What I'm going to try and do in the next 15 minutes or so is tell you about an idea of how we're going to make matter come alive. Now this may seem a bit ambitious, but when you look at yourself, you look at your hands, you realize that you're alive. So this is a start. Now this quest started four billion years ago on planet Earth. There's been four billion years of organic, biological life. And as an inorganic chemist, my friends and colleagues make this distinction between the organic, living world and the inorganic, dead world. And what I'm going to try and do is plant some ideas about how we can transform inorganic, dead matter into living matter, into inorganic biology.
Ono što ću probati u slijedećih 15 minuta je reći vam o ideji koja govori o oživljavanju tvari. Ovo vam se može činiti pomalo ambiciozno, ali kada se pogledate, kada pogledate vaše ruke, shvatite da ste živi. I to je početak. Ova pustolovina je započeta prije četiri milijarde godina na planeti Zemlji. Već četiri milijarde godina postoji organski, biološki život. A kao anorganski kemičar, moji prijatelji i kolege su napravili tu razliku između organskog, živog svijeta i anorganskog, beživotnog svijeta. Ono što ću pokušati napraviti je usaditi nekoliko ideja o načinu transformacije anorganske, beživotne materije u živu materiju, u anorgansku biologiju.
Before we do that, I want to kind of put biology in its place. And I'm absolutely enthralled by biology. I love to do synthetic biology. I love things that are alive. I love manipulating the infrastructure of biology. But within that infrastructure, we have to remember that the driving force of biology is really coming from evolution. And evolution, although it was established well over 100 years ago by Charles Darwin and a vast number of other people, evolution still is a little bit intangible. And when I talk about Darwinian evolution, I mean one thing and one thing only, and that is survival of the fittest. And so forget about evolution in a kind of metaphysical way. Think about evolution in terms of offspring competing, and some winning.
Prije nego to napravimo, želim na neki način staviti biologiju na svoje mjesto. Ja sam apsolutno očaran biologijom. Volim se baviti sintetičkom biologijom. Volim stvari koje su žive. Volim manipulirati infrastrukturom biologije. Ali unutar te strukture, moramo zapamtiti da pokretačka snaga biologije u biti dolazi od evolucije. A evolucija, iako je uspostavljena prije više od 100 godina od Charlesa Darwina kao i od mnogih drugih ljudi, evolucija je i dalje nekako neopipljiva. A kada pričam o Darwinovoj evoluciji, mislim na jednu i samo jednu stvar, a to je opstanak najadaptibilnijih. I tako zaboravite na evoluciju u nekom metafizičkom smislu. Mislite na evoluciju kroz pojam nadmetanja potomaka, u kojemu samo neki pobjeđuju.
So bearing that in mind, as a chemist, I wanted to ask myself the question frustrated by biology: What is the minimal unit of matter that can undergo Darwinian evolution? And this seems quite a profound question. And as a chemist, we're not used to profound questions every day. So when I thought about it, then suddenly I realized that biology gave us the answer. And in fact, the smallest unit of matter that can evolve independently is, in fact, a single cell -- a bacteria.
I tako imajući to na umu, kao kemičar, želio sam se pitati pitanje koje frustrira biologiju: Koja je najmanja količina materije koja može biti podložna Darwinovoj evoluciji? A to se čini kao prilično duboko pitanje. A kao kemičari, nismo navikli na duboka pitanja svaki dan. I dok sam razmišljao o tome, odjednom sam shvatio da nam je biologija dala odgovor. I u principu, najmanja količina materije koja može samostalno evoluirati je, u biti, pojedinačna stanica -- bakterija.
So this raises three really important questions: What is life? Is biology special? Biologists seem to think so. Is matter evolvable? Now if we answer those questions in reverse order, the third question -- is matter evolvable? -- if we can answer that, then we're going to know how special biology is, and maybe, just maybe, we'll have some idea of what life really is.
I to otvara tri vrlo bitna pitanja: Što je život? Je li biologija posebna? Izgleda da biolozi misle tako. Može li materija evoluirati? Ako odgovorimo na ta pitanja obrnutim redoslijedom, treće pitanje -- može li materija evoluirati? -- ukoliko možemo odgovoriti na to, tada ćemo znati koliko je biologija posebna, i možda, samo možda imat ćemo neke ideje o tome što je stvarno život.
So here's some inorganic life. This is a dead crystal, and I'm going to do something to it, and it's going to become alive. And you can see, it's kind of pollinating, germinating, growing. This is an inorganic tube. And all these crystals here under the microscope were dead a few minutes ago, and they look alive. Of course, they're not alive. It's a chemistry experiment where I've made a crystal garden. But when I saw this, I was really fascinated, because it seemed lifelike. And as I pause for a few seconds, have a look at the screen. You can see there's architecture growing, filling the void. And this is dead. So I was positive that, if somehow we can make things mimic life, let's go one step further. Let's see if we can actually make life.
Evo ovo je jedan anorganski život. Ovo je mrtav kristal, i ja ću napraviti nešto s njime, i on će postati živ. I možete vidjeti, izgleda kao oprašivanje, klijanje, rast. Ovo je anorganska cijev. I svi ovi kristali pod mikroskopom, prije nekoliko minuta su bili mrtvi, a izgledaju živo. Naravno, nisu živi. To je eksperiment iz kemije u kojemu sam napravio kristalni vrt. Ali kada sam vidio ovo, bio sam stvarno fasciniram, jer se činilo kao da je živo. I dok se zaustavim na trenutak, pogledajte ekran. Možete vidjeti arhitekturu kako raste, popunjava praznine. A ovo je neživo. I tako sam bio siguran da, ako možemo natjerati stvari da oponašaju život, hajdemo i korak dalje. Idemo vidjeti možemo li stvarno stvoriti život.
But there's a problem, because up until maybe a decade ago, we were told that life was impossible and that we were the most incredible miracle in the universe. In fact, we were the only people in the universe. Now, that's a bit boring. So as a chemist, I wanted to say, "Hang on. What is going on here? Is life that improbable?" And this is really the question. I think that perhaps the emergence of the first cells was as probable as the emergence of the stars. And in fact, let's take that one step further. Let's say that if the physics of fusion is encoded into the universe, maybe the physics of life is as well. And so the problem with chemists -- and this is a massive advantage as well -- is we like to focus on our elements. In biology, carbon takes center stage. And in a universe where carbon exists and organic biology, then we have all this wonderful diversity of life. In fact, we have such amazing lifeforms that we can manipulate. We're awfully careful in the lab to try and avoid various biohazards.
Ali ima jedan problem, jer do prije jednog desetljeća, bilo nam jer rečeno kako je život nemoguć i da smo mi najnevjerojatnije čudo u svemiru. U stvari, mi smo jedini ljudi u svemiru. E sada, to je lagano dosadno. Kao kemičar, želio sam reći, ”Čekaj malo. Što se to ovdje događa? Je li život tako nemoguć?” A to je u biti pitanje. Vjerujem kako je možda nastanak prve stanice© bio moguć isto kao i nastanak zvijezdi. U stvari, idemo poduzeti jedan korak dalje. Hajdemo reći, da ukoliko je fizika fuzije kodirana u svemir, možda je i fizika života isto. I tako je problem s kemičarima -- a to je isto i velika prednost -- što se volimo koncentrirati na naše elemente. U biologiji, ugljik zauzima središnje mjesto. A u svemiru gdje postoji ugljik, i organska bilogija, imamo svu ovu predivnu raznolikost života. U biti, imamo tako fascinantne životne vrste kojima možemo manipulirati. Strašno smo pažljivi u laboratoriju dok pokušavamo i uspjevamo izbjeći različite biološke nesreće.
Well what about matter? If we can make matter alive, would we have a matterhazard? So think, this is a serious question. If your pen could replicate, that would be a bit of a problem. So we have to think differently if we're going to make stuff come alive. And we also have to be aware of the issues. But before we can make life, let's think for a second what life really is characterized by. And forgive the complicated diagram. This is just a collection of pathways in the cell. And the cell is obviously for us a fascinating thing. Synthetic biologists are manipulating it. Chemists are trying to study the molecules to look at disease. And you have all these pathways going on at the same time. You have regulation; information is transcribed; catalysts are made; stuff is happening. But what does a cell do? Well it divides, it competes, it survives. And I think that is where we have to start in terms of thinking about building from our ideas in life.
A što je sa tvari? Ukoliko možemo oživiti tvar, možemo li imati tvarnu nesreću? I zato razmislite jer ovo je ozbiljno pitanje. Kada bi se tvoja olovka mogla replicirati, to bi bio lagani problem. I zato moramo razmišljati drugačije, ukoliko želimo oživiti stvari. I moramo isto tako biti svjesni problema. Ali prije nego možemo stvoriti život, razmislimo na sekundu što u biti karakterizira život. I zaboravite na kompliciran dijagram. Ovo je samo kolekcija tokova u stanici. A stanica je, očigledno, fascinantna stvar za nas. Sintetički biolozi manipuliraju njome. Kemičari pokušavaju proučavati molekulu kako bi našli bolesti. I imate sve ove tokove koji rade istovremeno. Imate regulaciju, Prepisuju se informacije; stvaraju se katalizatori, stvari se događaju. Ali što stanica radi? Pa ona se dijeli, natječe, preživljeva. I ja mislim kako je to točka od koje moramo krenuti u smislu razmišljanja o stvaranju na osnovu naših ideja iz života.
But what else is life characterized by? Well, I like think of it as a flame in a bottle. And so what we have here is a description of single cells replicating, metabolizing, burning through chemistries. And so we have to understand that if we're going to make artificial life or understand the origin of life, we need to power it somehow. So before we can really start to make life, we have to really think about where it came from. And Darwin himself mused in a letter to a colleague that he thought that life probably emerged in some warm little pond somewhere -- maybe not in Scotland, maybe in Africa, maybe somewhere else. But the real honest answer is, we just don't know, because there is a problem with the origin. Imagine way back, four and a half billion years ago, there is a vast chemical soup of stuff. And from this stuff we came.
Ali što još karakterizira život? Pa, ja si to volim predočiti kao plamen u boci. I tako ovo što imamo ovdje je opis jedne čelije koja se replicita, metabolizira, izgara kroz različite kemijske procese. I tako moramo shvatiti da ukoliko ćemo stvoriti umjetan život ili shvatiti porijeklo života, moramo ga nekako i pokretati. I tako prije nego stvarno možemo pokrenuti život, moramo stvarno promisliti od kuda potječe. I sam Darwin je prenio svoja razmišljanja pismom jednom kolegi u kojima misli kako je vjerojatno da se život pojavio u nekoj toploj maloj bari negdje -- možda ne u Škotskoj, možda u Africi, možda negdje drugdje. Ali pravi iskren odgovor je da u biti ne znamo, jer postoji problem u vezi podrijetla. Zamislite sada daleko u prošlost, četiri i pol milijarde godina, postoji velika kemijska juha od tvari. I od te tvari mi dolazimo.
So when you think about the improbable nature of what I'm going to tell you in the next few minutes, just remember, we came from stuff on planet Earth. And we went through a variety of worlds. The RNA people would talk about the RNA world. We somehow got to proteins and DNA. We then got to the last ancestor. Evolution kicked in -- and that's the cool bit. And here we are. But there's a roadblock that you can't get past. You can decode the genome, you can look back, you can link us all together by a mitochondrial DNA, but we can't get further than the last ancestor, the last visible cell that we could sequence or think back in history. So we don't know how we got here.
I zato dok budete razmišljali o mogućoj prirodi onoga što ću vam reći u slijedećih nekoliko minuta, samo zapamtite, došli smo iz one tvari na planeti Zemlji. I prošli smo kroz različite svjetove. RNK ljudi bi pričala o RNK svjetovima. Mi smo nekako došli do proteina i DNK. Zatim smo došli do zadnjeg pretka. Evolucija se ubacila -- a to je bolji dio. I evo nas ovdje. Ali postoji prepreka koju se ne može proći. Možeš dekodirati genom, možeš gledati natrag, možeš nas povezati sve skupa preko mitohondrijskog DNK, ali ne možemo ići dalje u prošlost od zajedničkog pretka, zadnje vidljive stanice koju bi mogli sekvencirati ili o kojoj bi mogli razmišljati. I tako mi ne znamo kako smo došli ovdje.
So there are two options: intelligent design, direct and indirect -- so God, or my friend. Now talking about E.T. putting us there, or some other life, just pushes the problem further on. I'm not a politician, I'm a scientist. The other thing we need to think about is the emergence of chemical complexity. This seems most likely. So we have some kind of primordial soup. And this one happens to be a good source of all 20 amino acids. And somehow these amino acids are combined, and life begins. But life begins, what does that mean? What is life? What is this stuff of life?
Postoje dvije opcije: inteligentan dizajn, direktan ili indirektan -- i tako Bog, ili moj prijatelj, A ukoliko pomislimo na E.T.-a kako nas stavlja ovdje, ili neki drugi život, samo gura problem dalje. Ja nisam političar, ja sam znanstvenik. Druga stvar o kojoj moramo razmisliti je nastanak kemijske kompleksnosti. To se čini kao najvjerojatnije. I tako imamo neku vrste primorodijalne juhe. A ispalo je kako je ova dobar izvor svih 20 aminokiselina. I nekako te su se aminokiseline povezale, i život je počeo. Ali što znači 'život je počeo'? Što je život? Što je ta tvar života?
So in the 1950s, Miller-Urey did their fantastic chemical Frankenstein experiment, where they did the equivalent in the chemical world. They took the basic ingredients, put them in a single jar and ignited them and put a lot of voltage through. And they had a look at what was in the soup, and they found amino acids, but nothing came out, there was no cell. So the whole area's been stuck for a while, and it got reignited in the '80s when analytical technologies and computer technologies were coming on.
I tako su tijekom 1950-ih, Miller-Urey napravili njihov fantastičan kemijski Frankenstein eksperiment, u kojemu su napravili istu stvar ali u svijetu kemije. Uzeli su osnovne sastojke, stavili ih u jednu posudu, ugrijali ih i pustili jak napon kroz njih. Zatim su pogledali u ono što je bilo u juhi i našli su aminokieseline ali osim toga nije bilo ničega, nije bilo stanica. I tako je cijelo to područje bilo zapostavljeno na neko vrijeme, sve do '80-ih kada su se počele pojavljivati analitičke i računalske tehnologije.
In my own laboratory, the way we're trying to create inorganic life is by using many different reaction formats. So what we're trying to do is do reactions -- not in one flask, but in tens of flasks, and connect them together, as you can see with this flow system, all these pipes. We can do it microfluidically, we can do it lithographically, we can do it in a 3D printer, we can do it in droplets for colleagues. And the key thing is to have lots of complex chemistry just bubbling away. But that's probably going to end in failure, so we need to be a bit more focused.
U svojem laboratoriju, način na koji pokušavamo stvoriti anorganski život je taj da koristimo različite oblike reakcija. Ono što pokušavamo napraviti su reakcije -- ne u jednoj posudi nego u desetinama posuda, i onda ih spojimo skupa, kao što možete vidjeti u ovom protočnom sustavu, sa svim ovim cijevima. Možemo ga napraviti pomoću mikrofluida, pomoću litografije, pomoću 3D printera, možemo ga napraviti kao kapljice za kolege. I ključna stvar je da morate imati puno kompleksne kemije koja samo lagano ključa. Ali to će vjerojatno završiti s neuspjehom, i zbog toga moramo biti malo više fokusirani.
And the answer, of course, lies with mice. This is how I remember what I need as a chemist. I say, "Well I want molecules." But I need a metabolism, I need some energy. I need some information, and I need a container. Because if I want evolution, I need containers to compete. So if you have a container, it's like getting in your car. "This is my car, and I'm going to drive around and show off my car." And I imagine you have a similar thing in cellular biology with the emergence of life. So these things together give us evolution, perhaps. And the way to test it in the laboratory is to make it minimal.
A odgovor, naravno, leži u miševima. To je način na koji se sjetim što kao kemičar trebam. Rekao sam: “Znači, trebam molekule.” Ali treba mi metabolizam i treba mi nešto energije. I trebaju mi informacije, kao i spremnik. Jer ukoliko želim evoluciju, moram imati spremnike koji se natječu. I znači ako imate spremnik, to vam je kao da ulazite u auto. “Ovo je moj auto, i sada ću se voziti okolo i pokazivati ga.” A ja vjerujem da postoji slična stvar u staničnoj biologiji u vezi nastanka života. I tako nam ove stvari skupa mogu dati evoluciju, možda. A način da se izvrši testiranje u laboratoriju je taj da se napravi minijaturna verzija.
So what we're going to try and do is come up with an inorganic Lego kit of molecules. And so forgive the molecules on the screen, but these are a very simple kit. There's only maybe three or four different types of building blocks present. And we can aggregate them together and make literally thousands and thousands of really big nano-molecular molecules the same size of DNA and proteins, but there's no carbon in sight. Carbon is banned. And so with this Lego kit, we have the diversity required for complex information storage without DNA. But we need to make some containers. And just a few months ago in my lab, we were able to take these very same molecules and make cells with them. And you can see on the screen a cell being made. And we're now going to put some chemistry inside and do some chemistry in this cell. And all I wanted to show you is we can set up molecules in membranes, in real cells, and then it sets up a kind of molecular Darwinism, a molecular survival of the fittest.
Ono što ću pokušati napraviti je da izmislim anorganski Lego kit molekula. I zato zaboravite molekule na ekranu, ove su jako jednostavan kit. Trenutno postoji samo tri ili četiri različita tipa građevnih blokova. I možemo ih spajati skupa čime dobivamo doslovno tisuće i tisuće stvarno velikih nano-molekularnih molekula iste veličine kao i DNK ili proteini, ali tamo nema ugljika na vidiku. Ugljik je zabranjen. I tako uz pomoć ovog Lego kita, imamo potrebnu različitost za pohranjivanje kompleksnih informacija bez DNK. Ali moramo napraviti neke spremnike. I upravo prije nekoliko mjeseci u mojem laboratoriju, uspjeli smo uzeti upravo ove iste molekule i od njih napraviti stanice. Na ekranu možete vidjeti kako se stvara stanica. A sada ćemo staviti nešto kemijskih elemenata unutra i pozabaviti se kemijom u stanici. Sve što sam vam želio pokazati je da možemo postaviti molekule u membrane, u prave stanice, a onda se dogodi neka vrsta molekularnog Darwinizma, molekularno preživljavanje najprilagođenijih.
And this movie here shows this competition between molecules. Molecules are competing for stuff. They're all made of the same stuff, but they want their shape to win. They want their shape to persist. And that is the key. If we can somehow encourage these molecules to talk to each other and make the right shapes and compete, they will start to form cells that will replicate and compete. If we manage to do that, forget the molecular detail.
A ovaj film ovdje pokazuje natjecame među molekulama. Molekule se natječu za stvari. Sve su načinjene od istih tvari, ali svaka želi da njihov izgled pobjedi. Žele da se njihovi oblici održe. I to je ključ. Kada bi nekako mogli potaknuti ove molekule da komuniciraju međusobno i da naprave prave oblike te da se natječu, one će početi stvarati stanice koje će se replicirati i natjecati. Ukoliko uspjemo napraviti to, zaboravite na molekularni detalj.
Let's zoom out to what that could mean. So we have this special theory of evolution that applies only to organic biology, to us. If we could get evolution into the material world, then I propose we should have a general theory of evolution. And that's really worth thinking about. Does evolution control the sophistication of matter in the universe? Is there some driving force through evolution that allows matter to compete? So that means we could then start to develop different platforms for exploring this evolution. So you imagine, if we're able to create a self-sustaining artificial life form, not only will this tell us about the origin of life -- that it's possible that the universe doesn't need carbon to be alive; it can use anything -- we can then take [it] one step further and develop new technologies, because we can then use software control for evolution to code in.
Odzumirajmo da bismo vidjeli što to može značiti. Imamo posebno teoriju evolucije koja se odnosi samo na organsku biologiju, na nas. Ukoliko bismo mogli unijeti evoluciju u materijalni svijet, predlažem kako bismo trebali imati opću teoriju evolucije. A zbog toga se stvarno isplati promisliti o tome. Kontrolira li evolucija sofisticiranost materije u svemiru? Postoji li neka pokretačka snaga kroz evoluciju koja dozvoljava tvari da se natječe? To onda znači da bi mogli početi razvijati različite platforme za istraživanje evolucije. I zato zamislite, ako smo u mogućnosti stvoriti umjetni samoodrživi životni oblik, ne samo da će nam to reći nešto o podrijetlu života -- nego znači i da svemiru nije potreban ugljik da bude živ; može koristiti svašta -- možemo ići jedan korak dalje [s time] i razviti nove tehnologije, iz razloga što bi onda koristili softversku kontrolu za kodiranje evolucije.
So imagine we make a little cell. We want to put it out in the environment, and we want it to be powered by the Sun. What we do is we evolve it in a box with a light on. And we don't use design anymore. We find what works. We should take our inspiration from biology. Biology doesn't care about the design unless it works. So this will reorganize the way we design things. But not only just that, we will start to think about how we can start to develop a symbiotic relationship with biology. Wouldn't it be great if you could take these artificial biological cells and fuse them with biological ones to correct problems that we couldn't really deal with? The real issue in cellular biology is we are never going to understand everything, because it's a multidimensional problem put there by evolution. Evolution cannot be cut apart. You need to somehow find the fitness function. And the profound realization for me is that, if this works, the concept of the selfish gene gets kicked up a level, and we really start talking about selfish matter.
Zamislite da napravimo malu stanicu. Želimo je staviti vani u okoliš, i želimo da se napaja suncem. Ono što radimo jest da je razvijamo u osvjetljenoj posudi. I ne koristimo više dizajn. Nalazimo što funkcionira. Trebamo potražiti inspiraciju u biologiji. Biologija ne brine o dizajnu osim ako ne funkcionira. Znači ovo će reorganizirati način na koji dizajniramo stvari. Ali ne samo to, počet ćemo razmišljati o tome kako da počnemo razvijati simbiozni odnos s biologijom. Ne bi li bilo super kada bi mogli uzeti ove umjetne biološke stanice i spojiti ih sa biološkim kako bi riješili probleme s kojima se inače ne možemo nositi. Stvarni problem u staničnoj biologiji je taj da nikada nećemo moći shvatiti sve, jer se ovdje radi o višedimenzionalnom problemu koji je postavila evolucija. Evoluciju se ne može odvojiti. Mora se nekako naći funkcija koja najbolje pristaje. A ono šta sam suštinski shvatio je da, ako ovo radi, koncept sebičnog gena se podiže za jednu razinu, i onda stvarno možemo početi pričati o sebičnoj tvari.
And what does that mean in a universe where we are right now the highest form of stuff? You're sitting on chairs. They're inanimate, they're not alive. But you are made of stuff, and you are using stuff, and you enslave stuff. So using evolution in biology, and in inorganic biology, for me is quite appealing, quite exciting. And we're really becoming very close to understanding the key steps that makes dead stuff come alive. And again, when you're thinking about how improbable this is, remember, five billion years ago, we were not here, and there was no life. So what will that tell us
A što li to znači u svemiru u kojemu smo mi trenutno najviši oblik tvari? Vi sjedite na stolicama. One su beživotne, nisu žive. Ali vi ste napravljeni od tvari i koristite tvari, i vi porobljavate tvari. Korištenje evolucije u biologiji, i u anorganskoj biologiji, za mene je prilično dopadljivo, prilično uzbudljivo. I stvarno dolazimo jako blizu razumjevanju ključnih koraka kojima se beživotna materija oživljava. I opet, razmišljamo o tome koliko je to nevjerojatno, zapamtite, prije 5 milijardi godina, mi nismo bili ovdje, i nije postojao život. I što će nam to reći
about the origin of life and the meaning of life? But perhaps, for me as a chemist, I want to keep away from general terms; I want to think about specifics. So what does it mean about defining life? We really struggle to do this. And I think, if we can make inorganic biology, and we can make matter become evolvable, that will in fact define life. I propose to you that matter that can evolve is alive, and this gives us the idea of making evolvable matter.
o porijeklu života i značenju života? Ali možda, ja kao kemičar, želim se držati podalje od općenitih izraza; želim razmišljati o specifičnim. Što to znači u vezi definiranja života? Stvarno se borimo dok to radimo. I mislim da, ako možemo napraviti anorgansku biologiju, i ako možemo napraviti tvar koja evoluira, to će u biti definirati život. Predlažem vam, da je tvar koja može evoluirati živa, i to nam daje ideju o stvaranju evoluirajuće tvari.
Thank you very much.
Hvala vam puno.
(Applause)
(Pljesak)
Chris Anderson: Just a quick question on timeline. You believe you're going to be successful in this project? When?
Chris Anderson: Samo brzo pitanje u vezi vremenske ljestvice. Mislite li da ćete biti uspješni u ovome projektu? Kada?
Lee Cronin: So many people think that life took millions of years to kick in. We're proposing to do it in just a few hours, once we've set up the right chemistry.
Lee Cronin: Mnogo ljudi misli da su bili potrebni milijuni godina za život. Mi predlažemo da ga napravimo u samo nekoliko sati, jednom kada smo postavili pravu kemiju.
CA: And when do you think that will happen?
CA: I kada mislite da će se to ostvariti?
LC: Hopefully within the next two years.
LC: Nadam se u slijedeće dvije godine.
CA: That would be a big story. (Laughter) In your own mind, what do you believe the chances are that walking around on some other planet is non-carbon-based life, walking or oozing or something?
CA: To bi bila velika priča. (Smjeh) U vlastitim razmišljanjima, vjerujete li da postoji mogućnost da na nekom drugom planetu hoda uokolo život koji se ne bazira na ugljiku, da hoda ili curi ili štogod?
LC: I think it's 100 percent. Because the thing is, we are so chauvinistic to biology, if you take away carbon, there's other things that can happen. So the other thing that if we were able to create life that's not based on carbon, maybe we can tell NASA what really to look for. Don't go and look for carbon, go and look for evolvable stuff.
LC: Mislim da je mogućnost 100-postotna. Jer stvar je ta da smo veliki šovinisti prema biologiji, ukoliko izuzmete ugljik, postoje ostale stvari koje se mogu dogoditi. Druga stvar je ta da ukoliko uspjemo stvoriti život koji se ne temelji na ugljiku, možda možemo reći NASA-i što da stvarno traži. Nemojte tražiti ugljik, idite i tražite evoluirajuću tvar.
CA: Lee Cronin, good luck. (LC: Thank you very much.)
CA: Lee Cronin, sretno. (LC: Hvala vam najljepša.)
(Applause)
(Pljesak)