I thought I would start with a very brief history of cities. Settlements typically began with people clustered around a well, and the size of that settlement was roughly the distance you could walk with a pot of water on your head. In fact, if you fly over Germany, for example, and you look down and you see these hundreds of little villages, they're all about a mile apart. You needed easy access to the fields. And for hundreds, even thousands of years, the home was really the center of life. Life was very small for most people. It was a center of entertainment, of energy production, of work, a center of health care. That's where babies were born and people died.
我觉得我得从城市的历史 简单说起 人们聚井而居 揭开了典型的定居生活 而这种定居的范围,也不过是你头顶着一盆水 所能走的距离罢了 其实,假如你能从德国上空飞过 往下看,你会看到数以百计的小村庄 每个距离约一英里 这样你就到地里去就很方便了 几百几千年以来 家就是生活的中心 所以对大多数人来说,生活范围其实很小 家是欢乐,动力 工作,和医疗的中心 在那里,也有生老病死
Then, with industrialization, everything started to become centralized. You had dirty factories that were moved to the outskirts of cities. Production was centralized in assembly plants. You had centralized energy production. Learning took place in schools. Health care took place in hospitals. And then you had networks that developed. You had water, sewer networks that allowed for this kind of unchecked expansion. You had separated functions, increasingly. You had rail networks that connected residential, industrial, commercial areas. You had auto networks. In fact, the model was really, give everybody a car, build roads to everything, and give people a place to park when they get there. It was not a very functional model. And we still live in that world, and this is what we end up with.
之后工业化的兴起, 一切开始变得集中起来 那些污浊不堪的工厂 都搬到了郊外 产品也都被集中到装配厂 我们还把能源生产也集中起来 学校是学习用的 医院是治病用的 然后网络也发展起来了 供水管网,污水管网也使得 不断的扩张成为了可能 慢慢地,我们把不同的职能给区分开来 铁路网连接到了住宅区 工业区和商业区,汽车交通网也建立起来了 事实上,这个模式就是,给每人一辆车 把路给修起来,然后在人们停车的地方 弄个车库,其实这并不是一个行得通的模式 但我们依旧生活在这样的环境下 所以这就是我们所得到的
So you have the sprawl of LA, the sprawl of Mexico City. You have these unbelievable new cities in China, which you might call tower sprawl. They're all building cities on the model that we invented in the '50s and '60s, which is really obsolete, I would argue, and there are hundreds and hundreds of new cities that are being planned all over the world. In China alone, 300 million people, some say 400 million people, will move to the city over the next 15 years. That means building the equivalent of the entire built infrastructure of the US in 15 years. Imagine that.
所以就有了洛杉矶的扩展区 墨西哥城的扩展区 在中国匪夷所思般崛起了各种新城市 也可以称为“雨后春笋” 他们都是基于我们在50年代或60年代发明的模式 在建城市,我觉得这样是跟不上时代的 而此时此刻,不计其数的城市 正在世界各地紧锣密鼓筹备兴建 单中国来说,3亿人口, 有的说4亿 将会在接下来的15年里搬迁到城市里 这就等同于要美国 在15年内建造起整个国家基础设施 想象一下
And we should all care about this whether you live in cities or not. Cities will account for 90 percent of the population growth, 80 percent of the global CO2, 75 percent of energy use, but at the same time it's where people want to be, increasingly. More than half the people now in the world live in cities, and that will just continue to escalate.
我们都应该关注一下 不管你是否住在城里 城市主宰着90%的人口增长 全球80%的CO2,75%的能源消费 同时,也是人们向往的地方 这情况与日剧增 现在世界上一半以上的人口住在城市里 而且还会不断增加
Cities are places of celebration, personal expression. You have the flash mobs of pillow fights that -- I've been to a couple. They're quite fun. You have --
城市是人们庆祝和表现的地方 城市里有枕头大战的快闪族—— 我去过几次,还真有趣。(笑声) 还有—— (笑声)
(Laughter)
城市是大部分财富的来源
Cities are where most of the wealth is created, and particularly in the developing world, it's where women find opportunities. That's a lot of the reason why cities are growing very quickly.
尤其是在发展中国家 妇女也能拥有各种机遇,所以 有很多原因可以解释为何城市发展如此快速
Now there's some trends that will impact cities. First of all, work is becoming distributed and mobile. The office building is basically obsolete for doing private work. The home, once again, because of distributed computation -- Communication is becoming a center of life, so it's a center of production and learning and shopping and health care and all of these things that we used to think of as taking place outside of the home.
但某些趋势会影响到城市 首先,工作遵循分配模式而且不再一成不变 办公大楼基本淘汰了 私人的工作 由于有了分布式通信和分布式计算 家,再一次成为了生活的中心 家成为了生产,学习,购物,还有医疗 还有那些我们认为 都是在家外发生的一切的中心
And increasingly, everything that people buy, every consumer product, in one way or another, can be personalized. And that's a very important trend to think about.
渐渐地,所有人们买的东西 所有的消费品,通过不同的方式 都能够实现个性化 这是值得关注的一个重要趋势
So this is my image of the city of the future.
这就是我想象中的未来城市
(Laughter)
(笑声)
In that it's a place for people, you know. Maybe not the way people dress, but -- You know, the question now is, how can we have all the good things that we identify with cities without all the bad things?
图中那里就是人们可以待的地方 人们的衣着可能不会是这样,但 要知道,现在的问题是,我们要如何 对于城市带给我们的产物 做到取其精华去其糟粕呢?
This is Bangalore. It took me a couple of hours to get a few miles in Bangalore last year. So with cities, you also have congestion and pollution and disease and all these negative things. How can we have the good stuff without the bad?
这儿是班加罗尔,在去年的时候 我花了好几小时才在班加罗尔移动了几英里 所以在城市里,有拥挤和污染 有疾病还有很多负面的东西 怎样取其精华去其糟粕呢?
So we went back and started looking at the great cities that evolved before the cars. Paris was a series of these little villages that came together, and you still see that structure today. The 20 arrondissements of Paris are these little neighborhoods. Most of what people need in life can be within a five- or 10-minute walk. And if you look at the data, when you have that kind of a structure, you get a very even distribution of the shops and the physicians and the pharmacies and the cafes in Paris. And then you look at cities that evolved after the automobile, and it's not that kind of a pattern. There's very little that's within a five-minute walk of most areas of places like Pittsburgh. Not to pick on Pittsburgh, but most American cities really have evolved this way.
我们暂且回头看看那么比较不错的城市吧 在有了汽车之前的状态 巴黎就是由好些小村庄 合并而成的,这种分布结构你今天还可以看得出来 巴黎的20个区 就像20个小邻居 大多数人们的生活所需 或许就在5到10分钟的步行范围里 如果你去看那些数据,当你建立了 这种结构后,巴黎的商店 内科医生,药房,还有咖啡厅 都会很平均地分布在城市中 之后你再看那些拥有了汽车后的城市 他们就完全不是这个模式了 像匹兹堡,大部分地方 很少再有几步之遥的生活了 不单是匹兹堡,大部分美国的城市 都演变成这个样了
So we said, well, let's look at new cities, and we're involved in a couple of new city projects in China. So we said, let's start with that neighborhood cell. We think of it as a compact urban cell. So provide most of what most people want within that 20-minute walk. This can also be a resilient electrical microgrid, community heating, power, communication networks, etc. can be concentrated there. Stewart Brand would put a micronuclear reactor right in the center, probably. And he might be right. And then we can form, in effect, a mesh network. It's something of an Internet typology pattern, so you can have a series of these neighborhoods. You can dial up the density -- about 20,000 people per cell, if it's Cambridge. Go up to 50,000 if it's Manhattan density. You connect everything with mass transit and you provide most of what most people need within that neighborhood. You can begin to develop a whole typology of streetscapes and the vehicles that can go on them. I won't go through all of them. I'll just show one.
所以我们说,看看这些新城市 我们也要在中国弄几个新城市出来 那我们就从社区单元开始着手吧 我们觉得这是一种紧凑的城市单元 这样大部分人就能在20分钟步程内 满足生活所需 这也能成为一种有弹性的微电网 社区供热网,电力网,通讯网 等等,都能集中在那儿 Stewart Brand很可能会在正中心 建一个原子核反应堆。(笑声) 他或许是对的 事实上,我们就能形成一个网状网络了 这是一种类型学的互联网模式 所以我们有了这一系列的社区 你可以了解到人口密度,如果在剑桥 大概就是每个社区2万人。如果是在曼哈顿 这个数字就是5万。我们把那些 大的中转点连接起来,这样单在社区里 就能满足很多人的需求了 我们也能开创一个新的类型学 包含了街景和交通工具 我就不详讲,我就说一个方面
This is Boulder. It's a great example of kind of a mobility parkway, a superhighway for joggers and bicyclists, where you can go from one end of the city to the other without crossing the street, and they also have bike-sharing, which I'll get into in a minute.
这里是博尔德,它的驾车专用道路 还有跑步者和自行车者的高速公路,是很有代表性的 你可以顺着它横穿整个城市 不用过马路,而且他们也有公共自行车 能让我很快就适应进去
This is even a more interesting solution in Seoul, Korea. They took the elevated highway, they got rid of it, they reclaimed the street, the river down below, below the street, and you can go from one end of Seoul to the other without crossing a pathway for cars.
在韩国首尔,还有个更有趣的解决方案 他们放弃了高架公路 重新回到街道上,还有街道下面的小河流 这样不用穿过马路 就能从首尔的一端到达另外一端 曼哈顿的高压线也是类似的情况
The High Line in Manhattan is very similar. You have these rapidly emerging bike lanes all over the world. I lived in Manhattan for 15 years. I went back a couple of weekends ago, took this photograph of these fabulous new bike lanes that they have installed. They're still not to where Copenhagen is, where something like 42 percent of the trips within the city are by bicycle. It's mostly just because they have fantastic infrastructure there.
在全世界,我们拥有这种迅速面世的单车道 我在曼哈顿住了15年 上几个周末我回去了一趟 给这些新建的漂亮的单车道拍了些照 比起哥本哈根,仍有些差距 在哥本哈根,42%的路程都是在单车上的 很有可能是他们那里 有更好的基础设施
We actually did exactly the wrong thing in Boston. The Big Dig --
在波士顿我们完全做了错误的事 我们——那个大隧道——(笑声)
(Laughter)
So we got rid of the highway but we created a traffic island, and it's certainly not a mobility pathway for anything other than cars.
我们是摆脱了高速公路,但我们也制造了交通岛 显然除了汽车,它还真的不适用于 其他的交通工具
Mobility on demand is something we've been thinking about, so we think we need an ecosystem of these shared-use vehicles connected to mass transit. These are some of the vehicles that we've been working on. But shared use is really key. If you share a vehicle, you can have at least four people use one vehicle, as opposed to one. We have Hubway here in Boston, the Vélib' system in Paris.
我们一直在思考迫在眉睫的流动性问题 我们觉得我们需要一个公交生态系统 他们可以将那些大的中转站给连接起来 这些是我们目前着手的一些交通工具 公共使用是关键,如果我们共用一辆车 那么相对一个人使用一辆车来说 这辆车的使用人数至少可以是四人 在波士顿我们有Hubway自行车共享系統,在巴黎有Vélib系统
We've been developing, at the Media Lab, this little city car that is optimized for shared use in cities. We got rid of all the useless things like engines and transmissions. We moved everything to the wheels, so you have the drive motor, the steering motor, the breaking -- all in the wheel. That left the chassis unencumbered, so you can do things like fold, so you can fold this little vehicle up to occupy a tiny little footprint.
我们在媒体实验室研发这种 城市小车,可以在城市充分共享使用 我们摒弃了那些没什么用处的东西,像引擎 还有传动装置,我们把一切都搬到轮子上 所以车上的轮子就集成有驱动马达,转向电机 和刹车系统 这使得底盘灵活不收阻碍,所以你可以 进行底盘折叠,你可以把这辆小车折叠起来
This was a video that was on European television last week
使得占据的空间变得更小
showing the Spanish Minister of Industry driving this little vehicle, and when it's folded, it can spin. You don't need reverse. You don't need parallel parking. You just spin and go directly in.
这是上周在欧洲电视台上播放的一个视频 讲了西班牙的工业部长开着 这辆小车,而且当它折叠起来时,它还可以旋转 无需退车,也无需平行泊车 你只要旋转一下,直接开进去就行了。(笑声)
(Laughter)
所以我们已经在和一家公司合作
So we've been working with a company to commercialize this. My PhD student Ryan Chin presented these early ideas two years ago at a TEDx conference.
将它商业化。我的博士生Ryan Chin 两年前在TEDx的一个大会上提出了这个想法 更有趣的是,你会开始不断为它增加
So what's interesting is, then if you begin to add new things to it, like autonomy, you get out of the car, you park at your destination, you pat it on the butt, it goes and it parks itself, it charges itself, and you can get something like seven times as many vehicles in a given area as conventional cars, and we think this is the future. Actually, we could do this today. It's not really a problem. We can combine shared use and folding and autonomy and we get something like 28 times the land utilization with that kind of strategy.
新的东西,像自动化,你走出这部车 想要停在指定位置,你就拍下它的屁屁 它就自动进去停车,自己控制自己 而且一个传统的汽车的车位 你可以停放七辆这样的小车 我们觉得这就是未来,其实我们今天已经可以做到了 没什么大问题的 我们能把共享使用和折叠还有自动化结合起来 而且我们的土地使用率可以提高28倍 只要按照这种方式(就会有可能)
One of our graduate students then says, well, how does a driverless car communicate with pedestrians? You have nobody to make eye contact with. You don't know if it's going to run you over. So he's developing strategies so the vehicle can communicate with pedestrians, so --
我们的一个毕业生说,好吧 这个无人驾驶的车,怎样提防行人呢? 没有司机看着它啊 也不知道它是不是会把你碾过去 所以他在研究怎样让这辆车 留心我们的行人,所以——(笑声)
(Laughter)
So the headlights are eyeballs, the pupils can dilate, we have directional audio, we can throw sound directly at people. What I love about this project is he solved a problem that doesn't exist yet, so --
所以车头灯成了眼球,它的瞳孔会扩大的 我们有指导声频,所以可以在人们面前 直接发声 我之所以钟情这个项目,是因为他解决了一个问题
(Laughter)
而这个问题,甚至还未存在,所以——(笑声) (笑声)(掌声)
We also think that we can democratize access to bike lanes. You know, bike lanes are mostly used by young guys in stretchy pants. So --
我们同时也觉得我们可以扩大范围到自行车道 自行车道大多是都是穿着弹性裤的年轻人在用
(Laughter)
所以,你懂的,所以——(笑声)
We think we can develop a vehicle that operates on bike lanes, accessible to elderly and disabled, women in skirts, businesspeople, and address the issues of energy congestion, mobility, aging and obesity simultaneously. That's our challenge.
我们觉得我们可以发明一种能在自行车道行驶 的交通工具,老年人和残疾人 穿裙妇女,商业人士都可以用 同时针对能源消耗,流动性,老年化和肥胖症这些问题 那就是我们的挑战
This is an early design for this little three-wheel. It's an electronic bike. You have to pedal to operate it in a bike lane, but if you're an older person, that's a switch. If you're a healthy person, you might have to work really hard to go fast. You can dial in 40 calories going into work and 500 going home, when you can take a shower. We hope to have that built this fall.
这是我们早期设计的小三轮车 它是电动自行车,你得踩踏板 它才会在自行车道上行驶,但如果你是个上了年纪的人 那儿有个开关。如果你是个身体健康的人, 你可能得踩得很费劲它才会很快 骑着它去上班你可以消耗40卡路里 然后回家时消耗500卡路里,然后再洗个澡 我们期待它在今年秋天可以面世
Housing is another area where we can really improve. Mayor Menino in Boston says lack of affordable housing for young people is one of the biggest problems the city faces. Developers say, OK, we'll build little teeny apartments. People say, we don't really want to live in a little teeny conventional apartment. So we're saying, let's build a standardized chassis, much like our car. Let's bring advanced technology into the apartment, technology-enabled infill, give people the tools within this open-loft chassis to go through a process of defining what their needs and values and activities are, and then a matching algorithm will match a unique assembly of integrated infill components, furniture, and cabinetry, that are personalized to that individual, and they give them the tools to go through the process and to refine it, and it's something like working with an architect, where the dialogue starts when you give an alternative to a person to react to.
住房是我们能改善的另一个方面 波士顿的市长Menino说这个城市面临最大的问题的之一 就是缺乏可以让年轻人 负担得起的住房 开发商说,好吧,那我们就来建造小型的公寓 但人们说,我们其实不想住进这些狭小的 传统型公寓 所以我们说,得建造标准的“底盘” 就像我们的车一样,让我们把高科技 引进公寓,比如那些科技辅助的填充料 在这个宽敞的阁楼“底架”内,让人们拿起工具 自己动手去创造,去诠释他们的需求 价值观和行为,然后 会有一个对应的算法,对应整套独特的 填充物组件,家具,还有橱柜 而且是为个人量身定做的,让他们有机会 拿起工具完成整个过程并完善它 这就像和建筑师一起合作 而对话的内容往往是关于 这里我想选择这么做
Now, the most interesting implementation of that for us is when you can begin to have robotic walls, so your space can convert from exercise to a workplace, if you run a virtual company. You have guests over, you have two guest rooms that are developed. You have a conventional one-bedroom arrangement when you need it. Maybe that's most of the time. You have a dinner party. The table folds out to fit 16 people in otherwise a conventional one-bedroom, or maybe you want a dance studio. I mean, architects have been thinking about these ideas for a long time. What we need to do now, develop things that can scale to those 300 million Chinese people that would like to live in the city, and very comfortably. We think we can make a very small apartment that functions as if it's twice as big by utilizing these strategies. I don't believe in smart homes. That's sort of a bogus concept. I think you have to build dumb homes and put smart stuff in it.
现在,住进去最好玩的事情 就是当你拥有了机器墙 这样就就能调整空间,不管是变成运动室还是工作室 只要你开了公司(一切就都有可能) 有客人拜访时,你就可以 扩展两间客房 当你需要的时候,你可以变出一间传统卧室 可能大部分时间都是这样 当你有宴会时,桌子会翻折开来 在其他时间都是传统卧室里的空间里容纳下16个人 或者你想改造成舞蹈室也行 我想,建筑师很长时间一直在思考这个问题 我们现在需要去做的 是开发一些东西,使得3亿中国人 能容纳进城市里 并且生活得安逸 我觉得我们能造出一套公寓出来 利用以上的那些策略,令房子的实际用途 可以达到它两倍大小的作用。我不信智能家居 那是虚假的概念 我觉得应该建造愚笨家居
(Laughter)
然后放些智能的东西进去。(笑声)
And so we've been working on a chassis of the wall itself. You know, standardized platform with the motors and the battery when it operates, little solenoids that will lock it in place and get low-voltage power. We think this can all be standardized, and then people can personalize the stuff that goes into that wall, and like the car, we can integrate all kinds of sensing to be aware of human activity, so if there's a baby or a puppy in the way, you won't have a problem.
我们现在已经在研发机器墙的底架 还有带着发动机和电池 的标准平台,还有可以固定在一个地方 收集低压电力的小螺丝管 我们觉得这可以标准化 那样人们就可以个性化墙上的其他物品 就像那辆车一样,我们能完善各种 感应人类活动的传感装置,所以 哪怕有婴儿或小狗路中挡道,也不会出大乱子。(笑声)
(Laughter)
开发商说也觉得这样很不错,很赞同
So the developers say, well, this is great. OK, so if we have a conventional building, we have a fixed envelope, maybe we can put in 14 units. If they function as if they're twice as big, we can get 28 units in. That means twice as much parking, though. Parking's really expensive. It's about 70,000 dollars per space to build a conventional parking spot inside a building. So if you can have folding and autonomy, you can do that in one-seventh of the space. That goes down to 10,000 dollars per car, just for the cost of the parking. You add shared use, and you can even go further.
所以如果我们有一栋传统的建筑 有一个固定的底线,那么我们可能可以放14个单位进去 如果他们能用起来像两倍的空间一样 那么我们就等于放进28个单位了 这就意味着有两倍的泊车空间 泊车真的是很贵的,在一栋建筑物里 建一个传统型的停车场,每个车位 大约要7万美金 所以如果能折叠,也有自动化 那么你只需七分之一个停车位 每辆车就只需花1万美金而已 就单停车这一项 如果加上共享使用,那么你行动范围就更大了
We can also integrate all kinds of advanced technology through this process. There's a path to market for innovative companies to bring technology into the home. In this case, a project we're doing with Siemens. We have sensors on all the furniture, all the infill, that understands where people are and what they're doing. Blue light is very efficient, so we have these tunable 24-bit LED lighting fixtures. It recognizes where the person is, what they're doing, fills out the light when necessary to full spectrum white light, and saves maybe 30, 40 percent in energy consumption, we think, over even conventional state-of-the-art lighting systems. This just shows you the data that comes from the sensors that are embedded in the furniture. We don't really believe in cameras to do things in homes. We think these little wireless sensors are more effective.
我们能在这一个过程中加入各种高科技 创新型公司把科技融入家居中 这方面的市场也是行得通的 有这么个项目,我们正和西门子在合作 我们在所有的家具和填充物中加入传感器 能感知人们的位置和所做的事情 蓝光是很有效率的,所以我们做出了 可调节的24位LED灯固定装置 它能辨识人的位置,以及所做的事情 需要的时候就变为全光谱的白灯 并节省下30%到40%的能源消耗 我们觉得,这比传统的最新型照明系统 还要节能 这里的数据是来自那些传感器的 就安装在家具里面 我们不认为摄像机能在家里帮得上忙 我们觉得这些小型无线传感器更给力
We think we can also personalize sunlight. That's sort of the ultimate personalization in some ways. So we've looked at articulating mirrors of the facade that can throw shafts of sunlight anywhere into the space, therefore allowing you to shade most of the glass on a hot day like today. In this case, she picks up her phone, she can map food preparation at the kitchen island to a particular location of sunlight. An algorithm will keep it in that location as long as she's engaged in that activity. This can be combined with LED lighting as well.
我们也可以将日光个性化 某种程度上,这算是一种终极的个性化了 我们现在看到的就是连接镜的正面 它能往空中投射光束 这样就能在像今天一样热的天气里 遮蔽掉大部分的光线 在这个例子中,她拿起手机,在准备食物时 在岛式厨房上指定位置映射出阳光 会有一个算法能记住这个映射位置 只要她还在这个活动的过程中 这也能和LED照明结合起来
We think workplaces should be shared. I mean, this is really the workplace of the future, I think. This is Starbucks, you know. Maybe a third -- And you see everybody has their back to the wall and they have food and coffee down the way and they're in their own little personal bubble. We need shared spaces for interaction and collaboration. We're not doing a very good job with that. At the Cambridge Innovation Center, you can have shared desks. I've spent a lot of time in Finland at the design factory of Aalto University, where the they have a shared shop and shared fab lab, shared quiet spaces, electronics spaces, recreation places.
我们认为工作场所也应该共享 我意思是,我觉得这真的就是未来的工作场所 其实,这是星巴克。(笑声) 或许三分之一——你可以看到每个人 都背靠着墙,桌上有食物和咖啡 他们都融入到自己的小私人空间里 我们需要共享的空间进行互动和合作 这方面,我们做得不是很好 在剑桥创新中心 有能共享的桌子。我曾在芬兰阿尔托大学 的设计工厂待过很长时间 那儿有共享的商店和私人实验室 共享安静的环境 电子设备环境 休闲场地
We think ultimately, all of this stuff can come together, a new model for mobility, a new model for housing, a new model for how we live and work, a path to market for advanced technologies. But in the end, the main thing we need to focus on are people. Cities are all about people. They're places for people. There's no reason why we can't dramatically improve the livability and creativity of cities like they've done in Melbourne with the laneways while at the same time dramatically reducing CO2 and energy. It's a global imperative. We have to get this right.
我们相信这些最终都会结合在一起 成为新型的流动方式,新型的住宅方式 新型的生活工作方式 也为高科技市场打开门道 但最终我们需要关注的 是人类。城市和人类是分不开的 他们是人类的住所 所以没有理由不去大力提升 城市的宜居性和创意性 就像在墨尔本的巷道一样 同时也大规模地降低了CO2排放量和能源使用量 这个全球性问题迫在眉睫,刻不容缓
Thank you.
谢谢。(掌声)
(Applause)