Oliver was an extremely dashing, handsome, charming and largely unstable male that I completely lost my heart to.
奥利弗是个劲头十足, 帅气、迷人而且非常不稳定的男性 我完全倾心于他。
(Laughter)
(笑声)
He was a Bernese mountain dog, and my ex-husband and I adopted him, and about six months in, we realized that he was a mess. He had such paralyzing separation anxiety that we couldn't leave him alone. Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment. He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables. He hunted flies that didn't exist. He suffered from hallucinations. He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.
他是伯尔尼兹山地犬, 我的前夫和我收养了他, 差不多六个月之后, 我们发现他一团糟。 他患有麻痹性分离焦躁症 我们根本不能留他独处。 有一次,他直接从我们公寓的三楼跳出去。 他吃布料,也吃回收物。 他捕捉不存在的苍蝇。 他深受幻觉困扰。 他被诊断过为“犬类强迫性障碍” 而这些还只是冰山一角而已。
But like with humans, sometimes it's six months in before you realize that the person that you love has some issues. (Laughter) And most of us do not take the person we're dating back to the bar where we met them or give them back to the friend that introduced us, or sign them back up on Match.com. (Laughter) We love them anyway, and we stick to it, and that is what I did with my dog. And I was a — I'd studied biology. I have a Ph.D. in history of science from MIT, and had you asked me 10 years ago if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally, had emotions, I would have said yes, but I'm not sure that I would have told you that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder, a Prozac prescription and a therapist. But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can, and actually trying to help my own dog overcome his panic and his anxiety, it just changed my life. It cracked open my world. And I spent the last seven years, actually, looking into this topic of mental illness in other animals. Can they be mentally ill like people, and if so, what does it mean about us? And what I discovered is that I do believe they can suffer from mental illness, and actually looking and trying to identify mental illness in them often helps us be better friends to them and also can help us better understand ourselves.
但是跟人类一样, 有时候六个月之后 你才发现 你爱的那个人有一些毛病 (笑) 但大部分人不会把约会对象 丢回我们刚认识的那个酒吧 或者还给那位介绍我们认识的朋友 又或者把他们重新注册回相亲网上 (笑声) 不管怎样我们都爱他, 而且坚持爱下去。 我也这样对我的狗狗。 我学过生物学。 我是MIT的科学史博士 如果十年前你问我 如果我爱的狗狗,或者狗这个群体 有没有情绪,我会告诉你“有”。 但我不确定是否会告诉你 他们也会患焦虑症、 吃百忧解(一种治疗精神抑郁的药物)、看治疗师。 但我坠入了爱河,然后发现他们有种种问题, 而帮助我自己的狗狗 克服他的恐慌和焦虑, 也改变了我的生活, 打开了我的世界。 我在过去的七年 探究了其他动物的精神疾病。 他们会像人一样患精神疾病吗? 如果会,这对我们意味着什么? 然后我发现我相信 他们会受精神疾病折磨, 而且观看并试着辨认他们的精神疾病 有助于我们成为更好的朋友 也能更好地了解自己。
So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute. Many of us think that we can't know what another animal is thinking, and that is true, but any of you in relationships — at least this is my case — just because you ask someone that you're with or your parent or your child how they feel doesn't mean that they can tell you. They may not have words to explain what it is that they're feeling, and they may not know. It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon that we feel that we have to talk to someone to understand their emotional distress. Before the early 20th century, physicians often diagnosed emotional distress in their patients just by observation. It also turns out that thinking about mental illness in other animals isn't actually that much of a stretch. Most mental disorders in the United States are fear and anxiety disorders, and when you think about it, fear and anxiety are actually really extremely helpful animal emotions. Usually we feel fear and anxiety in situations that are dangerous, and once we feel them, we then are motivated to move away from whatever is dangerous. The problem is when we begin to feel fear and anxiety in situations that don't call for it. Mood disorders, too, may actually just be the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal, and obsessive compulsive disorders also are often manifestations of a really healthy animal thing which is keeping yourself clean and groomed. This tips into the territory of mental illness when you do things like compulsively over-wash your hands or paws, or you develop a ritual that's so extreme that you can't sit down to a bowl of food unless you engage in that ritual.
让我们稍微聊聊诊断过程吧, 很多人认为我们不可能知道 另一个动物在想什么, 的确如此, 但你们任何一个谈过恋爱的 至少就我而言 仅仅问了在一起的伴侣、父母和孩子, 他们感觉如何 不代表他们能告诉你。 也许他们不会用语言解释自己的感觉。 亦或他们真的不清楚。 事实上这是最近的一个现象 我们以为,想了解对方的情绪困扰 就必须跟他们聊聊。 在二十世纪早期之前, 医师们经常仅仅靠观察 就诊断他们的病人。 同时更没有费心思索过 其他动物的精神疾病。 大多数美国人的精神障碍是 恐惧和焦躁性障碍, 但仔细想一想, 这两者实际上是极其有益的动物情绪。 通常在危险的情况下 我们才会感到恐惧和焦躁, 一旦感受到它们, 我们就会受到刺激而远离危险。 问题是,我们在不必要的时候 也会感受到恐惧和焦虑。 “情绪障碍”实际上仅仅是 作为有感知动物的一种消极面 强制性障碍也是 一种健康动物行为的表现 它让你保持干净整洁。 这就进入了精神疾病领域 当动物强迫地过度洗手或洗爪子, 或发展出极端的仪式行为 以至于心满意足之前 都不能坐下好好吃饭。
So for humans, we have the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual," which is basically an atlas of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders. In other animals, we have YouTube. (Laughter) This is just one search I did for "OCD dog" but I encourage all of you to look at "OCD cat." You will be shocked by what you see. I'm going to show you just a couple examples. This is an example of shadow-chasing. I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute. The issue, though, is that dogs can develop compulsions like this that they then engage in all day. So they won't go for a walk, they won't hang out with their friends, they won't eat. They'll develop fixations like chasing their tails compulsively.
所以 对于人类我们有一本 《诊断与统计手册》 这本册子主要收录了目前认可的精神障碍。 而其它动物,我们有Youtube 这只是搜索【强迫症狗】的结果 但我鼓励你们所有人 去搜一搜【强迫症猫】 你会被结果惊到的。 在这我就分享一些例子 这是一直追影子的狗 我知道,这很好笑 在某个程度上还很可爱 问题是,狗狗有了这种强迫行为 就会一整天地重复下去。 它们不去散步, 不跟朋友玩, 也不吃饭。 然后产生心理固着, 比如强迫地追自己尾巴。
Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo. He looks like he's on a stakeout but he does this for many, many, many hours a day. He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw at the screen. This is another example of what's considered a stereotypic behavior. This is a sun bear at the Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting. And if you just sort of happened upon this scene, you might think that Ting Ting is just playing with a stick, but Ting Ting does this all day, and if you pay close attention and if I showed you guys the full half-hour of this clip, you'd see that he does the exact same thing in the exact same order, and he spins the stick in the exact same way every time. Other super common behaviors that you may see, particularly in captive animals, are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies, and actually, humans do this too, and in us, we'll sway, we'll move from side to side. Many of us do this, and sometimes it's an effort to soothe ourselves, and I think in other animals that is often the case too.
这里有只猫叫 【吉斯莫】, 他看起来正在监视什么 但这一举动每天会持续若干小时 他就坐在那,用前爪一直,一直,一直摆弄百叶窗 这是另外一个重复行为 这是一只在【奥克兰】动物园的 马来熊 名为 【听听】, 然而如果你刚好看到这个画面, 你可能会觉得【听听】 只是在玩树枝, 但【 听听】 一整天就这样, 如果你们仔细看 再等这半个小时的视频放完, 会注意到它每次都做着同一动作, 以同一顺序和同一方式转那个树枝, 其他非常常见的行为, 尤其是笼子里的动物, 有固定的踱步行为 或摇摆行为 事实上我们人类也一样 我们会摆动, 从这边挪到那边。 我们很多人这么做 其实是一种放松方式, 而且我相信其他动物也是如此。
But it's not just stereotypic behaviors that other animals engage in. This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston. She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist, and she's been treated for a mood disorder among other things. Many animals develop mood disorders. Lots of creatures — this horse is just one example — develop self-destructive behaviors. They'll gnaw on things or do other things that may also soothe them, even if they're self-destructive, which could be considered similar to the ways that some humans cut themselves.
但他们不止重复行为 她是【吉吉】。 住在波士顿【富兰克林】动物园的母猩猩。 她有一个来自哈弗的精神医师 帮她治疗她的情绪病和其他问题。 很多动物都会有情绪障碍, 很多动物,比如这只马 有自残行为。 他们会乱咬东西 虽然是在放松心情, 但本质上在自我伤害 就像有些人割伤自己
Plucking. Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin, you can pluck yourself compulsively, and some parrots actually have been studied to better understand trichotillomania, or compulsive plucking in humans, something that affects 20 million Americans right now. Lab rats pluck themselves too. In them, it's called barbering. Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan are coming back with what's considered canine PTSD, and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life when they come back from deployments. They can be too scared to approach men with beards or to hop into cars.
还有拔毛! 原来,只要你有皮毛,羽毛,或皮肤 你就可能强迫性地拔毛, 人们通过研究鹦鹉 试图找出人类【拔毛癖】 或强迫性拔毛的原因。 一个正在困扰两千万美国人的问题。 实验室的老鼠也拔自己的毛。 这在它们看来是“理发”。 从伊拉克和阿富汗冲突退役的犬类 回来后被发现 患有【犬类创伤后症候群】, 当它们被调回来后 它们很难回到正常的生活。 它们会害怕接近留胡子的人 或不敢跳进车内。
I want to be careful and be clear, though. I do not think that canine PTSD is the same as human PTSD. But I also do not think that my PTSD is like your PTSD, or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours. We are all different. We also all have very different susceptibilities. So two dogs, raised in the same household, exposed to the very same things, one may develop, say, a debilitating fear of motorcycles, or a phobia of the beep of the microwave, and another one is going to be just fine.
在这里我想谨慎地澄清, 我不认为犬类的【创伤后症候群】 跟人类的是一回事。 但我同样不认为 我的【创伤症候群】和你的一样, 或我的焦虑和悲伤跟你的一样。 我们都是不同的。 会有非常不同的承易受性。 比如两只狗在一个家庭里长大, 接触相同的环境, 一只可能对摩托车产生强烈畏惧, 或对微波炉的【叮】声感到恐惧, 而另一只可能就很正常。
So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently: Is this just an instance of humans driving other animals crazy? Or, is animal mental illness just a result of mistreatment or abuse? And it turns out we're actually so much more complicated than that.
有件事很多人经常问我: 会不会是因为人类把动物逼疯了, 或者,动物的精神问题 是被虐待的结果? 而事实其实比这更复杂
So one great thing that has happened to me is recently I published a book on this, and every day now that I open my email or when I go to a reading or even when I go to a cocktail party, people tell me their stories of the animals that they have met. And recently, I did a reading in California, and a woman raised her hand after the talk and she said, "Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."
最近我遇到的一件好事 自从出版了这方面的书之后 我每天打开电子邮箱 或者去一些 读书会 又只是或者去一些酒会, 人们都爱告诉我 他们见过的动物的故事。 最近,我在加州去了一个读书会, 然后在结束时 一个女人举起手 告诉我 “布莱曼博士,我觉得我的猫患有【创伤后症候群】。”
And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."
然后我就说:“嗯,怎么说?多告诉我一点。”
So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue, and she used to live with an elderly man, and one day the man was vacuuming and he suffered a heart attack, and he died. A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment alongside the body of her owner, and the vacuum had been running the entire time. For many months, up to I think two years after that incident, she was so scared she couldn't be in the house when anyone was cleaning. She was quite literally a scaredy cat. She would hide in the closet. She was un-self-confident and shaky, but with the loving support of her family, a lot of a time, and their patience, now, three years later, she's actually a happy, confident cat.
她的猫叫【萍】。她是被救出来的, 她之前跟一位老人家住在一起, 而一天那个人就在吸尘 然后他突然心脏病发,过世了。 一个星期后,人们在公寓里被发现【萍】 在她主人的尸体旁, 而吸尘器就这么一直开着。 很多个月之后,直到事发后整整两年, 每次家里有人在做卫生她都非常惊恐, 不能呆在家。 是一只名副其实的胆小猫 她会躲在衣橱里, 她不自信,全身发抖, 但那家人付出了爱,时间和耐心 现在,三年后, 它变成一只自信又幸福的猫。
Another story of trauma and recovery that I came across was actually a few years ago. I was in Thailand to do some research. I met a monkey named Boonlua, and when Boonlua was a baby, he was attacked by a pack of dogs, and they ripped off both of his legs and one arm, and Boonlua dragged himself to a monastery, where the monks took him in. They called in a veterinarian, who treated his wounds. Eventually, Boonlua wound up at an elephant facility, and the keepers really decided to take him under their wing, and they figured out what he liked, which, it turned out, was mint Mentos and Rhinoceros beetles and eggs. But they worried, because he was social, that he was lonely, and they didn't want to put him in with another monkey, because they thought with just one arm, he wouldn't be able to defend himself or even play. And so they gave him a rabbit, and Boonlua was immediately a different monkey. He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit. They groomed each other, they become close friends, and then the rabbit had bunnies, and Boonlua was even happier than he was before, and it had in a way given him a reason to wake up in the morning, and in fact it gave him such a reason to wake up that he decided not to sleep. He became extremely protective of these bunnies, and he stopped sleeping, and he would sort of nod off while trying to take care of them. In fact, he was so protective and so affectionate with these babies that the sanctuary eventually had to take them away from him because he was so protective, he was worried that their mother might hurt them. So after they were taken away, the sanctuary staff worried that he would fall into a depression, and so to avoid that, they gave him another rabbit friend. (Laughter) My official opinion is that he does not look depressed. (Laughter)
我遇到的另一个从创伤恢复的故事 是几年前。 我在泰国做一些研究。 我碰到一只猴子名叫【布鲁纳】, 在布鲁纳很小的时候, 被一群狗攻击了, 它们扯掉了他的双腿和一条手臂, 然后布鲁纳把自己拖到了一个寺院, 一个和尚把他带了进去。 把他交给兽医治疗伤口。 最后布鲁纳去了一个大象收容所, 饲养员决定把他留下, 还发现他喜欢【薄荷味曼妥思】、独角仙和蛋。 但他们很担心,因为他喜社交却也很孤独, 他们不想把他跟其他猴子放在一起, 因为他们觉得, 一只手臂的它根本无法自卫,甚至根本不能一起玩耍。 然后,他们就给了它只兔子, 布鲁纳瞬间就变了。 它很喜欢跟这只兔子腻在一起。 它们帮彼此梳毛, 成为了很亲密的朋友, 然后这只兔子生了宝宝, 而布鲁纳比之前更快乐, 这给了他早晨起床的动力, 实际上动力太足他干脆不睡了。 他对兔宝宝有极强的保护欲, 他不睡觉了 结果在照顾兔宝宝时坐着打瞌睡, 实际上他的保护欲太强, 收容所不得不把它们分开 因为他保护欲过强, 甚至担心兔妈妈会伤害它们。 所以当兔宝宝被拿走后, 收容所的员工们担心它会沮丧, 为了避免这样, 又给了他另外一直兔子朋友。 {笑~~) 我的专业意见是 它看起来完全不消沉。 (笑~~)
So one thing that I would really like people to feel is that you really should feel empowered to make some assumptions about the creatures that you know well. So when it comes to your dog or your cat or maybe your one-armed monkey that you happen to know, if you think that they are traumatized or depressed, you're probably right. This is extremely anthropomorphic, or the assignation of human characteristics onto non-human animals or things. I don't think, though, that that's a problem. I don't think that we can not anthropomorphize. It's not as if you can take your human brain out of your head and put it in a jar and then use it to think about another animal thinking. We will always be one animal wondering about the emotional experience of another animal.
所以 有一件事我很想让很多人知道, 你们其实被赋予了 准确猜测你所熟悉的动物的能力 所以, 当你自己的狗狗 或猫,又或者你认识的独臂猴 如果你觉得它们有创伤或消沉的话, 你八成是对的。 他们可以被极端拟人化 即是说,其他生物或事物被赋予人类的特点。 但我不觉得 这是问题, 我们别无他法,只能拟人化 因为你不可能把人脑从脑袋里取出来 再放到一个罐子里 用来思考其他动物的思维。 我们永远会是一个动物 好奇另外一个动物的精神体会。
So then the choice becomes, how do you anthropomorphize well? Or do you anthropomorphize poorly? And anthropomorphizing poorly is all too common. (Laughter) It may include dressing your corgis up and throwing them a wedding, or getting too close to exotic wildlife because you believe that you had a spiritual connection. There's all manner of things. Anthropomorphizing well, however, I believe is based on accepting our animal similarities with other species and using them to make assumptions that are informed about other animals' minds and experiences, and there's actually an entire industry that is in some ways based on anthropomorphizing well, and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.
所以我们的选择是, 把拟人做得贴切 还是做得糟糕? 而糟糕的拟人实在太常见了。 (笑~) 装扮你的【威尔士矮脚狗】,让它们结婚, 或跟野生动物靠的太近 因为相信自己和它们灵魂相连什么的 要拟人得贴切, 我认为是基于接受我们跟其他物种的相似之处 然后再用来做一些假设, 使我们更了解其他动物的思维和经历, 其实有一整个行业 基于贴切的拟人化, 那就是【精神药物】的行业。
One in five Americans is currently taking a psychopharmaceutical drug, from the antidepressants and antianxiety medications to the antipsychotics. It turns out that we owe this entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal to other animals. These drugs were tested in non-human animals first, and not just for toxicity but for behavioral effects. The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine first relaxed rats before it relaxed people. The antianxiety medication Librium was given to cats selected for their meanness in the 1950s and made them into peaceable felines. And even antidepressants were first tested in rabbits.
有五分之一的美国人 正在服用精神药物, 从抗抑郁药 和抗焦虑的药物 到抗精神病药, 其实我们欠动物们 一整个精神药物行业。 这些药先在非人类动物身上测试, 而且并不止测毒性 还会观察对行为的影响。 一个非常常用的安定剂--【冬眠灵】 第一个“放松”的是老鼠,而不是人类。 【利眠宁】----- 抗焦虑的药物 在上世纪50年代喂给根据恶劣程度挑选出的猫 然后让它们变的听话又温顺。 还有一些抗抑郁药 首先在兔子身上测试。
Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs to other animals as test subjects, but they're giving them these drugs as patients, both in ethical and much less ethical ways. SeaWorld gives mother orcas antianxiety medications when their calves are taken away. Many zoo gorillas have been given antipsychotics and antianxiety medications. But dogs like my own Oliver are given antidepressants and some antianxiety medications to keep them from jumping out of buildings or jumping into traffic. Just recently, actually, a study came out in "Science" that showed that even crawdads responded to antianxiety medication. It made them braver, less skittish, and more likely to explore their environment.
今天,被喂药的动物不是测试对象 而是病人。 出于道德和不道德的原因 美国【海洋世界】 在拿走【逆戟鲸】妈妈 的宝宝之后 喂给她抗焦虑药物。 很多动物园的大猩猩都会被喂精神病药 和抗焦虑药。 而狗狗,像我的【奥利弗】一样 吃抗抑郁药和 抗焦虑药 是为了防止它们从楼房里跳出去, 或 跳进车来车往的交通。 最近,一篇在【科学】杂志发表的一项研究 表明,连 喇蛄(一种淡水小龙虾) 也会对抗焦虑药有反应。 药物让它们更勇敢,不那么惊慌, 并且更容易让它们勘察它们的环境。
It's hard to know how many animals are on these drugs, but I can tell you that the animal pharmaceutical industry is immense and growing, from seven billion dollars in 2011 to a projected 9.25 billion by the year 2015.
很难知道有多少动物 在服用这些药物, 但我可以告诉你 动物制药业很强大 且还在发展。 从2011年的70忆美金, 到2015年预估的92.5忆
Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely. Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee at the zoo there was on them until he started to save his Paxil prescription and then distribute it among the other bonobos. (Laughter) (Applause)
有些动物会无限期服用这些药物, 还有些,比如【密尔沃基】动物园的黑猩猩 本来一直服用 【帕罗西汀(抗抑郁药】 直到他把药藏起来,并且分给其他黑猩猩 就停用了 {笑~~}
More than psychopharmaceuticals, though, there are many, many, many other therapeutic interventions that help other creatures. And here is a place where I think actually that veterinary medicine can teach something to human medicine, which is, if you take your dog, who is, say, compulsively chasing his tail, into the veterinary behaviorist, their first action isn't to reach for the prescription pad; it's to ask you about your dog's life. They want to know how often your dog gets outside. They want to know how much exercise your dog is getting. They want to know how much social time with other dogs and other humans. They want to talk to you about what sorts of therapies, largely behavior therapies, you've tried with that animal. Those are the things that often tend to help the most, especially when combined with psychopharmaceuticals.
除了精神药物以外, 市面是上还有很多 很多 为动物治疗的方案。 而这里,我认为是人类药学可以向 兽类药学学习的地方。 就拿你的狗来说, 他可能不停地追自己的尾巴, 见了【动物行为学家】, 而他的第一反应 不是去拿处方药方; 而是问问你,你家狗狗的生活。 他们想知道你的狗室外活动频率, 有多少体育锻炼的时间, 有多少和其他狗和人社交的时间。 他们想了解 你为你的狗狗试过多少行为治疗方案。 这些就是最能 帮助狗狗的方式, 特别是跟 药物相结合。
The thing, though, I believe, that helps the most, particularly with social animals, is time with other social animals. In many ways, I feel like I became a service animal to my own dog, and I have seen parrots do it for people and people do it for parrots and dogs do it for elephants and elephants do it for other elephants. I don't know about you; I get a lot of Internet forwards of unlikely animal friendships. I also think it's a huge part of Facebook, the monkey that adopts the cat or the great dane who adopted the orphaned fawn, or the cow that makes friends with the pig, and had you asked me eight, nine years ago, about these, I would have told you that they were hopelessly sentimental and maybe too anthropomorphic in the wrong way and maybe even staged, and what I can tell you now is that there is actually something to this. This is legit. In fact, some interesting studies have pointed to oxytocin levels, which are a kind of bonding hormone that we release when we're having sex or nursing or around someone that we care for extremely, oxytocin levels raising in both humans and dogs who care about each other or who enjoy each other's company, and beyond that, other studies show that oxytocin raised even in other pairs of animals, so, say, in goats and dogs who were friends and played with each other, their levels spiked afterwards.
而我相信最能帮助 社交性动物的是 花时间在其他社交性动物上。 很多时候,我都觉得我成了为自家狗狗服务的动物 我见过鹦鹉为人类服务, 也见过人类为鹦鹉服务, 狗狗为大象服务 然后大象再为其他大象服务。 我不知道你, 但我在网上受邀转发 很多动物之间不可思议的友谊 我还认为这组成了【脸书(FB)】 的很大一部分, 猴子收养了猫 或是【大丹犬】收养了失去双亲的鹿宝宝, 又或是奶牛跟猪成了朋友, 如果你八、九年前问我 这些故事的话, 我会告诉你这些太感情用事了, 或是用错误的方式过于拟人化 甚至是表演出来的 但现在我能告诉你,动物之间是真情实感。 这是真的。事实上,有些有趣的研究表明, 【催产素】,一个社交产生的荷尔蒙 会在我们性交,养育宝宝, 或是在极其喜爱的人身边会产生, 【催产素】水平会在 彼此关心和愿意陪伴的人和狗身体里上升, 不止这些,其他研究还表明【催产素】 在其他组合动物身体里也会上升。 所以,山羊和狗狗成为朋友,一起玩耍后, 它们的【催产素】水平会达到一次高峰
I have a friend who really showed me that mental health is in fact a two-way street. His name is Lonnie Hodge, and he's a veteran of Vietnam. When he returned, he started working with survivors of genocide and a lot of people who had gone through war trauma. And he had PTSD and also a fear of heights, because in Vietnam, he had been rappelling backwards out of helicopters over the skids, and he was givena service dog named Gander, a labradoodle, to help him with PTSD and his fear of heights. This is them actually on the first day that they met, which is amazing, and since then, they've spent a lot of time together visiting with other veterans suffering from similar issues. But what's so interesting to me about Lonnie and Gander's relationship is about a few months in, Gander actually developed a fear of heights, probably because he was watching Lonnie so closely. What's pretty great about this, though, is that he's still a fantastic service dog, because now, when they're both at a great height, Lonnie is so concerned with Gander's well-being that he forgets to be scared of the heights himself.
我有个朋友向我展示了 精神疾病其实是双向的。 他的名字叫【朗尼·何举】, 他是越南战争回来的老兵。 他回来后, 开始跟【种族屠杀】幸存者 和其他有战争创伤的人一起工作 他有【战后创伤症候群】并且他还恐高, 因为在越南, 他经常从直升机上反向绕绳下降, 然后他就有了只服务犬 叫【甘德】,一只【拉布拉多贵宾犬】 帮助他克服创伤后遗症和恐高。 这是它们第一次碰面,非常愉快, 从那以后, 他们会花很多时间 拜访其他有相同问题的老兵。 但引起我兴趣的是 【朗尼】和【甘德】的关系 在认识几个月后, 【甘德】开始恐高, 可能是因为他近距离观察了朗尼 这很了不起,它还是只很赞的服务犬, 因为现在,如果他们同时站在高处 【朗尼】因为过于担心【甘德】的安全 甚至忘记了自己恐高。
Since I've spent so much time with these stories, digging into archives, I literally spent years doing this research, and it's changed me. I no longer look at animals at the species level. I look at them as individuals, and I think about them as creatures with their own individual weather systems guiding their behavior and informing how they respond to the world. And I really believe that this has made me a more curious and a more empathetic person, both to the animals that share my bed and occasionally wind up on my plate, but also to the people that I know who are suffering from anxiety and from phobias and all manner of other things, and I really do believe that even though you can't know exactly what's going on in the mind of a pig or your pug or your partner, that that shouldn't stop you from empathizing with them. The best thing that we could do for our loved ones is, perhaps, to anthropomorphize them.
自从我花这么多时间在这些故事上, 钻研归档, 我花了很多年来做这份研究, 这真的 改变了我。 我再也不会从物种层面来看动物, 我把它们看成独立的个体, 然后待它们为有独立内在系统的生物 引领着它们的行为,告知它们如何回应这世界。 我相信这让我 变成了一个更好奇、更赋有同情心的人, 不管是跟我睡一张床 偶尔还跟我抢饭的动物 还是我认识的 有焦躁症、恐惧症、或者其他病症的人们, 我真的相信 就算你不可能明确了解 一只猪、哈巴狗或是你伴侣的 脑子里到底在想什么, 这也不应该阻止你理解他们 我们给所爱对象最好的礼物 也许就是【拟人化】他们。
Charles Darwin's father once told him that everybody could lose their mind at some point. Thankfully, we can often find them again, but only with each other's help.
【查尔斯·达尔文】的父亲曾告诉他 所有人都可能在某一刻失去理智, 值得感激的是,我们常常能找回理智, 但需要彼此的帮助。
Thank you.
谢谢。
(Applause)