Let's say you despise Western democracy. Democracy, in all its trappings, free elections, town halls, endless debates about the proper role of government. Too messy, too unpredictable, too constraining for your taste. And the way these democracies band together and lecture everyone else about individual rights and freedoms -- it gets under your skin.
假設你鄙視 西方的民主制度。 民主,佈滿了陷阱、 從投票自由、市政廳、 到對政府角色永無止境的爭論。 都太亂七八糟, 無法預測, 不符合你的修養。 當這些民主人士勾結在一起, 向其他人宣揚自由與人權時── 總讓你覺得憤怒。
So what to do about it? You can call out the hypocrisy and failures of Western democracies and explain how your way is better, but that's never really worked for you. What if you could get the people whose support is the very foundation of these democracies to start questioning the system? Make the idea occur in their own minds that democracy and its institutions are failing them, their elite are corrupt puppet masters and the country they knew is in free fall. To do that, you'll need to infiltrate the information spheres of these democracies. You'll need to turn their most powerful asset -- an open mind -- into their greatest vulnerability. You'll need people to question the truth.
所以,我們應該怎麼辦呢? 你可以指出西方民主的失敗和虛偽, 然後提供一種更好的制度, 但那種方法並不適合你。 那麼,如果你能夠使那些 民主制度的支持者 開始懷疑這個系統呢? 讓他們自己產生這樣的想法: 民主及其制度正在將他們引向失敗, 他們眼中的精英其實都是 腐敗的演戲高手, 而他們的國家正在無可挽回地衰退。 要想做到這點, 你需要滲透進 這些民主人士的圈子。 你需要將他們最有力量的資產── 開放的思維── 轉變成他們最脆弱的地方。 你需要讓人們開始質疑真相。
Now, you'll be familiar of hacking and leaks that happened in 2016. One was the Democratic National Committee's networks, and the personal email accounts of its staff, later released on WikiLeaks. After that, various online personas, like a supposed Romanian cybercriminal who didn't speak Romanian, aggressively pushed news of these leaks to journalists. The media took the bait. They were consumed by how much the DNC hated Bernie. At the time, it was that narrative that far outshined the news that a group of Russian government sponsored hackers who we called "Advanced Persistent Threat 28," or "APT28" for short, was carrying out these operations against the US.
現在,各位都知道在 2016 年 發生的駭客攻擊和洩密事件。 被攻擊的網路之一是 民主黨全國委員會, 以及民主黨成員的個人郵箱賬號, 這些信息被發表在在維基解密上。 在那之後,許多網路上的人物, 比如一個宣稱自己是羅馬尼亞駭客, 但不會說羅馬尼亞語的人 強烈地想把這些洩密新聞 推送給新聞工作者。 媒體上鉤了。 他们的關注都被吸引到了 民主黨對伯尼·桑德斯的恨上。 在那時,有一個故事, 比新聞本身更受關注: 一群俄羅斯官方駭客 名稱為「高階持續性威脅 28 」, 或者簡稱 APT28 , 為了制約美國而發動了 這些黑客攻擊。
And there was no shortage of evidence. This group of Russian government hackers hadn't just appeared out of nowhere in 2016. We had started tracking this group back in 2014. And the tools that APT28 used to compromise its victims' networks demonstrated a thoughtful, well-resourced effort that had taken place for now over a decade in Moscow's time zone from about 9 am to 6 pm. APT28 loved to prey on the emails and contacts of journalists in Chechnya, the Georgian government, eastern European defense attachés -- all targets with an undeniable interest to the Russian government.
我們有充足的證據證明這點。 這群來自俄羅斯政府的駭客並不是 在 2016 年無端出現。 我們從 2014 年 就已經盯上這個組織了。 而 APT28 所用的 破壞受害人網路的工具 展現出其背後投入的 長期精力和資源。 這一項目已經進行了超過十年, 在莫斯科時區,十年如一日, 駭客們每天從早上九點, 工作到到下午六點。 APT28 經常獵捕某些特定聯繫人 和郵件:車臣共和國記者、 喬治亞國政府,以及 東歐防禦部門── 所有對於俄羅斯政府來說 非常有趣的目標。
We weren't the only ones onto this. Governments, research teams across the world, were coming to similar conclusions and observing the same types of operations. But what Russia was doing in 2016 went far beyond espionage. The DNC hack was just one of many where stolen data was posted online accompanied by a sensational narrative, then amplified in social media for lightning-speed adoption by the media. This didn't ring the alarm bells that a nation-state was trying to interfere with the credibility of another's internal affairs.
我們並不是唯一關注這件事的人。 政府、全世界的研究機關 都得到了相似的結論, 並且看到了同樣類型的操作。 但俄羅斯在 2016 年做的事 遠遠超過了間諜活動。 民主黨全國委員會受到的黑客攻擊 只是被盜數據在線上發佈的一個例子, 伴隨著聳人聽聞的敘述, 然後由於媒體的光速傳播 在社交媒體上放大。 然而這並沒有響起人們的警鐘: 事實上,一個國家正試著干預 另一個國家的內政。
So why, collectively, did we not see this coming? Why did it take months before Americans understood that they were under a state-sponsored information attack? The easy answer is politics. The Obama Administration was caught in a perfect catch-22. By raising the specter that the Russian government was interfering in the US presidential campaign, the Administration risked appearing to meddle in the campaign itself. But the better answer, I think, is that the US and the West were utterly unequipped to recognize and respond to a modern information operation, despite the fact that the US had wielded information with devastating success in an era not so long ago.
那麼,為什麼我們集體 沒有意識到它的到來? 為什麼遠在幾個月以後, 美國人才明白 他們受到的信息攻擊, 是另一個國家的操縱? 一個簡單的答案是政治。 奧巴馬陷入了一個完美的困境。 通過讓民眾對俄羅斯政府正在 干預美國總統大選一事感到焦慮, 行政當局可能會使自己 看起來像是在干擾大選。 但我想,更好的答案 是美國和西方對於現代的信息化操縱 毫無任何防備, 儘管美國曾在不久前的時代 在信息方面取得過巨大的成功。
Look, so while the US and the West spent the last 20 years caught up in cybersecurity -- what networks to harden, which infrastructure to deem critical, how to set up armies of cyber warriors and cyber commands -- Russia was thinking in far more consequential terms. Before the first iPhone even hit the shelf, the Russian government understood the risks and the opportunity that technology provided and the inter-communication and instant communication it provided us.
美國和西方國家 曾花費了過去 20 年時間 强化網路安全── 什麼樣的網路需要強化, 哪些基礎設施是關鍵, 怎樣建立網路戰士的 軍隊和網路指令── 而俄羅斯的想法更注重結果。 在第一個 iPhone 出現之前, 俄羅斯政府就知道了 網路技術所能提供的 風險和機會, 以及它給我們提供的即時信息交流。
As our realities are increasingly based on the information that we're consuming at the palm of our hand and from the news feeds that we're scanning and the hashtags and stories that we see trending, the Russian government was the first to recognize how this evolution had turned your mind into the most exploitable device on the planet. And your mind is particularly exploitable if you're accustomed to an unfettered flow of information, now increasingly curated to your own tastes. This panorama of information that's so interesting to you gives a state, or anyone for that matter, a perfect back door into your mind.
隨著我們眼中的現實越來越基於 我們掌中得到的信息, 以及從我們瀏覽的新聞, 和當下流行的標籤和故事, 俄羅斯政府是第一個意識到 這場技術革命是如何 把你的意識 變成地球上可利用資源的。 當你習慣於現在不受監管 又引人入勝的信息流時, 你的思想格外容易被人利用。 這個對你來說非常有趣的全景式信息 給了一個國家,或者任何人, 一個入侵你思想的機會。
It's this new brand of state-sponsored information operations that can be that much more successful, more insidious, and harder for the target audience -- that includes the media -- to decipher and characterize. If you can get a hashtag trending on Twitter, or chum the waters with fake news directed to audiences primed to receive it, or drive journalists to dissect terabytes of email for a cent of impropriety -- all tactics used in Russian operations -- then you've got a shot at effectively camouflaging your operations in the mind of your target. This is what Russia's long called "reflexive control." It's the ability to use information on someone else so that they make a decision on their own accord that's favorable to you. This is nation-state-grade image control and perception management, and it's conducted by any means, with any tools, network-based or otherwise, that will achieve it.
這一新型的,由國家支持的信息行動 成功率更高, 更加隱秘, 同時更難被目標觀眾,包括媒體, 所察覺到。 如果你能使一個標籤 在推特上流行起來, 或者用假新聞收買網路水軍, 針對著準備接收這些信息的觀眾, 或者讓記者們解析海量的郵件 來尋找哪怕是一分一毫的不誠實── 這都是被俄羅斯政府利用過的策略, 這樣,你就能夠高效地 改變你目標的思想。 這就是被俄羅斯稱作 「反射控制」的東西。 這是將信息用在別人身上的能力: 這樣做,他們的選擇 是由他們自己做出的, 卻有利於你。 這是一個國家 在影響和控制你的認知: 這可以用各種形式來實現: 不管用什麼工具, 不管基不基於網路,都能達到目標。
Take this for another example. In early February 2014, a few weeks before Russia would invade Crimea, a phone call is posted on YouTube. In it, there's two US diplomats. They sound like they're playing kingmaker in Ukraine, and worse, they curse the EU for its lack of speed and leadership in resolving the crisis. The media covers the phone call, and then the ensuing diplomatic backlash leaves Washington and Europe reeling. And it creates a fissured response and a feckless attitude towards Russia's land grab in Ukraine. Mission accomplished.
還有另一個例子。 在 2014 年的二月初, 俄羅斯入侵克里米亞的幾週前, 有人在 YouTube 上傳了一通電話。 電話裡有兩個美國外交官。 他們聽起來像是在烏克蘭玩過家家, 而更糟糕的是, 他們咒罵歐盟在化解危機時 缺乏領導力和速度。 媒體報導了這個電話, 最後的外交反作用 使得華盛頓和歐洲失去平衡。 糟糕的是,它使得人們 對俄羅斯在烏克蘭的侵略 持有一種玩世不恭, 毫不嚴肅的態度。 任務完成。
So while hacked phone calls and emails and networks keep grabbing the headlines, the real operations are the ones that are influencing the decisions you make and the opinions you hold, all in the service of a nation-state's strategic interest. This is power in the information age. And this information is all that much more seductive, all that much easier to take at face value and pass on, when it's authentic. Who's not interested in the truth that's presented in phone calls and emails that were never intended for public consumption? But how meaningful is that truth if you don't know why it's being revealed to you?
所以當駭客洩露的 電話通話、郵件和網路 一直牢牢佔據著頭條, 其背後真正的操作 正在影響你做出的決定 和你的想法。 而這一切全都為 一個國家的戰略利益服務。 這就是信息時代的力量。 而當它是隱秘信息時, 這個信息變得愈發吸引人, 傳播的速度更快。 有誰不會對本來永遠不會公開的 藏在電話通話和郵件裡的真相 感到好奇呢? 但如果你不知道 為什麼那個真相展示給了你, 真相又有什麼意義呢?
We must recognize that this place where we're increasingly living, which we've quaintly termed "cyberspace," isn't defined by ones and zeroes, but by information and the people behind it. This is far more than a network of computers and devices. This is a network composed of minds interacting with computers and devices.
我們必須意識到 我們生活的這個地方── 我們把它叫做「網路空間」, 並不是由 0 和 1 來定義, 而是由信息和信息背後的人。 這遠不僅僅是一個 由電腦和設備構成的網路。 這是一個由操作電腦設備的 腦袋們所形成的網路。
And for this network, there's no encryption, there's no firewall, no two-factor authentication, no password complex enough to protect you. What you have for defense is far stronger, it's more adaptable, it's always running the latest version. It's the ability to think critically: call out falsehood, press for the facts. And above all, you must have the courage to unflinchingly pursue the truth.
而這個網路, 沒有加密,沒有防火墻, 沒有雙重認證, 沒有足夠複雜到保護你的密碼。 你擁有的抵禦武器 遠遠更強,更具有適應性, 永遠都是最新版。 它是批判性思維: 指出錯誤的地方, 努力找到事實。 而最重要的,你必須要有勇氣 去堅定不移的追求真相。
(Applause)
(掌聲)