir-biridan ajratish vazifasi berilsa, ruslar boshqalarga nisbatan tezroq ekanligini aniqladik. Yaʼni, ularni aniqlab, aytib bera olishda. Ular och va toʻq koʻk oʻrtasidagi farqni tezroq ajrata oladi. Agar odamlarga och koʻkdan toʻq koʻkgacha boʻlgan spektrdagi ranglar koʻrsatilib, jarayon davomida ularning miyasidagi faoliyatni kuzatsak, och va toʻq koʻk uchun alohida soʻz ishlatadigan odamlarning miyasi ranglar spektri toʻqlashib borgan sari, hayratlanish signalini beradi. Xuddi: "Biror narsa oʻzgardi, qara", degandek. Bu rangni turlarga ajratmaydigan tillar, shu qatori ingliz tili soʻzlashuvchilarida bunday oʻzgarish kuzatilmadi. Chunki ular hech qanday oʻzgarishni koʻrishmayapti.
Languages have all kinds of structural quirks. This is one of my favorites. Lots of languages have grammatical gender; every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine. And these genders differ across languages. So, for example, the sun is feminine in German but masculine in Spanish, and the moon, the reverse. Could this actually have any consequence for how people think? Do German speakers think of the sun as somehow more female-like, and the moon somehow more male-like? Actually, it turns out that's the case. So if you ask German and Spanish speakers to, say, describe a bridge, like the one here -- "bridge" happens to be grammatically feminine in German, grammatically masculine in Spanish -- German speakers are more likely to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant" and stereotypically feminine words. Whereas Spanish speakers will be more likely to say they're "strong" or "long," these masculine words.
Tillar bunday oʻziga xos tuzilma jihatlariga toʻla. Bu menga eng yoqqanlaridan. Juda koʻp tillarda grammatik gender bor. Har bir ot asosan yo feminin (ayol), yo maskulin (erkak) turlariga ajratiladi. Bu genderlar tillarga qarab farq qiladi. Masalan, nemis tilida quyosh feminin, ispan tilida esa maskulin. Oy esa, buning teskarisi. Bu insonlarning fikrlashiga taʼsir qilarmikan? Nemislar quyoshga "ayollarga xos", oyga esa, "erkakcha" taʼriflar berarmikan? Maʼlum boʻlishicha, ha. Deylik,nemis va ispan tilida suhbatlashuvchilarga koʻprik koʻrsatib – shunga oʻxshash– uni taʼriflashni soʻraylik. "Koʻprik" nemischada feminin ispanchada esa, maskulin. Javob sifatida, nemislar koʻprikni "goʻzal", "xushbichim" deb taʼriflaydi. Stereotip boʻyicha "ayollarga xos" soʻzlar-a? Ispanlar esa, koʻprikni "erkaklarga xos": "kuchli", "uzun" kabi soʻzlar bilan taʼriflashga moyil ekan.
(Laughter)
(Kulgu)
Languages also differ in how they describe events, right? You take an event like this, an accident. In English, it's fine to say, "He broke the vase." In a language like Spanish, you might be more likely to say, "The vase broke," or, "The vase broke itself." If it's an accident, you wouldn't say that someone did it. In English, quite weirdly, we can even say things like, "I broke my arm." Now, in lots of languages, you couldn't use that construction unless you are a lunatic and you went out looking to break your arm -- (Laughter) and you succeeded. If it was an accident, you would use a different construction.
Tillar bir voqeani turlicha taʼriflaydi, toʻgʻrimi? Aytaylik, bir tasodifiy vaziyat. Inglizlarda: "U guldonni sindirdi" deyish odatiy boʻlsa, ispan tiliga oʻxshash tillar koʻproq: "Guldon sindi", deyishi mumkin yoki "Guldon oʻzi sindi" Agar bu vaziyat tasodif boʻlsa, ular buni birov qildi deyishmaydi. Oʻylab qarasak, ingliz tilida "Men oyogʻimni sindirdim" deyish biroz gʻalati ekan. Aksariyat tillarda bu gap tuzilishini ishlatish gʻalati eshitilishi mumkin. Albatta, agar siz oyparast boʻlib, oyogʻingizni sindirish uchun atay koʻchaga chiqib ketmasangiz. (Kulgu) Va sindirish qoʻlingizdan kelsa. Agar bu tasodif boʻlsa, siz boshqacha gap qurilmasini ishlatasiz.
Now, this has consequences. So, people who speak different languages will pay attention to different things, depending on what their language usually requires them to do. So we show the same accident to English speakers and Spanish speakers, English speakers will remember who did it, because English requires you to say, "He did it; he broke the vase." Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it if it's an accident, but they're more likely to remember that it was an accident. They're more likely to remember the intention. So, two people watch the same event, witness the same crime, but end up remembering different things about that event. This has implications, of course, for eyewitness testimony. It also has implications for blame and punishment. So if you take English speakers and I just show you someone breaking a vase, and I say, "He broke the vase," as opposed to "The vase broke," even though you can witness it yourself, you can watch the video, you can watch the crime against the vase, you will punish someone more, you will blame someone more if I just said, "He broke it," as opposed to, "It broke." The language guides our reasoning about events.
Buning oʻzgacha oqibatlari bor. Bundan koʻrinadiki, turli til egalari tillari qanday tuzilishiga qarab, vaziyatdan boshqa-boshqa narsani koʻradilar. Boyagi tasodifiy voqeaga qaytsak, inglizlar ishni kim qilganini eslab qoladi chunki ular: "U shuni qildi", deb aytishlari kerak. Ispanlar esa, tasodifiy holatlarda kim bu vaziyatga tushganini eslay olmasliklari mumkin. Aksincha, bu tasodif ekanligiga urgʻu beradilar. Ular koʻproq ishning maqsadli yoki tasodifligini eslab qoladilar. Aytaylik, ikki kishi bir vaziyatni kuzatdi yoki oʻgʻrilikka guvoh boʻlishdi. Biroq ular eslab qolgan narsalar bir-biridan farq qiladi. Shu narsaning taʼsiri guvohlardan maʼlumot olayotganda, ayb qoʻyish va jazo berish jarayonlarida koʻrinadi. Masalan, inglizlarni oladigan boʻlsak, yuqoridagi guldon singan videoni ularga koʻrsatsangiz, Shu holda ular katta ehtimol bilan "Guldon sindi" emas, "U guldonni sindirdi" deyishadi. Shunda siz voqeaga guvoh boʻlsanggiz, videoni koʻrib turib ham, siz vaziyatga boshqacha nazar bilan qaraysiz, qahramonni jazolash ehtimolingiz kattaroq boʻladi. "U sindi" deyishni oʻrniga "... uni sindirdi" deganimning oʻzi birovni ayblash ehtimolini oshiradi. Til vaziyatlarga qanday qarashimizni belgilab beryapti.
Now, I've given you a few examples of how language can profoundly shape the way we think, and it does so in a variety of ways. So language can have big effects, like we saw with space and time, where people can lay out space and time in completely different coordinate frames from each other. Language can also have really deep effects -- that's what we saw with the case of number. Having count words in your language, having number words, opens up the whole world of mathematics. Of course, if you don't count, you can't do algebra, you can't do any of the things that would be required to build a room like this or make this broadcast, right? This little trick of number words gives you a stepping stone into a whole cognitive realm.
Til bizning fikrlashimizni oʻzgartira olishiga misollar keltirdim. Buning yoʻllari esa, juda koʻp. Tomonlarni va vaqtni aniqlash misollarida tilning ahamiyatini koʻrib chiqdik. Bunda ishtirokchilar bir-biridan oʻta farqli tarzda tomonlarni aniqlashdi. Til oʻta chuqur taʼsirga ham ega. Buni raqamlar bilan bogʻliq misolda koʻrdik. Tilingizda sanoq soʻzlari, raqamlarni ifodalovchi soʻzlar boʻlishi matematika eshiklarini ochadi. Siz sanay olmasangiz, algebra nimaligini bilmaysiz. Natijada, mana shu xonani qurish yoki shu videoni qilish uchun kerakli ishlarni qila olmaysiz, toʻgʻrimi? Tildagi ahamiyatsiz tuyilgan raqamlar bilan bogʻliq bu jihat boshqa bilimlar uchun poydevor hisoblanadi.
Language can also have really early effects, what we saw in the case of color. These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions. We make thousands of them all the time, and yet, language is getting in there and fussing even with these tiny little perceptual decisions that we make. Language can have really broad effects. So the case of grammatical gender may be a little silly, but at the same time, grammatical gender applies to all nouns. That means language can shape how you're thinking about anything that can be named by a noun. That's a lot of stuff.
Ranglar bilan bogʻliq misolda koʻrganimizdek, tilning taʼsiri yoshligimizdanoq seziladi. Koʻrinishidan bular oddiy, avtomatik qilinadigan qarorlarga o'xshaydi. Kuniga bunday qarorlardan mingtasini qabul qilamiz. Biroq shu kichik koʻringan qarorlarda ham biz foydalanayotgan til taʼsiri bor. Til juda keng taʼsirga ega. Grammatik genderga oid misollar ahmoqona koʻrinar, balki. Biroq grammatik gender ot soʻz turkumidagi barcha soʻzlarga qoʻllaniladi. Demakki, ot soʻz turkumida ifodalanuvchi istalgan narsa haqidagi fikrlaringiz til xususiyatlariga qarab oʻzgaradi. Bunday narsalar koʻp-a?
And finally, I gave you an example of how language can shape things that have personal weight to us -- ideas like blame and punishment or eyewitness memory. These are important things in our daily lives.
Soʻngra biz aybni belgilash, jazolash, guvoh xotirasi kabi har bir inson oʻzidan kelib baholaydigan jarayonlarda tilning oʻrnini koʻrib chiqdik. Kundalik hayotimizda bunday jarayonlar katta ahamiyatga ega.
Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals to us just how ingenious and how flexible the human mind is. Human minds have invented not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 -- there are 7,000 languages spoken around the world. And we can create many more -- languages, of course, are living things, things that we can hone and change to suit our needs. The tragic thing is that we're losing so much of this linguistic diversity all the time. We're losing about one language a week, and by some estimates, half of the world's languages will be gone in the next hundred years. And the even worse news is that right now, almost everything we know about the human mind and human brain is based on studies of usually American English-speaking undergraduates at universities. That excludes almost all humans. Right? So what we know about the human mind is actually incredibly narrow and biased, and our science has to do better.
Tillardagi xilma-xillik inson onggi qanchalik moslashuvchan, zukko ekanligini koʻrsatib beradi. Onggimiz birgina olamni emas, 7000 tasini koʻra biladi – dunyoda 7000 ta til mavjud. Va biz bundan-da koʻpini oʻylab topa olamiz. Tillarning ham joni bor: biz ularni oʻz zaruriyatlarimizga qarab oʻzgartira olamiz. Achinarlisi, biz tillardagi xilma-xillik qadriga yetmayabmiz. Hech ham. Har haftada taxminan bitta til yoʻqolib ketmoqda. Baʼzi taxminlarga koʻra esa, kelasi 100 yil ichida mavjud tillarning yarmi yoʻq boʻladi. Bundan ham ayanchlisi – biz inson miyasi va onggi haqida bilganlarimizning hammasi odatda ingliz tilida soʻzlashuvchi universitet bitiruvchilarining tadqiqotlaridan olingan. Aksariyat aholi buning ichiga kirmaydi, shundaymi? Qisqacha qilib aytganda,inson onggiga oid barcha bilimlar juda tor va xurofotga boy. Bu sohada hali koʻp ishlar qilinishi kerak.
I want to leave you with this final thought. I've told you about how speakers of different languages think differently, but of course, that's not about how people elsewhere think. It's about how you think. It's how the language that you speak shapes the way that you think. And that gives you the opportunity to ask, "Why do I think the way that I do?" "How could I think differently?" And also, "What thoughts do I wish to create?"
Soʼzimni shu yakuniy fikrlar bilan tugatmoqchiman. Turli tilda soʻzlashuvchilar turlicha fikrlashlari haqida aytib oʻtgandim. Biroq masala boshqalar qanday fikrlashida emas, siz qanday fikrlashingizda. Gap siz ishlatadigan til fikrlashingizga qanday taʼsir koʻrsatayotganida. Shunda quyidagi savollarga oʻrin tugʻiladi: "Nega aynan shunday fikrlayabman?" "Nima qilsam boshqacha fikrlaydigan boʻlaman?" Ha, yana "Qanday fikrlashni xohlar edim?"
Thank you very much.
Eʼtiboringiz uchun katta rahmat.
(Applause)
(Qarsaklar)