So it was about four years ago, five years ago, I was sitting on a stage in Philadelphia, I think it was, with a bag similar to this. And I was pulling a molecule out of this bag. And I was saying, you don't know this molecule really well, but your body knows it extremely well. And I was thinking that your body hated it, at the time, because we are very immune to this. This is called alpha-gal epitope. And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.
(Aplaus) 4-5 aasta eest Philadelphias oli mul laval kaasas sarnane kott. Võtsin seal selle molekuli kotist välja öeldes, et ega te seda molekuli eriti ju ei tunne, aga teie keha tunneb seda väga hästi. Arvasin, et keha ei salli seda molekuli, sest selle vastu on kõrge immuunsus. See molekul on galaktoos-alfa epitoop. Sea südameklappidel on neid palju, seetõttu ei ole just lihtne inimesele sea südameklappi siirdada.
Actually our body doesn't hate these. Our body loves these. It eats them. I mean, the cells in our immune system are always hungry. And if an antibody is stuck to one of these things on the cell, it means "that's food." Now, I was thinking about that and I said, you know, we've got this immune response to this ridiculous molecule that we don't make, and we see it a lot in other animals and stuff. But I said we can't get rid of it, because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves found out you can't get rid of that immunity.
Tegelikult me keha neid ei vihkagi. Me keha armastab neid, ta sööb neid. Meie immuunsüsteemi rakud on alati näljas ja kui antikeha haakub rakus ühe sellise külge, antakse sõnum: "See on toit". Mõtlesin selle üle, et meie immuunsüsteem reageerib sellele tühisele molekulile, mida keha ise ei tooda, aga mis on olemas teistel loomadel. Aga lahti me sellest ka ei saa, sest kõik, kes on proovinud südameklappe siirdada,
And I said, why don't you use that? What if I could stick this molecule, slap it onto a bacteria that was pathogenic to me, that had just invaded my lungs? I mean I could immediately tap into an immune response that was already there, where it was not going to take five or six days to develop it -- it was going to immediately attack whatever this thing was on. It was kind of like the same thing that happens when you, like when you're getting stopped for a traffic ticket in L.A., and the cop drops a bag of marijuana in the back of your car, and then charges you for possession of marijuana. It's like this very fast, very efficient way to get people off the street.
teavad, et immuunreaksioon on vältimatu. Mul tuli mõte, et seda võiks kuidagi ära kasutada. Mis oleks, kui ma võtaksin selle molekuli, haagiksin selle patogeense bakteri külge, mis on just mu kopsudesse tunginud? Saaksin kohe ära kasutada automaatset immuunvastust, mis ei vaja tekkimiseks 5-6 päeva aega, vaid ründaks koheselt seda, mille külge too molekul on haagitud. Umbes sama loogika alusel, kui liikluspolitsei, kes su Los Angeleses kinni peab ja poetab auto tagaistmele kotikese marihuaanaga ja arreteerib su marihuaana omamise eest. Igatahes väga kiire ja efektiivne moodus inimeste liiklusest kõrvaldamiseks.
(Laughter)
(Naer)
So you can take a bacteria that really doesn't make these things at all, and if you could clamp these on it really well you have it taken off the street. And for certain bacteria we don't have really efficient ways to do that anymore. Our antibiotics are running out. And, I mean, the world apparently is running out too. So probably it doesn't matter 50 years from now -- streptococcus and stuff like that will be rampant -- because we won't be here. But if we are -- (Laughter) we're going to need something to do with the bacteria.
Samuti saab võtta bakteri, kes ise midagi sellist ei tooda, aga kui see õnnestub talle külge pookida, siis on see liiklusest eemaldatud. Ja on baktereid, mille puhul olemasolevad võtted enam ei toimi. Tõhusad antibiootikumid hakkavad ammenduma. Ja on näha, et ka maailm hakkab end ammendama. 50 aasta pärast poleks vist enam vahet, kui kõikjal vohaks streptokokk ja muud sarnane, sest meid siis enam pole. Kui aga siiski oleme... (Naer)
So I started working with this thing, with a bunch of collaborators. And trying to attach this to things that were themselves attached to certain specific target zones, bacteria that we don't like. And I feel now like George Bush. It's like "mission accomplished." So I might be doing something dumb, just like he was doing at the time. But basically what I was talking about there we've now gotten to work. And it's killing bacteria. It's eating them.
siis on meil bakteritega midagi ette võtta. Võtsime selle asja koos mitmete kaastöötajatega ette. Püüdsime haakida seda teiste asjade külge, mis ise kinnitusid teatud sihtmärkidele bakteritele, mis meile ei meeldi. Tunnen end nüüd nagu George Bush, kui ta ütles: "Ülesanne täidetud!" Minu tehtud asi võis olla küll rumal, nii nagu temal omal ajal, aga põhimõtteliselt see asi toimib. Ja see tapab baktereid, see õgib neid.
This thing can be stuck, like that little green triangle up there, sort of symbolizing this right now. You can stick this to something called a DNA aptamer. And that DNA aptamer will attach specifically to a target that you have selected for it. So you can find a little feature on a bacterium that you don't like, like Staphylococcus -- I don't like it in particular, because it killed a professor friend of mine last year. It doesn't respond to antibiotics. So I don't like it. And I'm making an aptamer that will have this attached to it. That will know how to find Staph when it's in your body, and will alert your immune system to go after it.
See asjandus kinnitub nagu pildil olev väike roheline kolmnurk. Seda saab kinnitada DNA aptameerile ja DNA aptameer haakub konkreetse valitud sihtmärgi külge, Näiteks mõne kurja bakteri külge nagu stafülokoki külge, mis on mulle eriti vastik, kuna tappis mullu mu professorist sõbra. Ta ei reageeri ühelegi antibiootikumile. Mulle see ei meeldi. Teen valmis aptameeri, millel on see asjandus küljes, mis oskab stafülokokki organismist üles leida
Here's what happened. See that line on the very top
ja annab immuunsüsteemile käsu seda rünnata.
with the little dots? That's a bunch of mice that had been poisoned by our scientist friends down in Texas, at Brooks Air Base, with anthrax. And they had also been treated with a drug that we made that would attack anthrax in particular, and direct your immune system to it. You'll notice they all lived, the ones on the top line -- that's a 100 percent survival rate. And they actually lived another 14 days, or 28 when we finally killed them, and took them apart and figured out what went wrong. Why did they not die? And they didn't die because they didn't have anthrax anymore. So we did it. Okay?
Siin on näha, kuidas asi toimib. Näete ülemist joon väikeste täppidega? Need on hiired, keda sõbrad teadlased Texasest Brooksi Õhuväebaasist on mürgitanud antraksiga. Samu hiiri raviti meie tehtud ravimiga, mis ründab just antraksit, andes immuunsüsteemile vastava käsu. Nagu näete seal ülemisel joonel, jäid need kõik hiired ellu, 100 protsenti. Nad elasid veel 14 kuni 28 päeva enne kui me nad lõpuks surmasime ja lahkasime et saada teada, mis läks valesti, miks nemad ära surnud? Nad ei surnud sellepärast, et neil antraksit enam polnud. Seega, saime hakkama, eks ole?
(Applause)
(Aplaus)
Mission accomplished!
Ülesanne täidetud!
(Applause)
(Aplaus)