What I'm going to try and do in the next 15 minutes or so is tell you about an idea of how we're going to make matter come alive. Now this may seem a bit ambitious, but when you look at yourself, you look at your hands, you realize that you're alive. So this is a start. Now this quest started four billion years ago on planet Earth. There's been four billion years of organic, biological life. And as an inorganic chemist, my friends and colleagues make this distinction between the organic, living world and the inorganic, dead world. And what I'm going to try and do is plant some ideas about how we can transform inorganic, dead matter into living matter, into inorganic biology.
U narednih petnaestak minuta ću pokušati da vam pričam o ideji kako ćemo da oživimo materiju. Ovo će vam se možda učiniti pomalo ambicioznim, ali kada pogledate sebe, svoje ruke, shvatite da ste živi. Znači to je početak. Ova potraga je počela pre četiri milijarde godina na planeti Zemlji. Prošlo je četiri milijarde godina organskog, biološkog života. A kao neorganski hemičari, moji prijatelji i kolege prave razliku između organskog, živog sveta i neorganskog, mrtvog sveta. A sada ću da pokušam da vam prenesem neke ideje o tome kako možemo transformisati neorgansku, mrtvu materiju u živu materiju, u neorgansku biologiju.
Before we do that, I want to kind of put biology in its place. And I'm absolutely enthralled by biology. I love to do synthetic biology. I love things that are alive. I love manipulating the infrastructure of biology. But within that infrastructure, we have to remember that the driving force of biology is really coming from evolution. And evolution, although it was established well over 100 years ago by Charles Darwin and a vast number of other people, evolution still is a little bit intangible. And when I talk about Darwinian evolution, I mean one thing and one thing only, and that is survival of the fittest. And so forget about evolution in a kind of metaphysical way. Think about evolution in terms of offspring competing, and some winning.
Pre nego što to uradimo, želim da postavim biologiju na svoje mesto. Potpuno sam obuzet biologijom. I volim da se bavim sintetičkom biologijom. Volim stvari koje su žive. Volim da se igram infrastrukturom biologije. Ali u okviru te infrastrukture, moramo se setiti da pokretačka sila biologije zapravo potiče od evolucije. A evolucija, iako je utemeljena pre više od 100 godina od strane Čarlsa Darvina i velikog broja drugih ljudi, evolucija je i dalje malo neuhvatljiva. A kada govorim o darvinovskoj evoluciji, mislim na jednu stvar i samo jednu stvar, a to je opstanak najsposobnijih. I zato zaboravite na evoluciju u bilo kom metafizičkom smislu. Razmišljajte o evoluciji u smislu takmičenja potomaka, i da neki pobeđuju.
So bearing that in mind, as a chemist, I wanted to ask myself the question frustrated by biology: What is the minimal unit of matter that can undergo Darwinian evolution? And this seems quite a profound question. And as a chemist, we're not used to profound questions every day. So when I thought about it, then suddenly I realized that biology gave us the answer. And in fact, the smallest unit of matter that can evolve independently is, in fact, a single cell -- a bacteria.
I imajući to na umu, kao hemičar, postavio sam sebi pitanje, pitanje otežano biologijom: Koja je najmanja jedinica materije koja je podložna darvinovskoj evoluciji? I to mi se čini dosta ozbiljnim pitanjem. I kao hemičar, nisam navikao da rešavam duboka pitanja svaki dan. Zato kada sam razmislio o tome, onda sam iznenada shvatio da nam je biologija dala odgovor. I zapravo, najmanja jedinica materije koja može samostalno da evoluira je zapravo, pojedinačna ćelija -- bakterija.
So this raises three really important questions: What is life? Is biology special? Biologists seem to think so. Is matter evolvable? Now if we answer those questions in reverse order, the third question -- is matter evolvable? -- if we can answer that, then we're going to know how special biology is, and maybe, just maybe, we'll have some idea of what life really is.
Znači to postavlja tri stvarno važna pitanja: Šta je život? Da li je biologija posebna? Biolozi misle da jeste. Da li materija može da evoluira? Ako odgovorimo na ova pitanja obrnutim redosledom, treće pitanje -- da li materija može da evoluira? ako možemo na to da odgovorimo, onda ćemo znati koliko je posebna biologija, i možda, možda, imaćemo neku predstavu o tome šta je zapravo život.
So here's some inorganic life. This is a dead crystal, and I'm going to do something to it, and it's going to become alive. And you can see, it's kind of pollinating, germinating, growing. This is an inorganic tube. And all these crystals here under the microscope were dead a few minutes ago, and they look alive. Of course, they're not alive. It's a chemistry experiment where I've made a crystal garden. But when I saw this, I was really fascinated, because it seemed lifelike. And as I pause for a few seconds, have a look at the screen. You can see there's architecture growing, filling the void. And this is dead. So I was positive that, if somehow we can make things mimic life, let's go one step further. Let's see if we can actually make life.
Evo nekog neorganskog života. Ovo je mrtav kristal, i nešto ću mu uraditi, i oživeće. Kao što vidite, to je na neki način oprašivanje, klijanje, rast. Ovo je neorganska cev. I svi ovi kristali ovde pod mikroskopom su bili mrtvi pre par minuta, a sada izgledaju živo. Naravno, nisu živi. To je hemijski eksperiment u kome sam napravio kristalnu baštu. Ali kada sam ovo video, bio sam stvarno fasciniran, jer je izgledalo tako živo. I dok ovo zaustavim na par sekundi, pogledajte ekran. Vidite da arhitektura raste, popunjava prazninu. A ovo je mrtvo. I bio sam siguran da, ako nekako budemo mogli da učinimo da stvari imitiraju život, onda možemo da idemo korak dalje. Hajde da vidimo da li možemo zapravo da napravimo život.
But there's a problem, because up until maybe a decade ago, we were told that life was impossible and that we were the most incredible miracle in the universe. In fact, we were the only people in the universe. Now, that's a bit boring. So as a chemist, I wanted to say, "Hang on. What is going on here? Is life that improbable?" And this is really the question. I think that perhaps the emergence of the first cells was as probable as the emergence of the stars. And in fact, let's take that one step further. Let's say that if the physics of fusion is encoded into the universe, maybe the physics of life is as well. And so the problem with chemists -- and this is a massive advantage as well -- is we like to focus on our elements. In biology, carbon takes center stage. And in a universe where carbon exists and organic biology, then we have all this wonderful diversity of life. In fact, we have such amazing lifeforms that we can manipulate. We're awfully careful in the lab to try and avoid various biohazards.
Ali postoji problem, jer do pre negde jednu deceniju, rečeno nam je da je život nemoguć i da smo mi najneverovatnije čudo u svemiru. Zapravo, mi smo jedini ljudi u svemiru. To je pomalo dosadno. Zato kao hemičar, želeo sam da kažem, ''Čekaj malo. šta se ovde događa? Da li je život toliko malo verovatan?'' I to je pravo pitanje. Mislim da je možda pojava prvih ćelija onoliko verovatna koliko i pojava prvih zvezda. Zapravo, hajdemo jedan korak dalje. Da kažemo ako je fizika fuzije kodirana u svemiru, možda je onda i fizika života. I zato je problem sa hemičarima -- a ovo je i ogromna prednost takođe -- u tome što smo fokusirani na elemente. U biologiji, ugljenik je glavni. I u svemiru u kome postoji ugljenik i organskoj biologiji, onda imamo sav ovaj divni raznovrsni život. Zapravo, imamo izvanredne oblike života kojima možemo manipulisati. Veoma smo pažljivi u laboratoriji i pokušavamo da izbegnemo razne biološke opasnosti.
Well what about matter? If we can make matter alive, would we have a matterhazard? So think, this is a serious question. If your pen could replicate, that would be a bit of a problem. So we have to think differently if we're going to make stuff come alive. And we also have to be aware of the issues. But before we can make life, let's think for a second what life really is characterized by. And forgive the complicated diagram. This is just a collection of pathways in the cell. And the cell is obviously for us a fascinating thing. Synthetic biologists are manipulating it. Chemists are trying to study the molecules to look at disease. And you have all these pathways going on at the same time. You have regulation; information is transcribed; catalysts are made; stuff is happening. But what does a cell do? Well it divides, it competes, it survives. And I think that is where we have to start in terms of thinking about building from our ideas in life.
Ali šta je sa materijom? Ako budemo u stanju da oživimo materiju, da li bi onda imali materijalnu opasnost? Zato razmislite, ovo je važno pitanje. Ako bi vaša olovka mogla da se razmnožava repliciranjem, to bi pomalo predstavljalo problem. Zato moramo da razmišljamo drugačije ako ćemo da oživljavamo stvari. I takođe moramo biti svesni problema. Ali pre nego što možemo da stvaramo život, razmislimo na trenutak o tome šta stvarno čini život. Izvinjavam se zbog komplikovanog dijagrama. Ovo je samo skup putanja u ćeliji. A ćelija je očigledno za nas fascinantna stvar. Sintetički biolozi manipulišu njome. Hemičari proučavaju molekule kako bi posmatrali bolest. I imate sve ove putanje koje se događaju u isto vreme. Imate regulisanje; informacije se prepisuju; katalizatori se prave; stvari se događaju. Ali šta ćelija radi? Ona se deli, takmiči, preživljava. I mislim da tu moramo da počnemo u smislu razmišljanja o nadgradnji naših ideja o životu.
But what else is life characterized by? Well, I like think of it as a flame in a bottle. And so what we have here is a description of single cells replicating, metabolizing, burning through chemistries. And so we have to understand that if we're going to make artificial life or understand the origin of life, we need to power it somehow. So before we can really start to make life, we have to really think about where it came from. And Darwin himself mused in a letter to a colleague that he thought that life probably emerged in some warm little pond somewhere -- maybe not in Scotland, maybe in Africa, maybe somewhere else. But the real honest answer is, we just don't know, because there is a problem with the origin. Imagine way back, four and a half billion years ago, there is a vast chemical soup of stuff. And from this stuff we came.
Ali šta još čini život? Pa, ja to volim da zamišljam kao plamen u boci. i zato ovde imamo opis pojedinačnih ćelija koje se razmnožavaju, metabolizuju, sagorevaju putem hemije. I zato moramo da razumemo da ako ćemo da pravimo veštački život ili da razumemo poreklo života, moramo nekako da ga napajamo. Zato pre nego što stvarno počnemo da pravimo život, moramo dobro da razmislimo odakle je potekao. I sam Darvin je razmišljao u pismu kolegi da smatra da se život verovatno pojavio u nekoj maloj toploj bari negde -- možda ne u Škotskoj, možda u Africi, možda negde drugde. Ali pravi iskreni odgovor jeste da jednostavno ne znamo, jer postoji problem sa poreklom. Zamislite unazad četiri i po milijarde godina, postoji ogromna hemijska supa stvari. I iz tih stvari smo mi nastali.
So when you think about the improbable nature of what I'm going to tell you in the next few minutes, just remember, we came from stuff on planet Earth. And we went through a variety of worlds. The RNA people would talk about the RNA world. We somehow got to proteins and DNA. We then got to the last ancestor. Evolution kicked in -- and that's the cool bit. And here we are. But there's a roadblock that you can't get past. You can decode the genome, you can look back, you can link us all together by a mitochondrial DNA, but we can't get further than the last ancestor, the last visible cell that we could sequence or think back in history. So we don't know how we got here.
I kada razmišljate o neverovatnoj prirodi onoga o čemu ću vam pričati u narednih par minuta, setite se samo, mi smo potekli od stvari na planeti Zemlji. I prošli smo niz svetova. RNK stručnjaci bi govorili o RNK svetu. Nekako smo stigli do proteina i DNK. A onda smo stigli do poslednjeg pretka. Evolucija je počela da deluje -- i to je strava deo. I evo nas ovde. Ali postoji prepreka na putu koju ne možete zaobići. Možete dekodirati genom, možete pogledati u prošlost, možete nas sve povezati mitohondrijskom DNK, ali ne možemo ići dalje od poslednjeg pretka, poslednje vidljive ćelije koju bi mogli da sekvenciramo ili zamislimo nazad u prošlosti. Zato ne znamo kako smo ovde dospeli.
So there are two options: intelligent design, direct and indirect -- so God, or my friend. Now talking about E.T. putting us there, or some other life, just pushes the problem further on. I'm not a politician, I'm a scientist. The other thing we need to think about is the emergence of chemical complexity. This seems most likely. So we have some kind of primordial soup. And this one happens to be a good source of all 20 amino acids. And somehow these amino acids are combined, and life begins. But life begins, what does that mean? What is life? What is this stuff of life?
Postoje dve opcije: inteligentni dizajn, direktni i indirektni -- znači Bog, ili moj prijatelj. Ako zamišljamo da nas je E.T. vanzemaljac doveo ovde ili neki drugi oblik života, to samo odgađa problem. Ja nisam političar, ja sam naučnik. Druga stvar o kojoj moramo da razmišljamo jeste pojava hemijskog usložnjavanja. To se čini najverovatnijim. Znači imamo neku vrstu praiskonske supe. A ispostavlja se da je ova dobar izvor svih 20 amino kiselina. I nekako se ove amino kiseline kombinuju, i život počinje. Ali život počinje, šta to znači? Šta je život? Šta je ova stvar koja čini život?
So in the 1950s, Miller-Urey did their fantastic chemical Frankenstein experiment, where they did the equivalent in the chemical world. They took the basic ingredients, put them in a single jar and ignited them and put a lot of voltage through. And they had a look at what was in the soup, and they found amino acids, but nothing came out, there was no cell. So the whole area's been stuck for a while, and it got reignited in the '80s when analytical technologies and computer technologies were coming on.
Zato su tokom 1950-ih, Miler i Juri izveli svoj fantastični hemijski Frankenštajn eksperiment, gde su uradili isto u hemijskom svetu. Uzeli su osnovne sastojke, stavili ih u jednu teglu i zapalili ih i pustili dosta struje kroz nju. I pogledali su šta je u supi, i našli su amino kiseline, ali ništa nije nastalo, nije bilo ćelije. Pa je cela oblast zastala na neko vreme, i ponovo zaživela 1980-ih kada su se pojavile analitičke tehnologije i kompjuterske tehnologije.
In my own laboratory, the way we're trying to create inorganic life is by using many different reaction formats. So what we're trying to do is do reactions -- not in one flask, but in tens of flasks, and connect them together, as you can see with this flow system, all these pipes. We can do it microfluidically, we can do it lithographically, we can do it in a 3D printer, we can do it in droplets for colleagues. And the key thing is to have lots of complex chemistry just bubbling away. But that's probably going to end in failure, so we need to be a bit more focused.
U mojoj sopstvenoj laboratoriji, način na koji pokušavamo da stvorimo neorganski život jeste da koristimo mnogo različitih reakcionih formata. Znači ono što pokušavamo da radimo jesu reakcije -- ali ne u jednoj posudi, već u desetinama posuda, i da ih povežemo, kao što vidite ovim sistemom protoka, sve ove cevi. Možemo to da radimo mikrofluidno, možemo da radimo litografski, možemo i u 3D printeru, možemo u kapljicama za kolege. A ključna stvar je imati puno složene hemije koja samo ključa. Ali to će se verovatno završiti neuspehom, zato moramo više da se fokusiramo.
And the answer, of course, lies with mice. This is how I remember what I need as a chemist. I say, "Well I want molecules." But I need a metabolism, I need some energy. I need some information, and I need a container. Because if I want evolution, I need containers to compete. So if you have a container, it's like getting in your car. "This is my car, and I'm going to drive around and show off my car." And I imagine you have a similar thing in cellular biology with the emergence of life. So these things together give us evolution, perhaps. And the way to test it in the laboratory is to make it minimal.
I odgovor, naravno, je u miševima. Ovako se podsetim šta mi je potrebno kao hemičaru. Kažem, ''Pa, želim molekule.'' Ali mi je potreban metabolizam, želim nešto energije. Potrebne su mi informacije i potrebna mi je posuda. Jer ako želim evoluciju, potrebne su mi posude za takmičenje. Zato ako imate posudu, to je kao da uđete u svoja kola. ''Ovo su moja kola, i voziću se okolo da pokažem svoja kola''. I zamislite da imate sličnu stvar u ćelijskoj biologji sa pojavom života. Znači ove stvari zajedno nam daju evoluciju, možda. I način da se to testira u laboratoriji jeste da se učini minimalnim.
So what we're going to try and do is come up with an inorganic Lego kit of molecules. And so forgive the molecules on the screen, but these are a very simple kit. There's only maybe three or four different types of building blocks present. And we can aggregate them together and make literally thousands and thousands of really big nano-molecular molecules the same size of DNA and proteins, but there's no carbon in sight. Carbon is banned. And so with this Lego kit, we have the diversity required for complex information storage without DNA. But we need to make some containers. And just a few months ago in my lab, we were able to take these very same molecules and make cells with them. And you can see on the screen a cell being made. And we're now going to put some chemistry inside and do some chemistry in this cell. And all I wanted to show you is we can set up molecules in membranes, in real cells, and then it sets up a kind of molecular Darwinism, a molecular survival of the fittest.
Znači ono što ćemo probati da uradimo jeste da smislimo neorganski Lego komplet molekula. Zato oprostite zbog molekula na ekranu, ali ovo je veoma jednostavan komplet. Može biti samo tri ili četiri različite vrste gradivnih elemenata tu. I možemo ih sakupiti na gomilu i napraviti bukvalno hiljade i hiljade stvarno velikih nanomolekulskih molekula iste veličine kao DNK i proteina, ali nema ugljenika na vidiku. Ugljenik je loš. Zato sa ovim Lego kompletom, imamo raznovrsnost potrebnu za čuvanje složenih informacija bez DNK. Ali potrebno je da napravimo neke posude. I pre samo par meseci u mojoj laboratoriji, uspeli smo da napravimo ove iste molekule i da napravimo ćelije sa njima. I možete videti na ekranu kako se stvara ćelija. I sada ćemo da stavimo nešto hemije unutra i da radimo malo hemiju u ovoj ćeliji. I sve što sam hteo da vam pokažem jeste da možemo da uspostavimo molekule u membranama, u pravim ćelijama, i onda to uspostavalja neku vrstu molekularnog Darvinizma, molekularnog opstanka najsposobnijih.
And this movie here shows this competition between molecules. Molecules are competing for stuff. They're all made of the same stuff, but they want their shape to win. They want their shape to persist. And that is the key. If we can somehow encourage these molecules to talk to each other and make the right shapes and compete, they will start to form cells that will replicate and compete. If we manage to do that, forget the molecular detail.
Ovaj film ovde pokazuje takmičenje između molekula. Molekuli se takmiče za stvari. Svi su napravljenih od istih stvari, ali žele da pobedi njihov oblik. Oni žele da njihov oblik traje. I u tome je ključ. Ako nekako uspemo da podstaknemo ove molekule da međusobno razgovaraju i prave odgovarajuće oblike i takmiče se, počeće da prave ćelije koje će se razmnožavati i takmičiti. Ako uspemo to da učinimo, zaboravite na detalje kod molekula.
Let's zoom out to what that could mean. So we have this special theory of evolution that applies only to organic biology, to us. If we could get evolution into the material world, then I propose we should have a general theory of evolution. And that's really worth thinking about. Does evolution control the sophistication of matter in the universe? Is there some driving force through evolution that allows matter to compete? So that means we could then start to develop different platforms for exploring this evolution. So you imagine, if we're able to create a self-sustaining artificial life form, not only will this tell us about the origin of life -- that it's possible that the universe doesn't need carbon to be alive; it can use anything -- we can then take [it] one step further and develop new technologies, because we can then use software control for evolution to code in.
Hajde da se odmaknemo kako bi videli šta bi to moglo da znači. Imamo ovu specijalnu teoriju evolucije koja važi samo za organsku biologiju, za nas. Ako bismo mogli da uvedemo evoluciju u materijalni svet, onda predlažem da bi trebalo da imamo opštu teoriju evolucije. A o tome stvarno vredi razmišljati. Da li evolucija kontroliše usložnjavanje materije u svemiru? Da li postoji neka pokretačka sila kroz evoluciju koja omogućava materiji da se takmiči? To znači da bismo onda mogli da počnemo da razvijamo različite platforme za istraživanje ove evolucije. Zato zamislite, ako smo u stanju da stvorimo samostalni veštački oblik života, ne samo da će nam to nešto reći o poreklu života -- da je moguće da svemiru nije potreban ugljenik da bude živ; može da koristi bilo šta -- možemo onda otići korak dalje i razviti nove tehnologije, jer onda možemo koristiti softversku kontrolu za evoluciju da se kodira.
So imagine we make a little cell. We want to put it out in the environment, and we want it to be powered by the Sun. What we do is we evolve it in a box with a light on. And we don't use design anymore. We find what works. We should take our inspiration from biology. Biology doesn't care about the design unless it works. So this will reorganize the way we design things. But not only just that, we will start to think about how we can start to develop a symbiotic relationship with biology. Wouldn't it be great if you could take these artificial biological cells and fuse them with biological ones to correct problems that we couldn't really deal with? The real issue in cellular biology is we are never going to understand everything, because it's a multidimensional problem put there by evolution. Evolution cannot be cut apart. You need to somehow find the fitness function. And the profound realization for me is that, if this works, the concept of the selfish gene gets kicked up a level, and we really start talking about selfish matter.
Zamislite onda da napravimo malu ćeliju. Želimo da je pustimo u sredinu, i želimo da se napaja suncem. Ono što uradimo jeste da je stavimo u kutiju sa uključenim svetlom. I više ne koristimo dizajn. Nađemo ono šta radi. Treba da nas inspiriše biologija. Biologiju ne zanima dizajn osim ako radi. To će reorganizovati način na koji pravimo stvari. Ali ne samo to, počećemo da razmišljamo kako da počnemo da razvijamo simbiotički odnos sa biologijom. Zar ne bi bilo divno da možete da uzmete ove veštačke biološke ćelije i da ih spojite sa biološkim kako bi ispravili probleme koje stvarno ne možemo da rešimo? Pravi problem u ćelijskoj biologiji je to da nećemo nikada razumeti sve, jer je to multidimenzionalni problem postavljen evolucijom. Evolucija se ne može raseći. Morate nekako da nađete funkciju sposobnosti. A ono suštinski važno što sam shvatio je to da, ako ovo radi, koncept sebičnog gena se podiže na viši nivo, i zapravo počinjemo da razmišljamo o sebičnoj materiji.
And what does that mean in a universe where we are right now the highest form of stuff? You're sitting on chairs. They're inanimate, they're not alive. But you are made of stuff, and you are using stuff, and you enslave stuff. So using evolution in biology, and in inorganic biology, for me is quite appealing, quite exciting. And we're really becoming very close to understanding the key steps that makes dead stuff come alive. And again, when you're thinking about how improbable this is, remember, five billion years ago, we were not here, and there was no life. So what will that tell us
A zašto je ovo važno u svemiru u kom smo mi sada najviši oblik stvari? Sedite na stolicama. One su nežive, nisu žive. Ali vi ste napravljeni od stvari, koristite stvari i zarobljavate stvari. Zato je primena evolucije u biologiji, i organskoj biologiji, za mene veoma privlačna, veoma uzbudljiva. I stvarno smo veoma blizu da razumemo ključne korake koji čine da mrtve stvari ožive. I opet, kada razmišljate o tome koliko je ovo neverovatno, setite se, pre pet milijardi godina, nas nije bilo i nije bilo života. Šta će nam onda to reći
about the origin of life and the meaning of life? But perhaps, for me as a chemist, I want to keep away from general terms; I want to think about specifics. So what does it mean about defining life? We really struggle to do this. And I think, if we can make inorganic biology, and we can make matter become evolvable, that will in fact define life. I propose to you that matter that can evolve is alive, and this gives us the idea of making evolvable matter.
o poreklu života i smislu života? Jer možda, ja kao hemičar želim da se držim dalje od opštih principa; Hoću da razmišljam o konkretnom. Šta to znači za definisanje života? Stvarno se mučimo da to učinimo. I mislim, da ako možemo da stvorimo neorgansku biologiju, i učinimo da materija može da evoluria, ta činjenica će definisati život. Predlažem vam da materija koja može da evoluira jeste živa, i to nam daje ideju da napravimo materiju koja može da evoluira.
Thank you very much.
Mnogo vam hvala.
(Applause)
(Aplauz)
Chris Anderson: Just a quick question on timeline. You believe you're going to be successful in this project? When?
Kris Anderson: samo kratko pitanje o vremenskom sledu. Smatrate da ćete biti uspešni u ovom projektu? Kada?
Lee Cronin: So many people think that life took millions of years to kick in. We're proposing to do it in just a few hours, once we've set up the right chemistry.
Li Kronin: mnogi ljudi misle da su životu bili potrebni milioni godina da se pokrene. Mi predlažemo da to učinimo za svega nekoliko sati, jednom kada budemo postavili pravu hemiju.
CA: And when do you think that will happen?
KA: I kada mislite da će se to dogoditi?
LC: Hopefully within the next two years.
LK: Nadamo se u roku od naredne dve godine.
CA: That would be a big story. (Laughter) In your own mind, what do you believe the chances are that walking around on some other planet is non-carbon-based life, walking or oozing or something?
KA: To bi bila važna vest. (Smeh) Po vama, šta mislite da su šanse da na nekoj drugoj planeti šeta oblik života koji se ne bazira na ugljeniku šeta ili curi ili već nešto?
LC: I think it's 100 percent. Because the thing is, we are so chauvinistic to biology, if you take away carbon, there's other things that can happen. So the other thing that if we were able to create life that's not based on carbon, maybe we can tell NASA what really to look for. Don't go and look for carbon, go and look for evolvable stuff.
LK: Mislim da su šanse 100 posto. Jer stvar je u tome, mi smo toliki šovinisti prema biologiji, ako izbacite ugljenik, ima drugih stvari koje se mogu dogoditi. Znači druga stvar je da ako uspemo da stvorimo život koji se ne bazira na ugljeniku, možda možemo reći NASA-i šta stvarno da traži. Nemojte da tražite ugljenik, tražite stvari koje mogu da evoluiraju.
CA: Lee Cronin, good luck. (LC: Thank you very much.)
KA: Li Kronin, srećno. (LK: Hvala mnogo.)
(Applause)
(Aplauz)